Harmonizome 3.0

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 6

Modification of proteins with ubiquitin (UBB; MIM 191339) or ubiquitin-like proteins controls many signaling networks and requires a ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2), and a ubiquitin protein ligase (E3). UBE1L2 is an E1 enzyme that initiates the activation and conjugation of ubiquitin-like proteins (Jin et al., 2007 [PubMed 17597759]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5

This gene encodes a member of the E1-like ubiquitin-activating enzyme family. This protein activates ubiquitin-fold modifier 1, a ubiquitin-like post-translational modifier protein, via the formation of a high-energy thioester bond. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene of this gene has been identified on chromosome 1. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 2

Posttranslational modification of proteins by the addition of the small protein SUMO (see SUMO1; MIM 601912), or sumoylation, regulates protein structure and intracellular localization. SAE1 (MIM 613294) and UBA2 form a heterodimer that functions as a SUMO-activating enzyme for the sumoylation of proteins (Okuma et al., 1999 [PubMed 9920803]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 3

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme family. The encoded enzyme associates with AppBp1, an amyloid beta precursor protein binding protein, to form a heterodimer, and then the enzyme complex activates NEDD8, a ubiquitin-like protein, which regulates cell division, signaling and embryogenesis. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the first step in ubiquitin conjugation to mark cellular proteins for degradation. This gene complements an X-linked mouse temperature-sensitive defect in DNA synthesis, and thus may function in DNA repair. It is part of a gene cluster on chromosome Xp11.23. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode the same protein have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 7

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme family. The encoded enzyme is a retinoid target that triggers promyelocytic leukemia (PML)/retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) degradation and apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia, where it is involved in the conjugation of the ubiquitin-like interferon-stimulated gene 15 protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 pseudogene

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 2 pseudogene

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 2 pseudogene

NEDD8 activating enzyme E1 subunit 1

The protein encoded by this gene binds to the beta-amyloid precursor protein. Beta-amyloid precursor protein is a cell surface protein with signal-transducing properties, and it is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In addition, the encoded protein can form a heterodimer with UBE1C and bind and activate NEDD8, a ubiquitin-like protein. This protein is required for cell cycle progression through the S/M checkpoint. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

SUMO1 activating enzyme subunit 1

Posttranslational modification of proteins by the addition of the small protein SUMO (see SUMO1; MIM 601912), or sumoylation, regulates protein structure and intracellular localization. SAE1 and UBA2 (MIM 613295) form a heterodimer that functions as a SUMO-activating enzyme for the sumoylation of proteins (Okuma et al., 1999 [PubMed 9920803]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

SUMO1 activating enzyme subunit 1 pseudogene

NEDD8 activating enzyme E1 subunit 1 pseudogene

transcription factor AP-2 alpha (activating enhancer binding protein 2 alpha)

The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor that binds the consensus sequence 5'-GCCNNNGGC-3'. The encoded protein functions as either a homodimer or as a heterodimer with similar family members. This protein activates the transcription of some genes while inhibiting the transcription of others. Defects in this gene are a cause of branchiooculofacial syndrome (BOFS). Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2009]

steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 2 (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase alpha 2)

This gene encodes a microsomal protein expressed at high levels in androgen-sensitive tissues such as the prostate. The encoded protein is active at acidic pH and is sensitive to the 4-azasteroid inhibitor finasteride. Deficiencies in this gene can result in male pseudohermaphroditism, specifically pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias (PPSH). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 1 (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase alpha 1)

Steroid 5-alpha-reductase (EC 1.3.99.5) catalyzes the conversion of testosterone into the more potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Also see SRD5A2 (MIM 607306).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 1 pseudogene 1 (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase alpha pseudogene)

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2

Enables ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in protein K48-linked ubiquitination. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, J1

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme is located in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and may contribute to quality control ER-associated degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 11

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 12

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 pseudogene 3

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 pseudogene 4

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene 9

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene 6

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene 5

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene 3

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2R 2

Protein kinase CK2 is a ubiquitous and pleiotropic Ser/Thr protein kinase involved in cell growth and transformation. This gene encodes a protein similar to the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBC3/CDC34. Studies suggest that CK2-dependent phosphorylation of this ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme functions by regulating beta-TrCP substrate recognition and induces its interaction with beta-TrCP, enhancing beta-catenin degradation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, J2

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme is located in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been defined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 3 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 4 (putative) pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 4, Y-linked

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C pseudogene 2

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C pseudogene 3

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C pseudogene 4

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C pseudogene 5

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 3 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2G 2

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. The encoded protein shares 100% sequence identity with the mouse counterpart. This gene is ubiquitously expressed, with high expression seen in adult muscle. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2G 1

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family and catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. The protein may be involved in degradation of muscle-specific proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 5, Y-linked

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 4 (putative) pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 6

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme is highly similar in primary structure to the enzyme encoded by the UBE2L3 gene. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 4 (pseudogene)

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 3

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme is demonstrated to participate in the ubiquitination of p53, c-Fos, and the NF-kB precursor p105 in vitro. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 1 (pseudogene)

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2E 4 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 5 (pseudogene)

Predicted to enable ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity. Predicted to be involved in protein K11-linked ubiquitination and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 4 (putative)

Enables ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity. Involved in protein polyubiquitination. Acts upstream of or within protein ubiquitination. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 2

Regulated degradation of misfolded, damaged or short-lived proteins in eukaryotes occurs via the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system (UPS). An integral part of the UPS system is the ubiquitination of target proteins and covalent linkage of Ub-containing proteins to form polymeric chains, marking them as targets for 26S proteasome-mediated degradation. Ubiquitination of proteins is mediated by a cascade of enzymes which includes E1 (ubiquitin activating), E2 (ubiquitin conjugating), and E3 (ubiquitin ligases) enzymes. This gene encodes a member of the E2 enzyme family. Substrates of this enzyme include the tumor suppressor protein p53 and peroxisomal biogenesis factor 5 (PEX5). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme functions in the ubiquitination of the tumor-suppressor protein p53, which is induced by an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 1

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme is closely related to a stimulator of iron transport (SFT), and is up-regulated in hereditary hemochromatosis. It also functions in the ubiquitination of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 and the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF1alpha by interacting with the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme and the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 10

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1-like

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2F (putative) pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

putative ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q2-like protein

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1-like

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N pseudogene

ubiquitin-fold modifier conjugating enzyme 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 2 (pseudogene)

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2F (putative) pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 1

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), and ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. The encoded protein is 98% identical to the mouse counterpart. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N-like (gene/pseudogene)

This gene is intronless and encodes a member of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. The protein product is 91% identical to ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N, a multi-exon gene product. This locus represents a polymorphic pseudogene, where some individuals contain an allele that can encode a full-length protein, while others have a non-functional allele containing a premature stop codon (reference SNP rs237520) that truncates the coding sequence. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2W pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. Four alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2O

Enables ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway; protein ubiquitination; and retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi. Located in cytoplasm and nuclear body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2B

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme is required for post-replicative DNA damage repair. Its protein sequence is 100% identical to the mouse, rat, and rabbit homologs, which indicates that this enzyme is highly conserved in eukaryotic evolution. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2M pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2F (putative) pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2H

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. The encoded protein sequence is 100% identical to the mouse homolog and 98% identical to the frog and zebrafish homologs. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene and they encode distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2K

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This protein interacts with RING finger proteins, and it can ubiquitinate huntingtin, the gene product for Huntington's disease. Known functions for this protein include a role in aggregate formation of expanded polyglutamine proteins and the suppression of apoptosis in polyglutamine diseases, a role in the dislocation of newly synthesized MHC class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum, and involvement in foam cell formation. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2M

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. The encoded protein is linked with a ubiquitin-like protein, NEDD8, which can be conjugated to cellular proteins, such as Cdc53/culin. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. Studies in mouse suggest that this protein plays a role in DNA postreplication repair. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2A

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and ubiquitin-protein ligases. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme is required for post-replicative DNA damage repair, and may play a role in transcriptional regulation. Mutations in this gene are associated with cognitive disability. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and ubiquitin-protein ligases. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. The encoded protein is required for the destruction of mitotic cyclins and for cell cycle progression, and may be involved in cancer progression. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Pseudogenes of this gene have been defined on chromosomes 4, 14, 15, 18, and 19. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2F (putative)

Enables NEDD8 conjugating enzyme activity. Involved in protein neddylation. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Z

This gene encodes an enzyme which ubiquitinates proteins which participate in signaling pathways and apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2S

This gene encodes a member of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. The encoded protein is able to form a thiol ester linkage with ubiquitin in a ubiquitin activating enzyme-dependent manner, a characteristic property of ubiquitin carrier proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2U (putative)

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity. Predicted to be involved in protein ubiquitination. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to protein substrates. Defects in this gene have been associated with Fanconi anemia of complementation group T. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2W (putative)

This gene encodes a nuclear-localized ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) that, along with ubiquitin-activating (E1) and ligating (E3) enzymes, coordinates the addition of a ubiquitin moiety to existing proteins. The encoded protein promotes the ubiquitination of Fanconi anemia complementation group proteins and may be important in the repair of DNA damage. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

ubiquitin-fold modifier conjugating enzyme 1

UFC1 is an E2-like conjugating enzyme for ubiquitin-fold modifier-1 (UFM1; MIM 610553) (Komatsu et al., 2004 [PubMed 15071506]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 2 pseudogene 3

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1

Ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzyme variant proteins constitute a distinct subfamily within the E2 protein family. They have sequence similarity to other ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes but lack the conserved cysteine residue that is critical for the catalytic activity of E2s. The protein encoded by this gene is located in the nucleus and can cause transcriptional activation of the human FOS proto-oncogene. It is thought to be involved in the control of differentiation by altering cell cycle behavior. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been described for this gene, and multiple pseudogenes of this gene have been identified. Co-transcription of this gene and the neighboring upstream gene generates a rare transcript (Kua-UEV), which encodes a fusion protein comprised of sequence sharing identity with each individual gene product. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 2

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant proteins constitute a distinct subfamily within the E2 protein family. They have sequence similarity to other ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes but lack the conserved cysteine residue that is critical for the catalytic activity of E2s. The protein encoded by this gene also shares homology with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 and yeast MMS2 gene product. It may be involved in the differentiation of monocytes and enterocytes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2-like

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D N-terminal like (pseudogene)

putative ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q2-like protein

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D4 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 2 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2H pseudogene 1

putative ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q2-like protein

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 7

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 6

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 8

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1-like

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2E 1

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2E 3

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. The encoded protein shares 100% sequence identity with the mouse and rat counterparts, which indicates that this enzyme is highly conserved in eukaryotes. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2E 2

Enables ISG15 transferase activity and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity. Involved in protein modification by small protein conjugation. Acts upstream of or within DNA damage response and positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle. Predicted to be active in nucleus. Implicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family-like 1

Enables ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity. Predicted to be involved in protein polyubiquitination. Located in nucleoplasm and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2S pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2S pseudogene 2

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 2 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 L5

Predicted to enable ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity. Predicted to be involved in protein K11-linked ubiquitination and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glucan (1,4-alpha-), branching enzyme 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a glycogen branching enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of alpha-1,4-linked glucosyl units from the outer end of a glycogen chain to an alpha-1,6 position on the same or a neighboring glycogen chain. Branching of the chains is essential to increase the solubility of the glycogen molecule and, consequently, in reducing the osmotic pressure within cells. Highest level of this enzyme are found in liver and muscle. Mutations in this gene are associated with glycogen storage disease IV (also known as Andersen's disease). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha activating activity polypeptide, olfactory type

This gene encodes a stimulatory G protein alpha subunit which mediates odorant signaling in the olfactory epithelium. This protein couples dopamine type 1 receptors and adenosine A2A receptors and is widely expressed in the central nervous system. Mutations in this gene have been associated with dystonia 25 and this gene is located in a susceptibility region for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

Ral GTPase activating protein, alpha subunit 1 (catalytic) pseudogene

guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha activating activity polypeptide O

The protein encoded by this gene represents the alpha subunit of the Go heterotrimeric G-protein signal-transducing complex. Defects in this gene are a cause of early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

Ral GTPase activating protein, alpha subunit 2 (catalytic)

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity and protein heterodimerization activity. Predicted to be involved in activation of GTPase activity. Predicted to act upstream of or within Ral protein signal transduction; regulation of exocyst localization; and regulation of protein localization. Located in cytosol and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Ral GTPase activating protein, alpha subunit 1 (catalytic)

This gene encodes a major subunit of the RAL-GTPase activating protein. A similar protein in mouse binds E12, a transcriptional regulator of immunoglobulin genes. The mouse protein also functions in skeletal muscle by binding to the regulatory 14-3-3 proteins upon stimulation with insulin or muscle contraction. A pseudogene of this gene has been identified on chromosome 9. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 (ubiquitin thiolesterase) pseudogene

ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a nuclear protein which is involved in cell-cycle regulation. The encoded protein is a ubiquitin-ligase capable of ubiquinating PCNP (PEST-containing nuclear protein), and together they may play a role in tumorigenesis. The encoded protein contains an NIRF_N domain, a PHD finger, a set- and ring-associated (SRA) domain, and a RING finger domain and several of these domains have been shown to be essential for the regulation of cell proliferation. This protein may also have a role in intranuclear degradation of polyglutamine aggregates. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants some of which are non-protein coding. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 (ubiquitin thiolesterase)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the peptidase C12 family. This enzyme is a thiol protease that hydrolyzes a peptide bond at the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. This gene is specifically expressed in the neurons and in cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. Mutations in this gene may be associated with Parkinson disease.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L3 (ubiquitin thiolesterase)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the deubiquitinating enzyme family. Members of this family are proteases that catalyze the removal of ubiquitin from polypeptides and are divided into five classes, depending on the mechanism of catalysis. This protein may hydrolyze the ubiquitinyl-N-epsilon amide bond of ubiquitinated proteins to regenerate ubiquitin for another catalytic cycle. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 (ubiquitin thiolesterase) pseudogene

glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase 2, I-branching enzyme (I blood group)

This gene encodes the enzyme responsible for formation of the blood group I antigen. The i and I antigens are distinguished by linear and branched poly-N-acetyllactosaminoglycans, respectively. The encoded protein is the I-branching enzyme, a beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase responsible for the conversion of fetal i antigen to adult I antigen in erythrocytes during embryonic development. Mutations in this gene have been associated with adult i blood group phenotype. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G-like

decapping enzyme, scavenger

This gene encodes a member of the histidine triad family of pyrophosphatases that removes short mRNA fragments containing the 5′ mRNA cap structure, which appear in the 3′ → 5′ mRNA decay pathway, following deadenylation and exosome-mediated turnover. This enzyme hydrolyzes the triphosphate linkage of the cap structure (7-methylguanosine nucleoside triphosphate) to yield 7-methylguanosine monophosphate and nucleoside diphosphate. It protects the cell from the potentially toxic accumulation of these short, capped mRNA fragments, and regulates the activity of other cap-binding proteins, which are inhibited by their accumulation. It also acts as a transcript-specific modulator of pre-mRNA splicing and microRNA turnover. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 2

Enables cytidine deaminase activity and identical protein binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of gene expression via chromosomal CpG island demethylation. Acts upstream of or within cytidine to uridine editing. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

iron-sulfur cluster assembly enzyme pseudogene 1

malic enzyme 2, NAD(+)-dependent, mitochondrial pseudogene 1

endothelin converting enzyme 2

Enables metalloendopeptidase activity. Involved in peptide hormone processing. Located in cytoplasmic vesicle membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

endothelin converting enzyme 1

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in proteolytic processing of endothelin precursors to biologically active peptides. Mutations in this gene are associated with Hirschsprung disease, cardiac defects and autonomic dysfunction. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

angiotensin I converting enzyme

This gene encodes an enzyme involved in blood pressure regulation and electrolyte balance. It catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I into a physiologically active peptide angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasopressor and aldosterone-stimulating peptide that controls blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte balance. This angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) also inactivates the vasodilator protein, bradykinin. Accordingly, the encoded enzyme increases blood pressure and is a drug target of ACE inhibitors, which are often prescribed to reduce blood pressure. This enzyme additionally plays a role in fertility through its ability to cleave and release GPI-anchored membrane proteins in spermatozoa. Many studies have associated the presence or absence of a 287 bp Alu repeat element in this gene with the levels of circulating enzyme. This polymorphism, as well as mutations in this gene, have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases including cardiovascular pathophysiologies, psoriasis, renal disease, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. Regulation of the homologous ACE2 gene may be involved in progression of disease caused by several human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding both somatic (sACE) and male-specific testicular (tACE) isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2020]

malic enzyme 3, NADP(+)-dependent, mitochondrial

Malic enzyme catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate to pyruvate using either NAD+ or NADP+ as a cofactor. Mammalian tissues contain 3 distinct isoforms of malic enzyme: a cytosolic NADP(+)-dependent isoform, a mitochondrial NADP(+)-dependent isoform, and a mitochondrial NAD(+)-dependent isoform. This gene encodes a mitochondrial NADP(+)-dependent isoform. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the biological validity of some variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

malic enzyme 2, NAD(+)-dependent, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial NAD-dependent malic enzyme, a homotetrameric protein, that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate to pyruvate. It had previously been weakly linked to a syndrome known as Friedreich ataxia that has since been shown to be the result of mutation in a completely different gene. Certain single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes of this gene have been shown to increase the risk for idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2009]

methylphosphate capping enzyme

Enables 7SK snRNA binding activity and RNA 5'-gamma-phosphate methyltransferase activity. Involved in RNA modification; positive regulation of protein localization to Cajal body; and positive regulation of snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleus. Part of 7SK snRNP. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

AhpC/TSA antioxidant enzyme domain containing 1 pseudogene

endothelin converting enzyme-like 1, pseudogene 3

endothelin converting enzyme-like 1, pseudogene 1

iron-sulfur cluster assembly enzyme

This gene encodes a component of the iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster scaffold. Fe-S clusters are cofactors that play a role in the function of a diverse set of enzymes, including those that regulate metabolism, iron homeostasis, and oxidative stress response. Alternative splicing results in transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms that localize either to the cytosol or to the mitochondrion. Mutations in this gene have been found in patients with hereditary myopathy with lactic acidosis. A disease-associated mutation in an intron may activate a cryptic splice site, resulting in the production of a splice variant encoding a putatively non-functional protein. A pseudogene of this gene is present on chromosome 1. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

endothelin-converting enzyme-like 1-like

APEX nuclease (multifunctional DNA repair enzyme) 1

The APEX gene encodes the major AP endonuclease in human cells. It encodes the APEX endonuclease, a DNA repair enzyme with apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) activity. Such AP activity sites occur frequently in DNA molecules by spontaneous hydrolysis, by DNA damaging agents or by DNA glycosylases that remove specific abnormal bases. The AP sites are the most frequent pre-mutagenic lesions that can prevent normal DNA replication. Splice variants have been found for this gene; all encode the same protein. Disruptions in the biological functions related to APEX are associated with many various malignancies and neurodegenerative diseases.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2019]

Cdk5 and Abl enzyme substrate 1

This gene encodes a protein involved in regulation of the cell cycle through interactions with several cyclin-dependent kinases. One study (PMID: 16177568) reported aberrant splicing of transcripts from this gene which results in removal of the cyclin binding domain only in human cancer cells, and reduction in gene expression was shown in colorectal cancers (PMID: 17982127).Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

Cdk5 and Abl enzyme substrate 2

Predicted to be involved in cell division and regulation of cell cycle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

endothelin converting enzyme-like 1

This gene encodes a member of the M13 family of endopeptidases. Members of this family are zinc-containing type II integral-membrane proteins that are important regulators of neuropeptide and peptide hormone activity. Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal recessive distal arthrogryposis, type 5D. This gene has multiple pseudogenes on chromosome 2. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1

This gene encodes a member of the peptidase A1 family of aspartic proteases. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to generate the mature protease. This transmembrane protease catalyzes the first step in the formation of amyloid beta peptide from amyloid precursor protein. Amyloid beta peptides are the main constituent of amyloid beta plaques, which accumulate in the brains of human Alzheimer's disease patients. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 2

This gene encodes an integral membrane glycoprotein that functions as an aspartic protease. The encoded protein cleaves amyloid precursor protein into amyloid beta peptide, which is a critical step in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. The protein precursor is further processed into an active mature peptide. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

angiotensin I converting enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) 3, pseudogene

Predicted to be located in acrosomal vesicle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

AhpC/TSA antioxidant enzyme domain containing 1

Involved in positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade and positive regulation of glycolytic process. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

malic enzyme 1, NADP(+)-dependent, cytosolic

This gene encodes a cytosolic, NADP-dependent enzyme that generates NADPH for fatty acid biosynthesis. The activity of this enzyme, the reversible oxidative decarboxylation of malate, links the glycolytic and citric acid cycles. The regulation of expression for this gene is complex. Increased expression can result from elevated levels of thyroid hormones or by higher proportions of carbohydrates in the diet. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

endothelin converting enzyme-like 1, pseudogene 2

thyrotropin-releasing hormone degrading enzyme

This gene encodes a member of the peptidase M1 family. The encoded protein is an extracellular peptidase that specifically cleaves and inactivates the neuropeptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G-like

apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide 1

This gene encodes a member of the cytidine deaminase enzyme family. The encoded protein forms a multiple-protein editing holoenzyme with APOBEC1 complementation factor (ACF) and APOBEC1 stimulating protein (ASP). This holoenzyme is involved in the editing of C-to-U nucleotide bases in apolipoprotein B and neurofibromatosis-1 mRNAs. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2015]

apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 4 (putative)

This gene encodes a member of the AID/APOBEC family of polynucleotide (deoxy)cytidine deaminases, which convert cytidine to uridine. Other AID/APOBEC family members are involved in mRNA editing, somatic hypermutation and recombination of immunoglobulin genes, and innate immunity to retroviral infection. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

furin (paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme)

This gene encodes a member of the subtilisin-like proprotein convertase family, which includes proteases that process protein and peptide precursors trafficking through regulated or constitutive branches of the secretory pathway. It encodes a type 1 membrane bound protease that is expressed in many tissues, including neuroendocrine, liver, gut, and brain. The encoded protein undergoes an initial autocatalytic processing event in the ER and then sorts to the trans-Golgi network through endosomes where a second autocatalytic event takes place and the catalytic activity is acquired. Like other members of this convertase family, the product of this gene specifically cleaves substrates at single or paired basic residues. Some of its substrates include proparathyroid hormone, transforming growth factor beta 1 precursor, proalbumin, pro-beta-secretase, membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase, beta subunit of pro-nerve growth factor and von Willebrand factor. It is thought to be one of the proteases responsible for the activation of HIV envelope glycoproteins gp160 and gp140, and may play a role in tumor progression. Unlike SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses, the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is thought to be uniquely cleaved by this protease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

insulin-degrading enzyme

This gene encodes a zinc metallopeptidase that degrades intracellular insulin, and thereby terminates insulins activity, as well as participating in intercellular peptide signalling by degrading diverse peptides such as glucagon, amylin, bradykinin, and kallidin. The preferential affinity of this enzyme for insulin results in insulin-mediated inhibition of the degradation of other peptides such as beta-amyloid. Deficiencies in this protein's function are associated with Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus but mutations in this gene have not been shown to be causitive for these diseases. This protein localizes primarily to the cytoplasm but in some cell types localizes to the extracellular space, cell membrane, peroxisome, and mitochondrion. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Additional transcript variants have been described but have not been experimentally verified.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

angiotensin I converting enzyme 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme family of dipeptidyl carboxydipeptidases and has considerable homology to human angiotensin 1 converting enzyme. This secreted protein catalyzes the cleavage of angiotensin I into angiotensin 1-9, and angiotensin II into the vasodilator angiotensin 1-7. ACE2 is known to be expressed in various human organs, and its organ- and cell-specific expression suggests that it may play a role in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal function, as well as fertility. In addition, the encoded protein is a functional receptor for the spike glycoprotein of the human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 and the human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, the latter is the causative agent of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Multiple splice variants have been found for this gene and the dACE2 (or MIRb-ACE2) splice variant has been found to be interferon inducible. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2020]

glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase 2, I-branching enzyme (I blood group) pseudogene

apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3H

This gene encodes a member of the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 3 family of proteins. The encoded protein is a cytidine deaminase that has antiretroviral activity by generating lethal hypermutations in viral genomes. Polymorphisms and alternative splicing in this gene influence its antiretroviral activity and are associated with increased resistence to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in certain populations. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3D

This gene is a member of the cytidine deaminase gene family. It is one of a group of related genes found in a cluster, thought to result from gene duplication, on chromosome 22. Members of the cluster encode proteins that are structurally and functionally related to the C to U RNA-editing cytidine deaminase APOBEC1 and inhibit retroviruses, such as HIV, by deaminating cytosine residues in nascent retroviral cDNA. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G

This gene is a member of the cytidine deaminase gene family. It is one of seven related genes or pseudogenes found in a cluster, thought to result from gene duplication, on chromosome 22. Members of the cluster encode proteins that are structurally and functionally related to the C to U RNA-editing cytidine deaminase APOBEC1. The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes site-specific deamination of both RNA and single-stranded DNA. The encoded protein has been found to be a specific inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infectivity. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3F

This gene is a member of the cytidine deaminase gene family. It is one of seven related genes or pseudogenes found in a cluster, thought to result from gene duplication, on chromosome 22. Members of the cluster encode proteins that are structurally and functionally related to the C to U RNA-editing cytidine deaminase APOBEC1. It is thought that the proteins may be RNA editing enzymes and have roles in growth or cell cycle control. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3A

This gene is a member of the cytidine deaminase gene family. It is one of seven related genes or pseudogenes found in a cluster, thought to result from gene duplication, on chromosome 22. Members of the cluster encode proteins that are structurally and functionally related to the C to U RNA-editing cytidine deaminase APOBEC1. The protein encoded by this gene lacks the zinc binding activity of other family members. The protein plays a role in immunity, by restricting transmission of foreign DNA such as viruses. One mechanism of foreign DNA restriction is deamination of foreign double-stranded DNA cytidines to uridines, which leads to DNA degradation. However, other mechanisms are also thought to be involved, as anti-viral effect is not dependent on deaminase activity. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3C

This gene is a member of the cytidine deaminase gene family. It is one of seven related genes or pseudogenes found in a cluster thought to result from gene duplication, on chromosome 22. Members of the cluster encode proteins that are structurally and functionally related to the C to U RNA-editing cytidine deaminase APOBEC1. It is thought that the proteins may be RNA editing enzymes and have roles in growth or cell cycle control. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3B

This gene is a member of the cytidine deaminase gene family. It is one of seven related genes or pseudogenes found in a cluster, thought to result from gene duplication, on chromosome 22. Members of the cluster encode proteins that are structurally and functionally related to the C to U RNA-editing cytidine deaminase APOBEC1. It is thought that the proteins may be RNA editing enzymes and have roles in growth or cell cycle control. A hybrid gene results from the deletion of approximately 29.5 kb of sequence between this gene, APOBEC3B, and the adjacent gene APOBEC3A. The breakpoints of the deletion are within the two genes, so the deletion allele is predicted to have the promoter and coding region of APOBEC3A, but the 3' UTR of APOBEC3B. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

lysosomal enzyme trafficking factor

Involved in lysosomal transport; lysosome organization; and regulation of vesicle-mediated transport. Located in Golgi cisterna. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RAB3 GTPase activating protein subunit 2 (non-catalytic)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the RAB3 protein family, members of which are involved in regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitters and hormones. This protein forms the Rab3 GTPase-activating complex with RAB3GAP1, where it constitutes the regulatory subunit, whereas the latter functions as the catalytic subunit. This gene has the highest level of expression in the brain, consistent with it having a key role in neurodevelopment. Mutations in this gene are associated with Martsolf syndrome.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

RAB3 GTPase activating protein subunit 1 (catalytic)

This gene encodes the catalytic subunit of a Rab GTPase activating protein. The encoded protein forms a heterodimer with a non-catalytic subunit to specifically regulate the activity of members of the Rab3 subfamily of small G proteins. This protein mediates the hydrolysis of GTP bound Rab3 to the GDP bound form. Mutations in this gene are associated with Warburg micro syndrome. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

phospholipase A2, group VII (platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, plasma)

The protein encoded by this gene is a secreted enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of platelet-activating factor to biologically inactive products. Defects in this gene are a cause of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase deficiency. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2009]

GTPase activating protein (SH3 domain) binding protein 1

This gene encodes one of the DNA-unwinding enzymes which prefers partially unwound 3'-tailed substrates and can also unwind partial RNA/DNA and RNA/RNA duplexes in an ATP-dependent fashion. This enzyme is a member of the heterogeneous nuclear RNA-binding proteins and is also an element of the Ras signal transduction pathway. It binds specifically to the Ras-GTPase-activating protein by associating with its SH3 domain. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Rho GTPase activating protein 44

Enables phospholipid binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including modification of dendritic spine; negative regulation of Rac protein signal transduction; and regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization. Located in leading edge membrane. Implicated in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and skin melanoma. Biomarker of hepatocellular carcinoma and lung carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rho GTPase activating protein 40

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of actin filament polymerization and regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RAS p21 protein activator (GTPase activating protein) 1

The protein encoded by this gene is located in the cytoplasm and is part of the GAP1 family of GTPase-activating proteins. The gene product stimulates the GTPase activity of normal RAS p21 but not its oncogenic counterpart. Acting as a suppressor of RAS function, the protein enhances the weak intrinsic GTPase activity of RAS proteins resulting in the inactive GDP-bound form of RAS, thereby allowing control of cellular proliferation and differentiation. Mutations leading to changes in the binding sites of either protein are associated with basal cell carcinomas. Mutations also have been associated with hereditary capillary malformations (CM) with or without arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and Parkes Weber syndrome. Alternative splicing results in two isoforms where the shorter isoform, lacking the N-terminal hydrophobic region but retaining the same activity, appears to be abundantly expressed in placental but not adult tissues. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

transcription factor AP-4 (activating enhancer binding protein 4)

Transcription factors of the basic helix-loop-helix-zipper (bHLH-ZIP) family contain a basic domain, which is used for DNA binding, and HLH and ZIP domains, which are used for oligomerization. Transcription factor AP4 activates both viral and cellular genes by binding to the symmetrical DNA sequence CAGCTG (Mermod et al., 1988 [PubMed 2833704]; Hu et al., 1990 [PubMed 2123466]).[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2009]

SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2D (pseudogene)

This locus encodes a member of the SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein family. This human-specific locus resulted from segmental duplication of the SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2B locus. This duplicated locus lacks an internal exon, and thus this gene copy may not be functional. Expression of this locus appears to be much lower than the similar SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2C (SRGAP2C) locus. The SRGAP2C locus has been shown to encode a protein that functions antagonistically to SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2 in cortical neuron development. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

T-cell activation RhoGTPase activating protein

This gene encodes a member of the Rho GTPase-activator protein superfamily. The encoded protein may function as a Rho GTPase-activating protein. Alterations in this gene may be associated with several diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, and multiple sclerosis. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

Rho GTPase activating protein 27 pseudogene

activating transcription factor 6 beta

The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor in the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway during ER stress. Either as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with ATF6-alpha, the encoded protein binds to the ER stress response element, interacting with nuclear transcription factor Y to activate UPR target genes. The protein is normally found in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum; however, under ER stress, the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain is cleaved from the rest of the protein and translocates to the nucleus. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b, regulatory subunit 1 pseudogene 1

Rac GTPase activating protein 1 pseudogene

Ran GTPase activating protein 1

This gene encodes a protein that associates with the nuclear pore complex and participates in the regulation of nuclear transport. The encoded protein interacts with Ras-related nuclear protein 1 (RAN) and regulates guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding and exchange. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

GTPase activating Rap/RanGAP domain-like 3

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small nuclear RNA activating complex, polypeptide 3, 50kDa

Predicted to enable RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding activity and bent DNA binding activity. Predicted to contribute to RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity and core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II and snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III. Located in nuclear body and nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small nuclear RNA activating complex, polypeptide 2, 45kDa

This gene encodes a subunit of the snRNA-activating protein complex which is associated with the TATA box-binding protein. The encoded protein is necessary for RNA polymerase II and III dependent small-nuclear RNA gene transcription. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

small nuclear RNA activating complex, polypeptide 1, 43kDa

Predicted to enable sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II and snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III. Located in nucleolus and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small nuclear RNA activating complex, polypeptide 5, 19kDa

This gene encodes a subunit of the small nuclear RNA (snRNA)-activating protein complex that plays a role in the transcription of snRNA genes. This complex binds to the promoters of snRNA genes transcribed by either RNA polymerase II or III and recruits other regulatory factors to activate snRNA gene transcription. The encoded protein may play a role in stabilizing this complex. A pseudogene of this gene has been identified on chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

small nuclear RNA activating complex, polypeptide 4, 190kDa

This gene encodes the largest subunit of the small nuclear RNA-activating protein (SNAP) complex. The encoded protein contains a Myb DNA-binding domain, and is essential for RNA polymerase II and III polymerase transcription from small nuclear RNA promoters. A mutation in this gene is associated with ankylosing spondylitis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

activating transcription factor 1 pseudogene 1

Rho GTPase activating protein 16 pseudogene

apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1

This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein that initiates apoptosis. This protein contains several copies of the WD-40 domain, a caspase recruitment domain (CARD), and an ATPase domain (NB-ARC). Upon binding cytochrome c and dATP, this protein forms an oligomeric apoptosome. The apoptosome binds and cleaves caspase 9 preproprotein, releasing its mature, activated form. Activated caspase 9 stimulates the subsequent caspase cascade that commits the cell to apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in several transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Rho GTPase activating protein 42 pseudogene 5

Rho GTPase activating protein 42 pseudogene 4

Rho GTPase activating protein 42

This gene encodes a Rho GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP), and member of the GRAF or BAR-PH family of proteins. Expression of this gene is enriched in vascular smooth muscle cells and the encoded protein inhibits RhoA activity to regulate vascular tone and control blood pressure. A mutation in the first intron of this gene modulates its expression and is associated with reduced blood pressure in human patients with borderline hypertension. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 2

This gene encodes a protein that is similar to a serine/threonine kinase in C. elegans which is involved in axonal elongation. The structure of this protein is similar to the C. elegans protein in that both proteins have an N-terminal kinase domain, a central proline/serine rich (PS) domain, and a C-terminal (C) domain. The gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1

Enables identical protein binding activity; protein serine/threonine kinase activity; and small GTPase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including protein phosphorylation; regulation of autophagy; and regulation of protein lipidation. Located in bounding membrane of organelle; cytosol; and phagophore assembly site membrane. Part of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex and phagophore assembly site. Is active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RAP1 GTPase activating protein

This gene encodes a type of GTPase-activating-protein (GAP) that down-regulates the activity of the ras-related RAP1 protein. RAP1 acts as a molecular switch by cycling between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form. The product of this gene, RAP1GAP, promotes the hydrolysis of bound GTP and hence returns RAP1 to the inactive state whereas other proteins, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), act as RAP1 activators by facilitating the conversion of RAP1 from the GDP- to the GTP-bound form. In general, ras subfamily proteins, such as RAP1, play key roles in receptor-linked signaling pathways that control cell growth and differentiation. RAP1 plays a role in diverse processes such as cell proliferation, adhesion, differentiation, and embryogenesis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

phospholipase A2-activating protein

Predicted to enable ubiquitin binding activity. Involved in cellular response to lipopolysaccharide; macroautophagy; and positive regulation of phospholipase A2 activity. Located in cytoplasm; extracellular exosome; and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rho GTPase activating protein 23

The RHO (see ARHA; MIM 165390) family of small GTPases are involved in signal transduction through transmembrane receptors, and they are inactive in the GDP-bound form and active in the GTP-bound form. GTPase-activating proteins, such as ARHGAP23, inactivate RHO family proteins by stimulating their hydrolysis of GTP (Katoh and Katoh, 2004 [PubMed 15254754]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

Rho GTPase activating protein 22

This gene encodes a member of the GTPase activating protein family which activates a GTPase belonging to the RAS superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins. The encoded protein is insulin-responsive, is dependent on the kinase Akt and requires the Akt-dependent 14-3-3 binding protein which binds sequentially to two serine residues. The result of these interactions is regulation of cell motility. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

Rho GTPase activating protein 21

ARHGAP21 functions preferentially as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for CDC42 (MIM 116952) and regulates the ARP2/3 complex (MIM 604221) and F-actin dynamics at the Golgi through control of CDC42 activity (Dubois et al., 2005 [PubMed 15793564]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

Rho GTPase activating protein 20

The protein encoded by this gene is an activator of RHO-type GTPases, transducing a signal from RAP1 to RHO and impacting neurite outgrowth. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

Rho GTPase activating protein 27

This gene encodes a member of a large family of proteins that activate Rho-type guanosine triphosphate (GTP) metabolizing enzymes. The encoded protein may pay a role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

Rho GTPase activating protein 26

Interaction of a cell with the extracellular matrix triggers integrin cell surface receptors to begin signaling cascades that regulate the organization of the actin-cytoskeleton. One of the proteins involved in these cascades is focal adhesion kinase. The protein encoded by this gene is a GTPase activating protein that binds to focal adhesion kinase and mediates the activity of the GTP binding proteins RhoA and Cdc42. Defects in this gene are a cause of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

Rho GTPase activating protein 25

ARHGAPs, such as ARHGAP25, encode negative regulators of Rho GTPases (see ARHA; MIM 165390), which are implicated in actin remodeling, cell polarity, and cell migration (Katoh and Katoh, 2004 [PubMed 15254788]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

Rho GTPase activating protein 24

This gene encodes a Rho-GTPase activating protein, which is specific for the small GTPase family member Rac. Binding of the encoded protein by filamin A targets it to sites of membrane protrusion, where it antognizes Rac. This results in suppression of lamellae formation and promotion of retraction to regulate cell polarity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

Rho GTPase activating protein 29

Rap1 is a small GTPase that, through effectors, regulates Rho GTPase signaling. These effectors- Rasip1, Radil, and the protein encoded by this gene- translocate to the cell membrane, where they form a multiprotein complex. This complex is necessary for Rap1-induced inhibition of Rho signaling. Defects in this gene may be a cause of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016]

Rho GTPase activating protein 28

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of stress fiber assembly; regulation of actin filament polymerization; and regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. Located in cell junction and nucleoplasm. Implicated in allergic disease. Biomarker of meningioma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b, catalytic subunit 2 (30kDa) pseudogene

RAB GTPase activating protein 1

Enables GTPase activator activity and small GTPase binding activity. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small nuclear RNA activating complex, polypeptide 5, 19kDa pseudogene 1

transcription factor AP-2 gamma (activating enhancer binding protein 2 gamma)

The protein encoded by this gene is a sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor involved in the activation of several developmental genes. The encoded protein can act as either a homodimer or heterodimer with other family members and is induced during retinoic acid-mediated differentiation. It plays a role in the development of the eyes, face, body wall, limbs, and neural tube. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

transcription factor AP-2 beta (activating enhancer binding protein 2 beta)

This gene encodes a member of the AP-2 family of transcription factors. AP-2 proteins form homo- or hetero-dimers with other AP-2 family members and bind specific DNA sequences. They are thought to stimulate cell proliferation and suppress terminal differentiation of specific cell types during embryonic development. Specific AP-2 family members differ in their expression patterns and binding affinity for different promoters. This protein functions as both a transcriptional activator and repressor. Mutations in this gene result in autosomal dominant Char syndrome, suggesting that this gene functions in the differentiation of neural crest cell derivatives. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

transcription factor AP-2 epsilon (activating enhancer binding protein 2 epsilon)

Enables sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II and regulation of cell population proliferation. Predicted to be located in chromatin. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transcription factor AP-2 delta (activating enhancer binding protein 2 delta)

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II and regulation of cell population proliferation. Predicted to act upstream of or within inferior colliculus development; negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process; and positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to be located in chromatin. Predicted to be part of transcription regulator complex. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2C

This locus encodes a member of the SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein family. This human-specific locus resulted from segmental duplication of the SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2B locus. The encoded protein lacks the GTPase activating protein domain compared to proteins encoded by SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2, and acts antagonistically to these proteins in cortical neuron development. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

Rho GTPase activating protein 42 pseudogene 3

Rho GTPase activating protein 42 pseudogene 2

gamma-secretase activating protein

Accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid-beta is a major hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD; MIM 104300). Formation of amyloid-beta is catalyzed by gamma-secretase (see PSEN1; MIM 104311), a protease with numerous substrates. PION, or GSAP, selectively increases amyloid-beta production through a mechanism involving its interaction with both gamma-secretase and its substrate, the amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP; MIM 104760) C-terminal fragment (APP-CTF) (He et al., 2010 [PubMed 20811458]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2010]

RAP1 GTPase activating protein 2

This gene encodes a GTPase-activating protein that activates the small guanine-nucleotide-binding protein Rap1 in platelets. The protein interacts with synaptotagmin-like protein 1 and Rab27 and regulates secretion of dense granules from platelets at sites of endothelial damage. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein

This gene encodes a protein which, with 5-lipoxygenase, is required for leukotriene synthesis. Leukotrienes are arachidonic acid metabolites which have been implicated in various types of inflammatory responses, including asthma, arthritis and psoriasis. This protein localizes to the plasma membrane. Inhibitors of its function impede translocation of 5-lipoxygenase from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane and inhibit 5-lipoxygenase activation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

TSSK6 activating co-chaperone

Enables protein-folding chaperone binding activity. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rho GTPase activating protein 21 pseudogene

platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b, regulatory subunit 1 (45kDa)

This locus was identified as encoding a gene that when mutated or lost caused the lissencephaly associated with Miller-Dieker lissencephaly syndrome. This gene encodes the non-catalytic alpha subunit of the intracellular Ib isoform of platelet-activating factor acteylhydrolase, a heterotrimeric enzyme that specifically catalyzes the removal of the acetyl group at the SN-2 position of platelet-activating factor (identified as 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine). Two other isoforms of intracellular platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase exist: one composed of multiple subunits, the other, a single subunit. In addition, a single-subunit isoform of this enzyme is found in serum. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]

platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b, catalytic subunit 3 (29kDa)

This gene encodes an acetylhydrolase that catalyzes the removal of an acetyl group from the glycerol backbone of platelet-activating factor. The encoded enzyme is a subunit of the platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase isoform 1B complex, which consists of the catalytic beta and gamma subunits and the regulatory alpha subunit. This complex functions in brain development. A translocation between this gene on chromosome 19 and the CDC-like kinase 2 gene on chromosome 1 has been observed, and was associated with cognitive disability, ataxia, and atrophy of the brain. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b, catalytic subunit 2 (30kDa)

Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAFAH) inactivates platelet-activating factor (PAF) into acetate and LYSO-PAF. This gene encodes the beta subunit of PAFAH, the other subunits are alpha and gamma. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

Rho GTPase activating protein 42 pseudogene 1

Rho GTPase activating protein 20 pseudogene

Rho GTPase activating protein 5 pseudogene

Rho GTPase activating protein 23 pseudogene

Rho GTPase activating protein 27 pseudogene

actin binding Rho activating protein

Predicted to enable actin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in actin cytoskeleton organization; positive regulation of Rho protein signal transduction; and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription and protein import into nucleus. Located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rho GTPase activating protein 20 pseudogene

adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 (pituitary)

This gene encodes a secreted proprotein that is further processed into multiple mature peptides. These peptides stimulate adenylate cyclase and increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, resulting in the transcriptional activation of target genes. The products of this gene are key mediators of neuroendocrine stress responses. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2013]

Rho GTPase activating protein 33 pseudogene

SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2B

This locus encodes a member of the SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein family. This human-specific locus resulted from incomplete segmental duplication of the SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2 locus. The encoded protein lacks the GTPase activating protein domain compared to proteins encoded by SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2. The functionality of the protein encoded by this locus has been questioned, as several normal individuals with homozygous deletions for this locus have been identified, and the expression of this locus appears to be much lower than the similar SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2C (SRGAP2C) locus. The SRGAP2C locus has been shown to encode a protein that functions antagonistically to SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2 in cortical neuron development. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

rho GTPase-activating protein 23-like

ankyrin repeat and GTPase domain Arf GTPase activating protein 11

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity and GTPase activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RAB GTPase activating protein 1-like

Enables GTPase activator activity and small GTPase binding activity. Acts upstream of or within regulation of protein localization. Located in several cellular components, including Golgi apparatus; cilium; and early endosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 3

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to a family of helicases that are involved in the ATP-dependent unwinding of nucleic acid duplexes. The encoded protein is the largest subunit of the activating signal cointegrator 1 complex that is involved in DNA repair and resistance to alkylation damage. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 2

Enables K63-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding activity. Involved in regulation of DNA-templated transcription; rescue of stalled ribosome; and ribosome-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nucleus. Part of DNA repair complex and activating signal cointegrator 1 complex. Is active in cytosolic ribosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 1

This gene encodes a subunit of the activating signal cointegrator 1 (ASC-1) complex. The ASC-1 complex is a transcriptional coactivator that plays an important role in gene transactivation by multiple transcription factors including activating protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) and serum response factor (SRF). The encoded protein contains an N-terminal KH-type RNA-binding motif which is required for AP-1 transactivation by the ASC-1 complex. Mutations in this gene are associated with Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Alternatively spliced transcripts encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

activating transcription factor 5

Enables several functions, including DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific; RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity; and tubulin binding activity. Involved in several processes, including fat cell differentiation; regulation of DNA-templated transcription; and regulation of cell cycle process. Located in centrosome; cytosol; and nucleoplasm. Part of RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

activating transcription factor 4

This gene encodes a transcription factor that was originally identified as a widely expressed mammalian DNA binding protein that could bind a tax-responsive enhancer element in the LTR of HTLV-1. The encoded protein was also isolated and characterized as the cAMP-response element binding protein 2 (CREB-2). The protein encoded by this gene belongs to a family of DNA-binding proteins that includes the AP-1 family of transcription factors, cAMP-response element binding proteins (CREBs) and CREB-like proteins. These transcription factors share a leucine zipper region that is involved in protein-protein interactions, located C-terminal to a stretch of basic amino acids that functions as a DNA binding domain. Two alternative transcripts encoding the same protein have been described. Two pseudogenes are located on the X chromosome at q28 in a region containing a large inverted duplication. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

activating transcription factor 7

Enables several functions, including DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific; mitogen-activated protein kinase binding activity; and transcription coactivator binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex. Biomarker of colorectal cancer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

activating transcription factor 6

This gene encodes a transcription factor that activates target genes for the unfolded protein response (UPR) during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Although it is a transcription factor, this protein is unusual in that it is synthesized as a transmembrane protein that is embedded in the ER. It functions as an ER stress sensor/transducer, and following ER stress-induced proteolysis, it functions as a nuclear transcription factor via a cis-acting ER stress response element (ERSE) that is present in the promoters of genes encoding ER chaperones. This protein has been identified as a survival factor for quiescent but not proliferative squamous carcinoma cells. There have been conflicting reports about the association of polymorphisms in this gene with diabetes in different populations, but another polymorphism has been associated with increased plasma cholesterol levels. This gene is also thought to be a potential therapeutic target for cystic fibrosis. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

activating transcription factor 1

This gene encodes an activating transcription factor, which belongs to the ATF subfamily and bZIP (basic-region leucine zipper) family. It influences cellular physiologic processes by regulating the expression of downstream target genes, which are related to growth, survival, and other cellular activities. This protein is phosphorylated at serine 63 in its kinase-inducible domain by serine/threonine kinases, cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I/II, mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (cdk-3). Its phosphorylation enhances its transactivation and transcriptional activities, and enhances cell transformation. Fusion of this gene and FUS on chromosome 16 or EWSR1 on chromosome 22 induced by translocation generates chimeric proteins in angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma and clear cell sarcoma. This gene has a pseudogene on chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

activating transcription factor 3

This gene encodes a member of the mammalian activation transcription factor/cAMP responsive element-binding (CREB) protein family of transcription factors. This gene is induced by a variety of signals, including many of those encountered by cancer cells, and is involved in the complex process of cellular stress response. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. It is possible that alternative splicing of this gene may be physiologically important in the regulation of target genes. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2011]

activating transcription factor 2

This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA binding proteins. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE), an octameric palindrome. It forms a homodimer or a heterodimer with c-Jun and stimulates CRE-dependent transcription. This protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. The encoded protein may also be involved in cell's DNA damage response independent of its role in transcriptional regulation. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

activating transcription factor 7-interacting protein 2 pseudogene

Rho GTPase activating protein 11A

This gene encodes a member of the Rho GTPase activating protein family. In response to DNA damage, the encoded protein interacts with the p53 tumor suppressor protein and stimulates its tetramerization, which results in cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. A chromosomal deletion that includes this gene is one cause of Prader-Willi syndrome, and an intronic variant of this gene may be associated with sleep duration in children. This gene is highly expressed in colon cancers and in a human basal-like breast cancer cell line. This gene also produces a ARHGAP11A-SCG5 readthrough transcript and ARHGAP11A-SCG5 protein. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2019]

Rho GTPase activating protein 11B

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity. Involved in cerebral cortex development and negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability. Acts upstream of with a positive effect on glutamine catabolic process. Located in mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NFAT activating protein with ITAM motif 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a type I membrane receptor that activates cytokine gene promoters such as the IL-13 and TNF-alpha promoters. The encoded protein contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) and is thought to regulate the signaling and development of B-cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Rho GTPase activating protein 30

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in small GTPase-mediated signal transduction. Located in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rho GTPase activating protein 31

This gene encodes a GTPase-activating protein (GAP). A variety of cellular processes are regulated by Rho GTPases which cycle between an inactive form bound to GDP and an active form bound to GTP. This cycling between inactive and active forms is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GAPs. The encoded protein is a GAP shown to regulate two GTPases involved in protein trafficking and cell growth. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Rho GTPase activating protein 32

RICS is a neuron-associated GTPase-activating protein that may regulate dendritic spine morphology and strength by modulating Rho GTPase (see RHOA; MIM 165390) activity (Okabe et al., 2003 [PubMed 12531901]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

Rho GTPase activating protein 33

This gene encodes a member of the sorting nexin family. Members of this family contain a phox (PX) domain, which is a phosphoinositide binding domain, and are involved in intracellular trafficking. Alternative splice variants encoding different isoforms have been identified in this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

Rho GTPase activating protein 35

The human glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding factor, which associates with the promoter region of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (hGR gene), is a repressor of glucocorticoid receptor transcription. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA sequences show the presence of three sequence motifs characteristic of a zinc finger and one motif suggestive of a leucine zipper in which 1 cysteine is found instead of all leucines. The GRLF1 enhances the homologous down-regulation of wild-type hGR gene expression. Biochemical analysis suggests that GRLF1 interaction is sequence specific and that transcriptional efficacy of GRLF1 is regulated through its interaction with specific sequence motif. The level of expression is regulated by glucocorticoids. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Rho GTPase activating protein 36

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in signal transduction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rho GTPase activating protein 39

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity. Involved in postsynapse organization. Is active in glutamatergic synapse. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rho GTPase activating protein 23 pseudogene 1

platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b, regulatory subunit 1 (45kDa) pseudogene

platelet-activating factor receptor

This gene encodes a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor for platelet-activating factor (PAF) that localizes to lipid rafts and/or caveolae in the cell membrane. PAF (1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine) is a phospholipid that plays a significant role in oncogenic transformation, tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and pro-inflammatory processes. Binding of PAF to the PAF-receptor (PAFR) stimulates numerous signal transduction pathways including phospholipase C, D, A2, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and the phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Following PAFR activation, cells become rapidly desensitized and this refractory state is dependent on PAFR phosphorylation, internalization, and down-regulation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

GTPase activating protein (SH3 domain) binding protein 2

Enables molecular condensate scaffold activity. Involved in positive regulation of stress granule assembly; protein homooligomerization; and stress granule assembly. Located in cytoplasmic stress granule and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

activating transcription factor 7 interacting protein 2 pseudogene

WNT signaling pathway activating non-coding RNA

MAP-kinase activating death domain

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is a signaling molecule that interacts with one of two receptors on cells targeted for apoptosis. The apoptotic signal is transduced inside these cells by cytoplasmic adaptor proteins. The protein encoded by this gene is a death domain-containing adaptor protein that interacts with the death domain of TNF-alpha receptor 1 to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and propagate the apoptotic signal. It is membrane-bound and expressed at a higher level in neoplastic cells than in normal cells. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase activating protein 2

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in COPI coating of Golgi vesicle. Located in Golgi apparatus; cytosol; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rac GTPase activating protein 1

This gene encodes a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) that is a compoment of the centralspindlin complex. This protein binds activated forms of Rho GTPases and stimulates GTP hydrolysis, which results in negative regulation of Rho-mediated signals. This protein plays a regulatory role in cytokinesis, cell growth, and differentiation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 12. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b, regulatory subunit 1 pseudogene 2

NFKB activating protein-like

Predicted to enable chromatin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of gene expression. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 (pituitary) receptor type I

This gene encodes type I adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide receptor, which is a membrane-associated protein and shares significant homology with members of the glucagon/secretin receptor family. This receptor mediates diverse biological actions of adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 and is positively coupled to adenylate cyclase. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

MEF2 activating motif and SAP domain containing transcriptional regulator

Predicted to enable transcription coregulator activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of myotube differentiation and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rho GTPase activating protein 20 pseudogene

ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase activating protein 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) that associates with the Golgi apparatus and regulates the early secretory pathway of proteins. The encoded protein promotes hydrolysis of ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1)-bound GTP, which is required for the dissociation of coat proteins from Golgi-derived membranes and vesicles. Dissociation of the coat proteins is a prerequisite for the fusion of these vesicles with target compartments. The activity of this protein is sensitive to phospholipids. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. This gene was originally known as ARFGAP1, but that is now the name of a related but different gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase activating protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a GTPase-activating protein, which associates with the Golgi apparatus and which interacts with ADP-ribosylation factor 1. The encoded protein promotes hydrolysis of ADP-ribosylation factor 1-bound GTP and is required for the dissociation of coat proteins from Golgi-derived membranes and vesicles. Dissociation of the coat proteins is required for the fusion of these vesicles with target compartments. The activity of this protein is stimulated by phosphoinosides and inhibited by phosphatidylcholine. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

GTPase activating protein and VPS9 domains 1

Enables GTPase activating protein binding activity and guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity. Involved in regulation of protein transport. Located in cytosol and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rho GTPase activating protein 21 pseudogene

Rho GTPase activating protein 8

This gene encodes a member of the RHOGAP family. GAP (GTPase-activating) family proteins participate in signaling pathways that regulate cell processes involved in cytoskeletal changes. GAP proteins alternate between an active (GTP-bound) and inactive (GDP-bound) state based on the GTP:GDP ratio in the cell. This family member is a multidomain protein that functions to promote Erk activation and cell motility. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Read-through transcripts from the upstream proline rich 5, renal (PRR5) gene into this gene also exist, which led to the original description of PRR5 and ARHGAP8 being a single gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

Rho GTPase activating protein 9

This gene encodes a member of the Rho-GAP family of GTPase activating proteins. The protein has substantial GAP activity towards several Rho-family GTPases in vitro, converting them to an inactive GDP-bound state. It is implicated in regulating adhesion of hematopoietic cells to the extracellular matrix. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Rho GTPase activating protein 4

This gene encodes a member of the rhoGAP family of proteins which play a role in the regulation of small GTP-binding proteins belonging to the RAS superfamily. The protein encoded by the orthologous gene in rat is localized to the Golgi complex and can redistribute to microtubules. The rat protein stimulates the activity of some Rho GTPases in vitro. Genomic deletions of this gene and a neighboring gene have been found in patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

Rho GTPase activating protein 5

Rho GTPase activating protein 5 negatively regulates RHO GTPases, a family which may mediate cytoskeleton changes by stimulating the hydrolysis of bound GTP. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Rho GTPase activating protein 6

This gene encodes a member of the rhoGAP family of proteins which play a role in the regulation of actin polymerization at the plasma membrane during several cellular processes. This protein is thought to have two independent functions, one as a GTPase-activating protein with specificity for RhoA, and another as a cytoskeletal protein that promotes actin remodeling. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Rho GTPase activating protein 1

This gene encodes a member of a large family of proteins that activate Rho-type guanosine triphosphate (GTP) metabolizing enzymes. The encoded protein contains a SRC homology 3 domain and interacts with Bcl-2-associated protein family members. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

MNAT CDK-activating kinase assembly factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene, along with cyclin H and CDK7, forms the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) enzymatic complex. This complex activates several cyclin-associated kinases and can also associate with TFIIH to activate transcription by RNA polymerase II. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

activating transcription factor 7 interacting protein 2

Predicted to enable transcription coregulator activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to be part of transcription regulator complex. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

GTPase activating protein (SH3 domain) binding protein 1 pseudogene

DLC1 Rho GTPase activating protein

This gene encodes a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) that is a member of the rhoGAP family of proteins which play a role in the regulation of small GTP-binding proteins. GAP family proteins participate in signaling pathways that regulate cell processes involved in cytoskeletal changes. This gene functions as a tumor suppressor gene in a number of common cancers, including prostate, lung, colorectal, and breast cancers. Multiple transcript variants due to alternative promoters and alternative splicing have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

T cell-interacting, activating receptor on myeloid cells 1

Enables immunoglobulin receptor binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation. Located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rho GTPase activating protein 17

RICH1 is a GTPase-activating protein (GAP). GAPs stimulate the intrinsic GTP hydrolysis of small G proteins, such as RHOA (MIM 165390), RAC1 (MIM 602048), and CDC42 (MIM 116952).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

Rho GTPase activating protein 15

RHO GTPases (see ARHA; MIM 165390) regulate diverse biologic processes, and their activity is regulated by RHO GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), such as ARHGAP15 (Seoh et al., 2003 [PubMed 12650940]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

Rho GTPase activating protein 12

This gene encodes a member of a large family of proteins that activate Rho-type guanosine triphosphate (GTP) metabolizing enzymes. The encoded protein may be involved in suppressing tumor formation by regulating cell invasion and adhesion. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

Rho GTPase activating protein 10

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in cytoskeleton organization and negative regulation of apoptotic process. Located in cytosol and endosome membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rho GTPase activating protein 18

Enables GTPase activator activity. Involved in several processes, including regulation of actin filament polymerization; regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction; and small GTPase-mediated signal transduction. Located in cytosol; nuclear speck; and plasma membrane. Part of cytoplasmic microtubule and ruffle. Implicated in schizophrenia. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rho GTPase activating protein 19

Members of the ARHGAP family, such as ARHGAP19, encode negative regulators of Rho GTPases (see RHOA; MIM 165390), which are involved in cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation, actin remodeling, and G1 cell cycle progression (Lv et al., 2007 [PubMed 17454002]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

activating transcription factor 4 pseudogene 2

activating transcription factor 4 pseudogene 4

activating transcription factor 7 interacting protein

ATF7IP is a multifunctional nuclear protein that associates with heterochromatin. It can act as a transcriptional coactivator or corepressor depending upon its binding partners (summary by Liu et al., 2009 [PubMed 19106100]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2010]

SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a GTPase activator, working with the GTPase CDC42 to negatively regulate neuronal migration. The encoded protein interacts with the transmembrane receptor ROBO1 to inactivate CDC42. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 3

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of cell migration and regulation of postsynapse assembly. Is active in postsynapse. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2

This locus encodes a member of the SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein family. The encoded protein stimulates GTPase activity of Rac1, and plays a role in cortical neuron development. This locus has several paralogs on human chromosome 1 resulting from segmental duplication. While this locus itself is conserved among various species, the paralogs are found only in the genus Homo, and not in the genomes of non-human great apes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this locus. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1

This gene encodes a member of the IQGAP family. The protein contains four IQ domains, one calponin homology domain, one Ras-GAP domain and one WW domain. It interacts with components of the cytoskeleton, with cell adhesion molecules, and with several signaling molecules to regulate cell morphology and motility. Expression of the protein is upregulated by gene amplification in two gastric cancer cell lines. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 2

This gene encodes a member of the IQGAP family. The encoded protein contains three IQ domains, one calponin homology domain, one Ras-GAP domain and one WW domain. This protein interacts with components of the cytoskeleton, with cell adhesion molecules, and with several signaling molecules to regulate cell morphology and motility. It also acts as a tumor suppressor and has been found to play a role in regulating innate antiviral responses. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 3

Enables calmodulin binding activity and myosin VI light chain binding activity. Predicted to be involved in mitotic actomyosin contractile ring assembly actin filament organization. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle; intracellular signaling cassette; and regulation of macromolecule metabolic process. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in cell cortex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 2, 40kDa

This gene encodes platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase isoform 2, a single-subunit intracellular enzyme that catalyzes the removal of the acetyl group at the SN-2 position of platelet-activating factor (identified as 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine). However, this lipase exhibits a broader substrate specificity than simply platelet activating factor. Two other isoforms of intracellular platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase exist, and both are multi-subunit enzymes. Additionally, there is a single-subunit serum isoform of this enzyme. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b, catalytic subunit 2 (30kDa) pseudogene

NFKB activating protein

This gene encodes a protein that is involved in the activation of the ubiquitous transcription factor NF-kappaB. This protein is associated with the the histone deacetylase HDAC3 and with the Notch corepressor complex, and it thereby acts as a transcriptional repressor of Notch target genes. It is also required for alphabeta T cell development. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome X, while a related and intronless retrocopy, which has an intact CDS and may be functional, is located on chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

mannan-binding lectin serine peptidase 1 (C4/C2 activating component of Ra-reactive factor)

This gene encodes a serine protease that functions as a component of the lectin pathway of complement activation. The complement pathway plays an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune response. The encoded protein is synthesized as a zymogen and is activated when it complexes with the pathogen recognition molecules of lectin pathway, the mannose-binding lectin and the ficolins. This protein is not directly involved in complement activation but may play a role as an amplifier of complement activation by cleaving complement C2 or by activating another complement serine protease, MASP-2. The encoded protein is also able to cleave fibrinogen and factor XIII and may may be involved in coagulation. A splice variant of this gene which lacks the serine protease domain functions as an inhibitor of the complement pathway. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

activating transcription factor 4 pseudogene 3

activating transcription factor 4 pseudogene 1

synaptic Ras GTPase activating protein 1

This gene encodes a Ras GTPase activating protein that is a member of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. The N-terminal domain of the protein contains a Ras-GAP domain, a pleckstrin homology domain, and a C2 domain that may be involved in binding of calcium and phospholipids. The C-terminal domain consists of a ten histidine repeat region, serine and tyrosine phosphorylation sites, and a T/SXV motif required for postsynaptic scaffold protein interaction. The encoded protein negatively regulates Ras, Rap and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor trafficking to the postsynaptic membrane to regulate synaptic plasticity and neuronal homeostasis. Allelic variants of this gene are associated with intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2016]

NFKB activating protein pseudogene 1

recombination activating gene 2

This gene encodes a protein that is involved in the initiation of V(D)J recombination during B and T cell development. This protein forms a complex with the product of the adjacent recombination activating gene 1, and this complex can form double-strand breaks by cleaving DNA at conserved recombination signal sequences. The recombination activating gene 1 component is thought to contain most of the catalytic activity, while the N-terminal of the recombination activating gene 2 component is thought to form a six-bladed propeller in the active core that serves as a binding scaffold for the tight association of the complex with DNA. A C-terminal plant homeodomain finger-like motif in this protein is necessary for interactions with chromatin components, specifically with histone H3 that is trimethylated at lysine 4. Mutations in this gene cause Omenn syndrome, a form of severe combined immunodeficiency associated with autoimmune-like symptoms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

recombination activating gene 1

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in activation of immunoglobulin V-D-J recombination. The encoded protein is involved in recognition of the DNA substrate, but stable binding and cleavage activity also requires RAG2. Defects in this gene can be the cause of several diseases. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Ral GTPase activating protein, beta subunit (non-catalytic)

Enables protein heterodimerization activity. Predicted to be involved in Ral protein signal transduction and activation of GTPase activity. Predicted to act upstream of or within regulation of exocyst localization and regulation of protein localization. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rho GTPase activating protein 45

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. Located in cytosol and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA guanine-7 methyltransferase activating subunit

Enables RNA binding activity and enzyme activator activity. Involved in 7-methylguanosine mRNA capping. Located in nucleus. Part of mRNA cap methyltransferase RNMT:RAMAC complex and mRNA capping enzyme complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

PEAK1 related, kinase-activating pseudokinase 1

This gene encodes an enzyme that belongs to the tyrosine protein kinase family. A similar protein in rat binds to Rho family GTPase 2 (Rnd2) and regulates neurite outgrowth via activation of Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA). [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

STIM activating enhancer

Enables calcium channel regulator activity. Involved in activation of store-operated calcium channel activity and store-operated calcium entry. Located in cortical endoplasmic reticulum; endoplasmic reticulum membrane; and endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contact site. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA guanine-7 methyltransferase activating subunit like

Predicted to enable RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in RNA 5'-cap (guanine-N7)-methylation. Predicted to be located in nucleus. Predicted to be part of mRNA capping enzyme complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

p53 regulated carcinoma associated Stat3 activating long intergenic non-protein coding transcript

integrin, alpha 2 (CD49B, alpha 2 subunit of VLA-2 receptor)

This gene encodes the alpha subunit of a transmembrane receptor for collagens and related proteins. The encoded protein forms a heterodimer with a beta subunit and mediates the adhesion of platelets and other cell types to the extracellular matrix. Loss of the encoded protein is associated with bleeding disorder platelet-type 9. Antibodies against this protein are found in several immune disorders, including neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. This gene is located adjacent to a related alpha subunit gene. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

integrin, alpha 3 (antigen CD49C, alpha 3 subunit of VLA-3 receptor)

The gene encodes a member of the integrin alpha chain family of proteins. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain that function as cell surface adhesion molecules. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate light and heavy chains that comprise the alpha 3 subunit. This subunit joins with a beta 1 subunit to form an integrin that interacts with extracellular matrix proteins including members of the laminin family. Expression of this gene may be correlated with breast cancer metastasis. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

integrin, alpha 4 (antigen CD49D, alpha 4 subunit of VLA-4 receptor)

The gene encodes a member of the integrin alpha chain family of proteins. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain that function in cell surface adhesion and signaling. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate light and heavy chains that comprise the alpha 4 subunit. This subunit associates with a beta 1 or beta 7 subunit to form an integrin that may play a role in cell motility and migration. This integrin is a therapeutic target for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

integrin, alpha 5 (fibronectin receptor, alpha polypeptide)

The product of this gene belongs to the integrin alpha chain family. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha subunit and a beta subunit that function in cell surface adhesion and signaling. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate light and heavy chains that comprise the alpha 5 subunit. This subunit associates with the beta 1 subunit to form a fibronectin receptor. This integrin may promote tumor invasion, and higher expression of this gene may be correlated with shorter survival time in lung cancer patients. Note that the integrin alpha 5 and integrin alpha V subunits are encoded by distinct genes. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

integrin, alpha L (antigen CD11A (p180), lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; alpha polypeptide)

ITGAL encodes the integrin alpha L chain. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This I-domain containing alpha integrin combines with the beta 2 chain (ITGB2) to form the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), which is expressed on all leukocytes. LFA-1 plays a central role in leukocyte intercellular adhesion through interactions with its ligands, ICAMs 1-3 (intercellular adhesion molecules 1 through 3), and also functions in lymphocyte costimulatory signaling. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

integrin, alpha E (antigen CD103, human mucosal lymphocyte antigen 1; alpha polypeptide)

Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This gene encodes an I-domain-containing alpha integrin that undergoes post-translational cleavage in the extracellular domain, yielding disulfide-linked heavy and light chains. In combination with the beta 7 integrin, this protein forms the E-cadherin binding integrin known as the human mucosal lymphocyte-1 antigen. This protein is preferentially expressed in human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and in addition to a role in adhesion, it may serve as an accessory molecule for IEL activation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

karyopherin alpha 3 (importin alpha 4) pseudogene

ST6 (alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 4 pseudogene 1

ABO blood group (transferase A, alpha 1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase; transferase B, alpha 1-3-galactosyltransferase) pseudogene

pterin-4 alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase/dimerization cofactor of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (TCF1) 2 pseudogene

karyopherin alpha 7 (importin alpha 8)

The transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is mediated by the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which consists of 60-100 proteins. Small molecules (up to 70 kD) can pass through the nuclear pore by nonselective diffusion while larger molecules are transported by an active process. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the importin alpha family, and is involved in nuclear protein import, but exhibits different nuclear localization signal binding specificity compared to other members of the family. A pseudogene of this gene has been defined on chromosome 5. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

karyopherin alpha 6 (importin alpha 7)

Nucleocytoplasmic transport, a signal- and energy-dependent process, takes place through nuclear pore complexes embedded in the nuclear envelope. The import of proteins containing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) requires the NLS import receptor, a heterodimer of importin alpha and beta subunits also known as karyopherins. Importin alpha binds the NLS-containing cargo in the cytoplasm and importin beta docks the complex at the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear pore complex. In the presence of nucleoside triphosphates and the small GTP binding protein Ran, the complex moves into the nuclear pore complex and the importin subunits dissociate. Importin alpha enters the nucleoplasm with its passenger protein and importin beta remains at the pore. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the importin alpha family. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

karyopherin alpha 5 (importin alpha 6)

The transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is mediated by the nuclear pore complex (NPC) which consists of 60-100 proteins and is probably 120 million daltons in molecular size. Small molecules (up to 70 kD) can pass through the nuclear pore by nonselective diffusion; larger molecules are transported by an active process. Most nuclear proteins contain short basic amino acid sequences known as nuclear localization signals (NLSs). KPNA5 protein belongs to the importin alpha protein family and is thought to be involved in NLS-dependent protein import into the nucleus. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

karyopherin alpha 4 (importin alpha 3)

The nuclear import of karyophilic proteins is directed by short amino acid sequences termed nuclear localization signals (NLSs). Karyopherins, or importins, are cytoplasmic proteins that recognize NLSs and dock NLS-containing proteins to the nuclear pore complex. The protein encoded by this gene shares the sequence similarity with Xenopus importin-alpha and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Srp1. This protein is found to interact with the NLSs of DNA helicase Q1 and SV40 T antigen. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

karyopherin alpha 3 (importin alpha 4)

The transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is mediated by the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which consists of 60-100 proteins. Small molecules (up to 70 kD) can pass through the nuclear pore by nonselective diffusion while larger molecules are transported by an active process. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the importin alpha family, and is involved in nuclear protein import. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009]

karyopherin alpha 2 (RAG cohort 1, importin alpha 1)

The import of proteins into the nucleus is a process that involves at least 2 steps. The first is an energy-independent docking of the protein to the nuclear envelope and the second is an energy-dependent translocation through the nuclear pore complex. Imported proteins require a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) which generally consists of a short region of basic amino acids or 2 such regions spaced about 10 amino acids apart. Proteins involved in the first step of nuclear import have been identified in different systems. These include the Xenopus protein importin and its yeast homolog, SRP1 (a suppressor of certain temperature-sensitive mutations of RNA polymerase I in Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which bind to the NLS. KPNA2 protein interacts with the NLSs of DNA helicase Q1 and SV40 T antigen and may be involved in the nuclear transport of proteins. KPNA2 also may play a role in V(D)J recombination. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

karyopherin alpha 1 (importin alpha 5)

The transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is mediated by the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which consists of 60-100 proteins. Small molecules (up to 70 kD) can pass through the nuclear pore by nonselective diffusion while larger molecules are transported by an active process. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the importin alpha family, and is involved in nuclear protein import. This protein interacts with the recombination activating gene 1 (RAG1) protein and is a putative substrate of the RAG1 ubiquitin ligase. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

karyopherin alpha 2 (RAG cohort 1, importin alpha 1) pseudogene

karyopherin alpha 2 (RAG cohort 1, importin alpha 1) pseudogene

pterin-4 alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase/dimerization cofactor of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (TCF1) 2

Predicted to enable 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin dehydratase activity. Involved in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 6

This gene encodes a member of the glycosyltransferase 29 protein family. Members of this protein family synthesize sialylglycoconjugates. Sialylation may contribute to multidrug resistance in cancer cells. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 5

The protein encoded by this gene is a type II membrane protein that may be present in the Golgi apparatus. The encoded protein, which is a member of glycosyltransferase family 29, may be involved in the synthesis of gangliosides GD1c, GT1a, GQ1b, and GT3 from GD1a, GT1b, GM1b, and GD3, respectively. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 4

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the polycondensation of alpha-2,8-linked sialic acid required for the synthesis of polysialic acid, a modulator of the adhesive properties of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM1). The encoded protein, which is a member of glycosyltransferase family 29, is a type II membrane protein that may be present in the Golgi apparatus. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a type II membrane protein that is thought to catalyze the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to N-linked oligosaccharides and glycoproteins. The encoded protein may be found in the Golgi apparatus and may be involved in the production of polysialic acid, a modulator of the adhesive properties of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM1). This protein is a member of glycosyltransferase family 29. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 1

Gangliosides are membrane-bound glycosphingolipids containing sialic acid. Ganglioside GD3 is known to be important for cell adhesion and growth of cultured malignant cells. The protein encoded by this gene is a type II membrane protein that catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to GM3 to produce gangliosides GD3 and GT3. The encoded protein may be found in the Golgi apparatus and is a member of glycosyltransferase family 29. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

ST6 (alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 2 pseudogene 1

karyopherin alpha 2 (RAG cohort 1, importin alpha 1) pseudogene

karyopherin alpha 7 (importin alpha 8) pseudogene

pterin-4 alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase/dimerization cofactor of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha

This gene encodes a member of the pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. The encoded protein functions as both a dehydratase involved in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis, and as a cofactor for HNF1A-dependent transcription. A deficiency of this enzyme leads to hyperphenylalaninemia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

defensin, alpha 1 and alpha 3, variable copy number locus

ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 3

Enables alpha-N-acetylneuraminate alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase activity and identical protein binding activity. Involved in several processes, including ganglioside biosynthetic process; glycoprotein metabolic process; and sialylation. Predicted to be located in Golgi membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

amylo-alpha-1, 6-glucosidase, 4-alpha-glucanotransferase

This gene encodes the glycogen debrancher enzyme which is involved in glycogen degradation. This enzyme has two independent catalytic activities which occur at different sites on the protein: a 4-alpha-glucotransferase activity and a amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity. Mutations in this gene are associated with glycogen storage disease although a wide range of enzymatic and clinical variability occurs which may be due to tissue-specific alternative splicing. Alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

karyopherin alpha 4 (importin alpha 3) pseudogene

ABO blood group (transferase A, alpha 1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase; transferase B, alpha 1-3-galactosyltransferase)

This gene encodes proteins related to the first discovered blood group system, ABO. Variation in the ABO gene (chromosome 9q34.2) is the basis of the ABO blood group, thus the presence of an allele determines the blood group in an individual. The 'O' blood group is caused by a deletion of guanine-258 near the N-terminus of the protein which results in a frameshift and translation of an almost entirely different protein. Individuals with the A, B, and AB alleles express glycosyltransferase activities that convert the H antigen into the A or B antigen. Other minor alleles have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2022]

ST6 (alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 6

ST6GALNAC6 belongs to a family of sialyltransferases that modify proteins and ceramides on the cell surface to alter cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix interactions (Tsuchida et al., 2003 [PubMed 12668675]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ST6 (alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 5

The protein encoded by this gene is a Golgi type II transmembrane glycosyltransferase. The encoded protein catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid to cell surface proteins to modulate cell-cell interactions. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

ST6 (alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a type II membrane protein that catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to galactose-containing substrates. The encoded protein prefers glycoproteins rather than glycolipids as substrates and shows restricted substrate specificity, utilizing only the trisaccharide sequence Neu5Ac-alpha-2,3-Gal-beta-1,3-GalNAc. In addition, it is involved in the synthesis of ganglioside GD1A from GM1B. The encoded protein is normally found in the Golgi apparatus but can be proteolytically processed to a soluble form. This protein is a member of glycosyltransferase family 29. Transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Readthrough transcripts exist for this gene and the downstream ST6GALNAC6 gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2022]

ST6 (alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 3

ST6GALNAC3 belongs to a family of sialyltransferases that transfer sialic acids from CMP-sialic acid to terminal positions of carbohydrate groups in glycoproteins and glycolipids (Lee et al., 1999 [PubMed 10207017]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ST6 (alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 2

ST6GALNAC2 belongs to a family of sialyltransferases that add sialic acids to the nonreducing ends of glycoconjugates. At the cell surface, these modifications have roles in cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions, bacterial adhesion, and protein targeting (Samyn-Petit et al., 2000 [PubMed 10742600]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ST6 (alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1

Glycosylation of proteins affects cell-cell interaction, interactions with the matrix, and the functions of intracellular molecules. ST6GALNAC1 transfers a sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc), in an alpha-2,6 linkage to O-linked GalNAc residues. The cancer-associated sialyl-Tn (sTn) antigen is formed by ST6GALNAC1-catalyzed sialylation of GalNAc residues on mucins (Ikehara et al., 1999 [PubMed 10536037]; Sewell et al., 2006 [PubMed 16319059]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 30

Enables RNA binding activity; cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; and hyaluronic acid binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process and protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

listerin E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Like most RING finger proteins, LTN1 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (Chu et al., 2009 [PubMed 19196968]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2010]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 10 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin specific peptidase10 pseudogene 2

itchy E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the Nedd4 family of HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases. HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases transfer ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to protein substrates, thus targeting specific proteins for lysosomal degradation. The encoded protein plays a role in multiple cellular processes including erythroid and lymphoid cell differentiation and the regulation of immune responses. Mutations in this gene are a cause of syndromic multisystem autoimmune disease. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like (yeast)

The protein encoded by this gene forms a complex with two other proteins, nuclear protein localization-4 and valosin-containing protein, and this complex is necessary for the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. In addition, this complex controls the disassembly of the mitotic spindle and the formation of a closed nuclear envelope after mitosis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Catch 22 syndrome as well as cardiac and craniofacial defects. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 18. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]

small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 32 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin specific peptidase 32 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin specific peptidase 32 pseudogene 4

transmembrane and ubiquitin-like domain containing 1

Involved in ERAD pathway. Predicted to be located in several cellular components, including centrosome; postsynaptic membrane; and recycling endosome. Predicted to be active in postsynaptic recycling endosome membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transmembrane and ubiquitin-like domain containing 2

Predicted to be involved in ERAD pathway. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, X-linked

This gene is a member of the peptidase C19 family and encodes a protein that is similar to ubiquitin-specific proteases. Though this gene is located on the X chromosome, it escapes X-inactivation. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Turner syndrome. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked

This gene is a member of the peptidase C19 family. It encodes a protein that is similar to ubiquitin-specific proteases, which cleave the ubiquitin moiety from ubiquitin-fused precursors and ubiquitinylated proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 34

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 30

ring finger and WD repeat domain 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

ring finger and FYVE-like domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables enzyme binding activity; p53 binding activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity; negative regulation of signal transduction; and protein K48-linked ubiquitination. Located in endosome membrane and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 3

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 17-like protein

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 10, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH10 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments (Morokuma et al., 2007 [PubMed 17604280]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

Cbl proto-oncogene-like 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-ligase for the E-cadherin complex and mediates its ubiquitination, endocytosis, and degradation in the lysosomes. The encoded protein contains a RING-finger domain and is also thought to have a role in control of cell proliferation. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome X. Alternative splicing results in a non-coding transcript variant. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1

Ubiquitin is a highly conserved nuclear and cytoplasmic protein that has a major role in targeting cellular proteins for degradation by the 26S proteosome. It is also involved in the maintenance of chromatin structure, the regulation of gene expression, and the stress response. Ubiquitin is synthesized as a precursor protein consisting of either polyubiquitin chains or a single ubiquitin moiety fused to an unrelated protein. This gene encodes a fusion protein consisting of ubiquitin at the N terminus and ribosomal protein L40 at the C terminus, a C-terminal extension protein (CEP). Multiple processed pseudogenes derived from this gene are present in the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene encodes a member of the Nedd4 family of E3 ligases, which play an important role in protein ubiquitination. The encoded protein contains four WW domains and may play a role in multiple processes including chondrogenesis and the regulation of oncogenic signaling pathways via interactions with Smad proteins and the tumor suppressor PTEN. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 10. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

WW domain-containing proteins are found in all eukaryotes and play an important role in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular functions such as protein degradation, transcription, and RNA splicing. This gene encodes a protein which contains 4 tandem WW domains and a HECT (homologous to the E6-associated protein carboxyl terminus) domain. The encoded protein belongs to a family of NEDD4-like proteins, which are E3 ubiquitin-ligase molecules and regulate key trafficking decisions, including targeting of proteins to proteosomes or lysosomes. Alternative splicing of this gene generates at least 6 transcript variants; however, the full length nature of these transcripts has not been defined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 12

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity and cysteine-type endopeptidase activity. Involved in protein deubiquitination. Located in cytoplasm; nucleus; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 10

Ubiquitin is a highly conserved protein that is covalently linked to other proteins to regulate their function and degradation. This gene encodes a member of the ubiquitin-specific protease family of cysteine proteases. The enzyme specifically cleaves ubiquitin from ubiquitin-conjugated protein substrates. The protein is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm. It functions as a co-factor of the DNA-bound androgen receptor complex, and is inhibited by a protein in the Ras-GTPase pathway. The human genome contains several pseudogenes similar to this gene. Several transcript variants, some protein-coding and others not protein-coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 11

Protein ubiquitination controls many intracellular processes, including cell cycle progression, transcriptional activation, and signal transduction. This dynamic process, involving ubiquitin conjugating enzymes and deubiquitinating enzymes, adds and removes ubiquitin. Deubiquitinating enzymes are cysteine proteases that specifically cleave ubiquitin from ubiquitin-conjugated protein substrates. This gene encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme which lies in a gene cluster on chromosome Xp11.23 [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 16

This gene encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme that is phosphorylated at the onset of mitosis and then dephosphorylated at the metaphase/anaphase transition. It can deubiquitinate H2A, one of two major ubiquitinated proteins of chromatin, in vitro and a mutant form of the protein was shown to block cell division. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 14 (tRNA-guanine transglycosylase)

This gene encodes a member of the ubiquitin-specific processing (UBP) family of proteases that is a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) with His and Cys domains. This protein is located in the cytoplasm and cleaves the ubiquitin moiety from ubiquitin-fused precursors and ubiquitinylated proteins. Mice with a mutation that results in reduced expression of the ortholog of this protein are retarded for growth, develop severe tremors by 2 to 3 weeks of age followed by hindlimb paralysis and death by 6 to 10 weeks of age. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 15

This gene encodes a member of the ubiquitin specific protease (USP) family of deubiquitinating enzymes. USP enzymes play critical roles in ubiquitin-dependent processes through polyubiquitin chain disassembly and hydrolysis of ubiquitin-substrate bonds. The encoded protein associates with the COP9 signalosome, and also plays a role in transforming growth factor beta signalling through deubiquitination of receptor-activated SMAD transcription factors. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 18

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the ubiquitin-specific proteases (UBP) family of enzymes that cleave ubiquitin from ubiquitinated protein substrates. It is highly expressed in liver and thymus, and is localized to the nucleus. This protein efficiently cleaves only ISG15 (a ubiquitin-like protein) fusions, and deletion of this gene in mice results in a massive increase of ISG15 conjugates in tissues, indicating that this protein is a major ISG15-specific protease. Mice lacking this gene are also hypersensitive to interferon, suggesting a function of this protein in downregulating interferon responses, independent of its isopeptidase activity towards ISG15. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 19

Protein ubiquitination controls many intracellular processes, including cell cycle progression, transcriptional activation, and signal transduction. This dynamic process, involving ubiquitin conjugating enzymes and deubiquitinating enzymes, adds and removes ubiquitin. Deubiquitinating enzymes are cysteine proteases that specifically cleave ubiquitin from ubiquitin-conjugated protein substrates. This protein is a ubiquitin protein ligase and plays a role in muscle wasting. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

ubiquitin-like 4A

Enables protein-folding chaperone binding activity. Involved in establishment of protein localization to membrane; regulation of protein stability; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in cytosol; membrane; and nucleoplasm. Part of BAT3 complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT domain and ankyrin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

This gene encodes a HECT domain and ankyrin repeat-containing ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein is involved in specific tagging of target proteins, leading to their subcellular localization or proteasomal degradation. The protein is a potential tumor suppressor and is involved in the pathophysiology of several tumors, including Wilm's tumor. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING1-like

ligand of numb-protein X 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

ubiquitin specific peptidase 35

This gene encodes a member of the peptidase C19 family of ubiquitin-specific proteases. These deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) catalyze the removal of ubiquitin proteins from other proteins. The encoded protein associates with polarized mitochondria and has been shown to inhibit NF-kappa B activation and delay PARK2-mediated degradation of mitochondria. Expression of this gene is upregulated by the let-7a microRNA and reduced expression has been observed in human tumor tissues. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 36

This gene encodes a member of the peptidase C19 or ubiquitin-specific protease family of cysteine proteases. Members of this family remove ubiquitin molecules from polyubiquitinated proteins. The encoded protein may deubiquitinate and stabilize the transcription factor c-Myc, also known as MYC, an important oncoprotein known to be upregulated in most human cancers. The encoded protease may also regulate the activation of autophagy. This gene exhibits elevated expression in some breast and lung cancers. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 1

This gen encodes a member of the HERC protein family. This protein stimulates guanine nucleotide exchange on ARF1 and Rab proteins. This protein may be involved in membrane transport processes. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 3

This gene encodes a member the HERC ubiquitin ligase family. The encoded protein is located in the cytosol and binds ubiquitin via a HECT domain. Mutations in this gene have been associated with colorectal and gastric carcinomas. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene belongs to the HERC gene family that encodes a group of unusually large proteins, which contain multiple structural domains. All members have at least 1 copy of an N-terminal region showing homology to the cell cycle regulator RCC1 and a C-terminal HECT (homologous to E6-AP C terminus) domain found in a number of E3 ubiquitin protein ligases. Genetic variations in this gene are associated with skin/hair/eye pigmentation variability. Multiple pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 15 and 16. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 5

This gene is a member of the HERC family of ubiquitin ligases and encodes a protein with a HECT domain and five RCC1 repeats. Pro-inflammatory cytokines upregulate expression of this gene in endothelial cells. The protein localizes to the cytoplasm and perinuclear region and functions as an interferon-induced E3 protein ligase that mediates ISGylation of protein targets. The protein also acts as a modulator of the antiviral immune response. The gene lies in a cluster of HERC family genes on chromosome 4. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2021]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 4

HERC4 belongs to the HERC family of ubiquitin ligases, all of which contain a HECT domain and at least 1 RCC1 (MIM 179710)-like domain (RLD). The 350-amino acid HECT domain is predicted to catalyze the formation of a thioester with ubiquitin before transferring it to a substrate, and the RLD is predicted to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for small G proteins (Hochrainer et al., 2005 [PubMed 15676274]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 6

HERC6 belongs to the HERC family of ubiquitin ligases, all of which contain a HECT domain and at least 1 RCC1 (MIM 179710)-like domain (RLD). The 350-amino acid HECT domain is predicted to catalyze the formation of a thioester with ubiquitin before transferring it to a substrate, and the RLD is predicted to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for small G proteins (Hochrainer et al., 2005 [PubMed 15676274]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

MYC binding protein 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and member of the PHR (Phr1/MYCBP2, highwire and RPM-1) family of proteins. The encoded protein plays a role in axon guidance and synapse formation in the developing nervous system. In mammalian cells, this protein regulates the cAMP and mTOR signaling pathways, and may additionally regulate autophagy. Reduced expression of this gene has been observed in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients and a mutation in this gene has been identified in patients with a rare inherited vision defect. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 2 pseudogene

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING2-like

ring finger protein 128, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a type I transmembrane protein that localizes to the endocytic pathway. This protein contains a RING zinc-finger motif and has been shown to possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Expression of this gene in retrovirally transduced T cell hybridoma significantly inhibits activation-induced IL2 and IL4 cytokine production. Induced expression of this gene was observed in anergic CD4(+) T cells, which suggested a role in the induction of anergic phenotype. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ring finger protein 125, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase that contains a RING finger domain in the N-terminus and three zinc-binding and one ubiquitin-interacting motif in the C-terminus. As a result of myristoylation, this protein associates with membranes and is primarily localized to intracellular membrane systems. The encoded protein may function as a positive regulator in the T-cell receptor signaling pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) family. The protein is an E3 ligase and is involved in ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of specific proteins. The activity of this ubiquitin ligase has been implicated in the development of certain forms of Parkinson's disease, the regulation of the cellular response to hypoxia and induction of apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in several additional transcript variants, some encoding different isoforms and others that have not been fully characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) family. The protein is an E3 ligase and is involved in ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of specific proteins. The activity of this ubiquitin ligase has been implicated in regulating cellular response to hypoxia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 3

Predicted to enable ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding activity and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion and regulation of protein stability. Located in mitochondrion and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

BRCA1 associated protein-1 (ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase)

This gene belongs to the ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase subfamily of deubiquitinating enzymes that are involved in the removal of ubiquitin from proteins. The encoded enzyme binds to the breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) via the RING finger domain of the latter and acts as a tumor suppressor. In addition, the enzyme may be involved in regulation of transcription, regulation of cell cycle and growth, response to DNA damage and chromatin dynamics. Germline mutations in this gene may be associated with tumor predisposition syndrome (TPDS), which involves increased risk of cancers including malignant mesothelioma, uveal melanoma and cutaneous melanoma. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

ring finger and WD repeat domain 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a component of a ubiquitination complex. The encoded protein is involved in the ubiquitination and degradation of hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF), which is a transcription factor that plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression by oxygen. In addition to oxygen-related gene expression, this protein plays a role in many other cellular processes including cilia formation, cytokine signaling, regulation of senescence, and formation of the extracellular matrix. Variants of this gene are associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, pheochromocytoma, erythrocytosis, renal cell carcinoma, and cerebellar hemangioblastoma. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2022]

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 21

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

OTU deubiquitinase, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 1

The product of this gene is a member of the OTU (ovarian tumor) superfamily of predicted cysteine proteases. The encoded protein is a highly specific ubiquitin iso-peptidase, and cleaves ubiquitin from branched poly-ubiquitin chains but not from ubiquitinated substrates. It interacts with another ubiquitin protease and an E3 ubiquitin ligase that inhibits cytokine gene transcription in the immune system. It is proposed to function in specific ubiquitin-dependent pathways, possibly by providing an editing function for polyubiquitin chain growth. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

OTU deubiquitinase, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 2

This gene encodes one of several deubiquitylating enzymes. Ubiquitin modification of proteins is needed for their stability and function; to reverse the process, deubiquityling enzymes remove ubiquitin. This protein contains an OTU domain and binds Ubal (ubiquitin aldehyde); an active cysteine protease site is present in the OTU domain. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 3

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 5

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 4

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 1

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 2

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 8

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 9

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 3

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 4

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 6

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 7

ubiquitin protein ligase E3B

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: E1 ubiquitin-activating enzymes, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. This gene encodes a member of the E3 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and transfers the ubiquitin to the targeted substrates. A HECT (homology to E6-AP C-terminus) domain in the C-terminus of the longer isoform of this protein is the catalytic site of ubiquitin transfer and forms a complex with E2 conjugases. Shorter isoforms of this protein which lack the C-terminal HECT domain are therefore unlikely to bind E2 enzymes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3C

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in protein K29-linked ubiquitination; protein K48-linked ubiquitination; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Predicted to be part of proteasome complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3A

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, part of the ubiquitin protein degradation system. This imprinted gene is maternally expressed in brain and biallelically expressed in other tissues. Maternally inherited deletion of this gene causes Angelman Syndrome, characterized by severe motor and intellectual retardation, ataxia, hypotonia, epilepsy, absence of speech, and characteristic facies. The protein also interacts with the E6 protein of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, resulting in ubiquitination and proteolysis of tumor protein p53. Alternative splicing of this gene results in three transcript variants encoding three isoforms with different N-termini. Additional transcript variants have been described, but their full length nature has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3D

Enables cyclin binding activity; ubiquitin protein ligase activity; and ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme binding activity. Involved in protein autoubiquitination; protein monoubiquitination; and protein polyubiquitination. Part of ubiquitin ligase complex. Is active in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

putative ubiquitin-like protein FUBI-like protein ENSP00000310146

ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 1

This gene encodes a member of a subfamily of RING-finger type E3 ubiquitin ligases. The protein binds to specific DNA sequences, and recruits a histone deacetylase to regulate gene expression. Its expression peaks at late G1 phase and continues during G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. It plays a major role in the G1/S transition by regulating topoisomerase IIalpha and retinoblastoma gene expression, and functions in the p53-dependent DNA damage checkpoint. It is regarded as a hub protein for the integration of epigenetic information. This gene is up-regulated in various cancers, and it is therefore considered to be a therapeutic target. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. A related pseudogene exists on chromosome 12. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 17-like protein 2-like

ubiquitin-like 5

This gene encodes a member of a group of proteins similar to ubiquitin. The encoded protein is not thought to degrade proteins like ubiquitin but to affect their function through being bound to target proteins by an isopeptide bond. The gene product has been studied as a link to predisposition to obesity based on its expression in Psammomys obesus, the fat sand rat, which is an animal model for obesity studies. Variation in this gene was found to be significantly associated with some metabolic traits (PMID: 15331561) but not associated with childhood obesity (PMID: 19189687). Pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 3, 5 and 17. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

ubiquitin-like 7

Enables molecular adaptor activity. Predicted to be involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Is active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-like 3

Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

zinc and ring finger 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a role in neural-cell differentiation. Overexpression of this gene causes neurite-like elongation. The encoded protein contains both a zinc finger and a RING finger motif and is localized in the endosome/lysosome compartment, indicating that it may be involved in ubiquitin-mediated protein modification, and in synaptic vessicle membranes in neurons. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

zinc and ring finger 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in positive regulation of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Located in cytoplasmic vesicle membrane; nuclear lumen; and plasma membrane. Part of protein-containing complex. Is active in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 5

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 28

Enables RNA binding activity; cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; and hyaluronic acid binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process and protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 22

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 23

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in protein deubiquitination. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 20

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin associated protein 1-like

Predicted to enable ubiquitin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway. Predicted to be part of ESCRT I complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring finger protein 138, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

ubiquitin specific peptidase 4 (proto-oncogene) pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 21 pseudogene

mahogunin ring finger 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in endosome to lysosome transport; negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; and protein monoubiquitination. Located in several cellular components, including early endosome; endoplasmic reticulum; and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

checkpoint with forkhead and ring finger domains, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase required for the maintenance of the antephase checkpoint that regulates cell cycle entry into mitosis and, therefore, may play a key role in cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis. The encoded protein has an N-terminal forkhead-associated domain, a central RING-finger domain, and a cysteine-rich C-terminal region. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like (yeast) pseudogene

ubiquitin family domain containing 1

Enables RNA binding activity and cadherin binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring finger protein 19A, RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the ring between ring fingers (RBR) protein family, and the encoded protein contains two RING-finger motifs and an in between RING fingers motif. This protein is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is localized to Lewy bodies, and ubiquitylates synphilin-1, which is an interacting protein of alpha synuclein in neurons. The encoded protein may be involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 7 (herpes virus-associated) pseudogene

ubiquitin D pseudogene 1

WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 pseudogene

ariadne RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that polyubiquitinates some proteins, tagging them for degradation. The encoded protein upregulates p53 in some cancer cells and may inhibit myelopoiesis. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene, although the full-length nature of some of them have not been determined yet. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

ariadne RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables enzyme binding activity; ubiquitin-protein transferase activity; and zinc ion binding activity. Involved in protein ubiquitination. Located in several cellular components, including Lewy body; cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complex; and nuclear body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 11

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 10

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 13

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 12

ubiquitin specific peptidase 12 pseudogene

ubiquitin protein ligase E3A pseudogene 1

ubiquitin protein ligase E3A pseudogene 2

autocrine motility factor receptor, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This locus encodes a glycosylated transmembrane receptor. Its ligand, autocrine motility factor, is a tumor motility-stimulating protein secreted by tumor cells. The encoded receptor is also a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligase family of proteins. It catalyzes ubiquitination and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of specific proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

Cbl proto-oncogene-like 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 21 pseudogene

S-phase kinase-associated protein 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbls class; in addition to an F-box, this protein contains 10 tandem leucine-rich repeats. This protein is an essential element of the cyclin A-CDK2 S-phase kinase. It specifically recognizes phosphorylated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B, also referred to as p27 or KIP1) predominantly in S phase and interacts with S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1 or p19). In addition, this gene is established as a protooncogene causally involved in the pathogenesis of lymphomas. Alternative splicing of this gene generates three transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 22

Enables deubiquitinase activity; enzyme binding activity; and nuclear receptor coactivator activity. Contributes to histone H4 acetyltransferase activity. Involved in several processes, including G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle; protein deubiquitination; and regulation of gene expression. Part of SAGA complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-fold modifier 1

UFM1 is a ubiquitin-like protein that is conjugated to target proteins by E1-like activating enzyme UBA5 (UBE1DC1; MIM 610552) and E2-like conjugating enzyme UFC1 (MIM 610554) in a manner analogous to ubiquitylation (see UBE2M; MIM 603173) (Komatsu et al., 2004 [PubMed 15071506]).[supplied by OMIM, Dec 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 2

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Involved in several processes, including CAAX-box protein processing; protein deubiquitination; and regulation of defense response. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 1

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 7

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 5

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity and lncRNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to act upstream of or within protein deubiquitination. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 4

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 8

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP pseudogene

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1B

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis. Located in actin cytoskeleton and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 38

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity and protein sequestering activity. Involved in negative regulation of innate immune response; negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein K33-linked deubiquitination. Is active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 39

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity and zinc ion binding activity. Involved in spliceosomal complex assembly. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of U4/U6 x U5 tri-snRNP complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 30

USP30, a member of the ubiquitin-specific protease family (see USP1, MIM 603478), is a novel mitochondrial deubiquitinating (DUB) enzyme (Nakamura and Hirose, 2008 [PubMed 18287522]).[supplied by OMIM, Dec 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 31

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in protein deubiquitination and proteolysis. Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 32

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Involved in positive regulation of TORC1 signaling. Located in cytosol. Is active in Golgi apparatus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 33

This gene encodes a deubiquinating enzyme important in a variety of processes, including Slit-dependent cell migration and beta-2 adrenergic receptor signaling. The protein is negatively regulated through ubiquitination by von Hippel-Lindau tumor protein (VHL). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants and protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2012]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 34

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity and cysteine-type endopeptidase activity. Involved in positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway and protein K48-linked deubiquitination. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 37

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; cysteine-type endopeptidase activity; and protein kinase binding activity. Involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle; protein deubiquitination; and regulation of DNA replication. Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin associated protein 2-like

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in binding activity of sperm to zona pellucida; positive regulation of stress granule assembly; and stress granule assembly. Acts upstream of or within hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis. Part of PcG protein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ankyrin repeat and ubiquitin domain containing 1

ubiquitin D

This gene encodes a protein which contains two ubiquitin-like domains and appears to have similar function to ubiquitin. Through covalent attachment, the encoded protein targets other proteins for 26S proteasome degradation. This protein has been implicated to function in many cellular processes, including caspase-dependent apoptosis, formation of aggresomes, mitotic regulation, and dendritic cell maturation. Upregulation of this gene may promote inflammation in chronic kidney disease and has been observed in many cancer types. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

ubiquitin B

This gene encodes ubiquitin, one of the most conserved proteins known. Ubiquitin has a major role in targeting cellular proteins for degradation by the 26S proteosome. It is also involved in the maintenance of chromatin structure, the regulation of gene expression, and the stress response. Ubiquitin is synthesized as a precursor protein consisting of either polyubiquitin chains or a single ubiquitin moiety fused to an unrelated protein. This gene consists of three direct repeats of the ubiquitin coding sequence with no spacer sequence. Consequently, the protein is expressed as a polyubiquitin precursor with a final amino acid after the last repeat. An aberrant form of this protein has been detected in patients with Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 1, 2, 13, and 17. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

ubiquitin C

This gene represents a ubiquitin gene, ubiquitin C. The encoded protein is a polyubiquitin precursor. Conjugation of ubiquitin monomers or polymers can lead to various effects within a cell, depending on the residues to which ubiquitin is conjugated. Ubiquitination has been associated with protein degradation, DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, kinase modification, endocytosis, and regulation of other cell signaling pathways. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

HECT, C2 and WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of dendrite morphogenesis and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT, C2 and WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene encodes a member of a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases which plays an important role in the proliferation, migration and differentiation of neural crest cells as a regulator of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)/Ret signaling. This gene also plays an important role in angiogenesis through stabilization of endothelial cell-to-cell junctions as a regulator of angiomotin-like 1 stability. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal calcium/lipid-binding (C2) domain involved in membrane targeting, two-four WW domains responsible for cellular localization and substrate recognition, and a C-terminal homologous with E6-associated protein C-terminus (HECT) catalytic domain. Naturally occurring mutations in this gene are associated with neurodevelopmental delay, hypotonia, and epilepsy. The decreased expression of this gene in the aganglionic colon is associated with Hirschsprung's disease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to a family of apoptotic suppressor proteins. Members of this family share a conserved motif termed, baculovirus IAP repeat, which is necessary for their anti-apoptotic function. This protein functions through binding to tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors TRAF1 and TRAF2 and inhibits apoptosis induced by menadione, a potent inducer of free radicals, and interleukin 1-beta converting enzyme. This protein also inhibits at least two members of the caspase family of cell-death proteases, caspase-3 and caspase-7. Mutations in this gene are the cause of X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 2 and 11.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF12-B-like

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 29

Enables RNA binding activity; cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; and hyaluronic acid binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process and protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 26

Enables RNA binding activity; cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; and hyaluronic acid binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process and protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 27

Enables RNA binding activity; cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; and hyaluronic acid binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process and protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 24

Enables RNA binding activity; cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; and hyaluronic acid binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process and protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 25

Enables RNA binding activity; cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; and hyaluronic acid binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process and protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 3 (putative)

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including sensory perception of smell; suckling behavior; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the N-end rule pathway. Predicted to act upstream of or within in utero embryonic development and olfactory behavior. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be part of ubiquitin ligase complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 2

Enables L-leucine binding activity and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to L-leucine; protein K63-linked ubiquitination; and regulation of signal transduction. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be part of ubiquitin ligase complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 1

The N-end rule pathway is one proteolytic pathway of the ubiquitin system. The recognition component of this pathway, encoded by this gene, binds to a destabilizing N-terminal residue of a substrate protein and participates in the formation of a substrate-linked multiubiquitin chain. This leads to the eventual degradation of the substrate protein. The protein described in this record has a RING-type zinc finger and a UBR-type zinc finger. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Johanson-Blizzard syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 7 (putative)

This gene encodes a UBR box-containing protein that belongs to the E3 ubiquitin ligase family. The protein also contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) in the C-terminus. In mammals, the encoded protein recognizes N-degrons, the destabilizing N-terminal residues of short-lived proteins, which results in ubiquitinylation, and proteolysis via the proteasome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 5

This gene encodes a progestin-induced protein, which belongs to the HECT (homology to E6-AP carboxyl terminus) family. The HECT family proteins function as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases, targeting specific proteins for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. This gene is localized to chromosome 8q22 which is disrupted in a variety of cancers. This gene potentially has a role in regulation of cell proliferation or differentiation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 4

The protein encoded by this gene is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with the retinoblastoma-associated protein in the nucleus and with calcium-bound calmodulin in the cytoplasm. The encoded protein appears to be a cytoskeletal component in the cytoplasm and part of the chromatin scaffold in the nucleus. In addition, this protein is a target of the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin domain containing 2

Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin domain containing 1

The degradation of many proteins is carried out by the ubiquitin pathway in which proteins are targeted for degradation by covalent conjugation of the polypeptide ubiquitin. This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the ubiquitin family of proteins. The encoded protein is thought to regulate E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes belonging to the UBE2D family. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

ubiquitin specific peptidase like 1

Enables SUMO binding activity and deSUMOylase activity. Involved in several processes, including Cajal body organization; protein desumoylation; and snRNA transcription. Located in Cajal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4-like, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the Nedd4 family of HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases. HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases transfer ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to protein substrates, thus targeting specific proteins for lysosomal degradation. The encoded protein mediates the ubiquitination of multiple target substrates and plays a critical role in epithelial sodium transport by regulating the cell surface expression of the epithelial sodium channel, ENaC. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with essential hypertension. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

ring-box 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This locus encodes a RING finger-like domain-containing protein. The encoded protein interacts with cullin proteins and likely plays a role in ubiquitination processes necessary for cell cycle progression. This protein may also affect protein turnover. Related pseudogenes exist on chromosomes 2 and 5.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L5

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; endopeptidase inhibitor activity; and proteasome binding activity. Involved in several processes, including positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway; protein deubiquitination; and regulation of primary metabolic process. Located in cytosol and nuclear lumen. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 3 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 22

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 23

tripartite motif containing 71, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that binds with miRNAs and maintains the growth and upkeep of embryonic stem cells. This gene also is involved in the G1-S phase transition of the cell cycle. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 22 pseudogene

topoisomerase I binding, arginine/serine-rich, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a nuclear protein which is serine and arginine rich, and contains a RING-type zinc finger domain. It is highly expressed in the testis, and functions as an ubiquitin-protein E3 ligase. Mutations in this gene are associated with retinitis pigmentosa type 31. Alternatively spliced transcript variants, encoding different isoforms, have been observed for this locus. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 17-like protein 2-like

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 16, pseudogene

TNF receptor-associated factor 6, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) protein family. TRAF proteins are associated with, and mediate signal transduction from, members of the TNF receptor superfamily. This protein has an amino terminal RING domain which is followed by four zinc-finger motifs, a central coiled-coil region and a highly conserved carboxyl terminal domain, known as the TRAF-C domain and mediates signaling from members of the TNF receptor superfamily as well as the Toll/IL-1 family. Signals from receptors such as CD40, TNFSF11/RANCE and IL-1 have been shown to be mediated by this protein. This protein also interacts with various protein kinases including IRAK1/IRAK, SRC and PKCzeta, which provides a link between distinct signaling pathways. This protein functions as a signal transducer in the NF-kappaB pathway that activates IkappaB kinase (IKK) in response to proinflammatory cytokines. The interaction of this protein with UBE2N/UBC13, and UBE2V1/UEV1A, which are ubiquitin conjugating enzymes catalyzing the formation of polyubiquitin chains, has been found to be required for IKK activation by this protein. This protein also interacts with the transforming growth factor (TGF) beta receptor complex and is required for Smad-independent activation of the JNK and p38 kinases. The protein encoded by this gene is a key molecule in antiviral innate and antigen-specific immune responses. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2021]

TNF receptor-associated factor 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF; see MIM 191160) receptor-associated factors, such as TRAF7, are signal transducers for members of the TNF receptor superfamily (see MIM 191190). TRAFs are composed of an N-terminal cysteine/histidine-rich region containing zinc RING and/or zinc finger motifs; a coiled-coil (leucine zipper) motif; and a homologous region that defines the TRAF family, the TRAF domain, which is involved in self-association and receptor binding.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

ring finger protein 138, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 2

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine kinase and is part of some signal transduction cascades, including the ERK and JNK kinase pathways as well as the NF-kappa-B pathway. The encoded protein is activated by autophosphorylation and requires magnesium as a cofactor in phosphorylating other proteins. This protein has E3 ligase activity conferred by a plant homeodomain (PHD) in its N-terminus and phospho-kinase activity conferred by a kinase domain in its C-terminus. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 pseudogene

ubiquitin associated and SH3 domain containing A

This gene encodes one of two family members belonging to the T-cell ubiquitin ligand (TULA) family. Both family members can negatively regulate T-cell signaling. This family member can facilitate growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis in T cells, which may occur via its interaction with AIF, an apoptosis-inducing factor. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

ubiquitin associated and SH3 domain containing B

This gene encodes a protein that contains a ubiquitin associated domain at the N-terminus, an SH3 domain, and a C-terminal domain with similarities to the catalytic motif of phosphoglycerate mutase. The encoded protein was found to inhibit endocytosis of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 pseudogene 1

Cbl proto-oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene is a proto-oncogene that encodes a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein is one of the enzymes required for targeting substrates for degradation by the proteasome. This protein mediates the transfer of ubiquitin from ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) to specific substrates. This protein also contains an N-terminal phosphotyrosine binding domain that allows it to interact with numerous tyrosine-phosphorylated substrates and target them for proteasome degradation. As such it functions as a negative regulator of many signal transduction pathways. This gene has been found to be mutated or translocated in many cancers including acute myeloid leukaemia, and expansion of CGG repeats in the 5' UTR has been associated with Jacobsen syndrome. Mutations in this gene are also the cause of Noonan syndrome-like disorder. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

ring finger protein 34, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RINF finger, a motif known to be involved in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. This protein interacts with DNAJA3/hTid-1, which is a DnaJ protein reported to function as a modulator of apoptosis. Overexpression of this gene in Hela cells was shown to confer the resistance to TNF-alpha induced apoptosis, suggesting an anti-apoptotic function of this protein. This protein can be cleaved by caspase-3 during the induction of apoptosis. This protein also targets p53 and phospho-p53 for degradation. Alternatively splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

S-phase kinase-associated protein 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

ubiquitin family domain containing 1 pseudogene 1

ring finger protein 138, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger, a motif present in a variety of functionally distinct proteins and known to be involved in protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 10 pseudogene

ring finger protein 8, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger motif and an FHA domain. This protein has been shown to interact with several class II ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2), including UBE2E1/UBCH6, UBE2E2, and UBE2E3, and may act as an ubiquitin ligase (E3) in the ubiquitination of certain nuclear proteins. This protein is also known to play a role in the DNA damage response and depletion of this protein causes cell growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

ring finger protein 5, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger, which is a motif known to be involved in protein-protein interactions. This protein is a membrane-bound ubiquitin ligase. It can regulate cell motility by targeting paxillin ubiquitination and altering the distribution and localization of paxillin in cytoplasm and cell focal adhesions. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

transmembrane protein 129, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in protein polyubiquitination; retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring-box 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

ring finger protein 5, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

This gene encodes a ubiquitin ligase that is specific for receptor-regulated SMAD proteins in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. This protein plays a key roll in the regulation of cell motility, cell signalling, and cell polarity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

Enables SMAD binding activity; identical protein binding activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of trophoblast cell migration; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nuclear speck. Part of ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

putative ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 17-like protein 23

MDM2 proto-oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a nuclear-localized E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein can promote tumor formation by targeting tumor suppressor proteins, such as p53, for proteasomal degradation. This gene is itself transcriptionally-regulated by p53. Overexpression or amplification of this locus is detected in a variety of different cancers. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 2. Alternative splicing results in a multitude of transcript variants, many of which may be expressed only in tumor cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 13 (isopeptidase T-3)

Enables several functions, including BAT3 complex binding activity; peptidase activity; and proteasome binding activity. Involved in several processes, including maintenance of unfolded protein; regulation of DNA-templated transcription; and regulation of catabolic process. Acts upstream of or within protein deubiquitination and protein stabilization. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene was previously referred to as FBX30, and belongs to the Fbws class; in addition to an F-box, this protein contains 7 tandem WD40 repeats. This protein binds directly to cyclin E and probably targets cyclin E for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Mutations in this gene are detected in ovarian and breast cancer cell lines, implicating the gene's potential role in the pathogenesis of human cancers. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

G2/M-phase specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in apoptotic process and protein ubiquitination. Predicted to act upstream of or within blastocyst development; negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway; and protein polyubiquitination. Located in Golgi apparatus and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 54

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in protein deubiquitination and proteolysis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 53

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in response to auditory stimulus and sensory perception of sound. Predicted to act upstream of or within action potential; epithelial cell apoptotic process; and outer hair cell apoptotic process. Located in bicellular tight junction. Implicated in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 50

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Involved in regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition. Acts upstream of or within several processes, including nuclear speck organization; positive regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly; and positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process. Located in centrosome; cytoplasm; and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 51

Enables chromatin binding activity; deubiquitinase activity; and histone binding activity. Involved in DNA repair-dependent chromatin remodeling; regulation of cell cycle process; and regulation of double-strand break repair. Predicted to be located in chromosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 15 pseudogene

homocysteine-inducible, endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducible, ubiquitin-like domain member 1

The accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggers the ER stress response. This response includes the inhibition of translation to prevent further accumulation of unfolded proteins, the increased expression of proteins involved in polypeptide folding, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), and the destruction of misfolded proteins by the ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) system. This gene may play a role in both UPR and ERAD. Its expression is induced by UPR and it has an ER stress response element in its promoter region while the encoded protein has an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain which may interact with the ERAD system. This protein has been shown to interact with presenilin proteins and to increase the level of amyloid-beta protein following its overexpression. Alternative splicing of this gene produces multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. The full-length nature of all transcript variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

deltex 3 like, E3 ubiquitin ligase

Enables several functions, including STAT family protein binding activity; histone H4K91 ubiquitin ligase activity; and protein ADP-ribosyltransferase-substrate adaptor activity. Involved in several processes, including positive regulation of protein localization; protein ubiquitination; and regulation of macromolecule metabolic process. Located in several cellular components, including early endosome; lysosome; and nucleoplasm. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tripartite motif containing 72, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including plasma membrane repair; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein homooligomerization. Predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway; negative regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway; and negative regulation of myotube differentiation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasmic vesicle membrane. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and sarcolemma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in protein polyubiquitination. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 3

The protein encoded by this gene transfers ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to targeted substrates, leading to the degradation of those substrates. The encoded protein has been shown to transfer ubiquitin to TRIOBP to facilitate cell cycle progression, and to STX8. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

HECT domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 4

Predicted to enable ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in glucose homeostasis and glucose metabolic process. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 19

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 7

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 6

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 9

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 8

STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

Cbl proto-oncogene C, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the Cbl family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Cbl proteins play important roles in cell signaling through the ubiquitination and subsequent downregulation of tyrosine kinases. Expression of this gene may be restricted to epithelial cells, and alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

Cbl proto-oncogene B, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which promotes proteosome-mediated protein degradation by transferring ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to a substrate. The encoded protein is involved in the regulation of immune response by limiting T-cell receptor, B-cell receptor, and high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor activation. Studies in mouse suggest that this gene is involved in antifungal host defense and that its inhibition leads to increased fungal killing. Manipulation of this gene may be beneficial in implementing immunotherapies for a variety of conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, allergies, and infections. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2017]

HECT domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein polyubiquitination. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including chordate embryonic development; circulatory system development; and protein ubiquitination. Predicted to be active in nuclear speck. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

praja ring finger 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an enzyme that has E2-dependent E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. This enzyme belongs to a class of ubiquitin ligases that include a RING finger motif, and it can interact with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5B. This gene is located in an area of chromosome X where several X-linked cognitive disability disorders have been associated, and it has also been found as part of a contiguous gene deletion associated with craniofrontonasal syndrome, though a direct link to any disorder has yet to be demonstrated. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

praja ring finger 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables protein kinase A catalytic subunit binding activity; protein kinase A regulatory subunit binding activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; regulation of macrophage activation; and regulation of signal transduction. Located in cytoplasm; cytoskeleton; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring finger protein 41, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein plays a role in type 1 cytokine receptor signaling by controlling the balance between JAK2-associated cytokine receptor degradation and ectodomain shedding. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 4, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH4 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH4 reduces surface accumulation of several membrane glycoproteins by directing them to the endosomal compartment (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH7 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH proteins add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 6, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of a family of membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin ligases containing RING-CH-type zinc finger motifs. Ubiquitination of type II deiodinase by the encoded protein is an important regulatory step in thyroid hormone signalling. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH1 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH proteins add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH1 downregulates the surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules (see MIM 142880) and other glycoproteins by directing them to the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]; Thibodeau et al., 2008 [PubMed 18389477]; De Gassart et al., 2008 [PubMed 18305173]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 3, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family. The encoded protein is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may be involved in regulation of the endosomal transport pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH2 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH2 reduces surface accumulation of several glycoproteins and appears to regulate early endosome-to-trans-Golgi network (TGN) trafficking (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]; Nakamura et al., 2005 [PubMed 15689499]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 8, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH8 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH8 induces the internalization of several membrane glycoproteins (Goto et al., 2003 [PubMed 12582153]; Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

ring finger and CHY zinc finger domain containing 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene has ubiquitin ligase activity. It mediates E3-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of target proteins, including tumor protein 53, histone deacetylase 1, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B, thus regulating their levels and cell cycle progression. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

ring finger protein 168, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase protein that contains a RING finger, a motif present in a variety of functionally distinct proteins and known to be involved in protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions. The protein is involved in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Mutations in this gene result in Riddle syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

apoptosis resistant E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process; protein polyubiquitination; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 27, X-linked

This gene encodes a member of the peptidase protein family. The encoded protein functions as a deubiquitinase that is involved in upregulation of the pro-apoptotic Bim protein. This protein may act as a tumor suppressor by increasing levels of Bim to counteract anti-apoptotic signals in cancer cells. Mutations in this gene have been associated with X-linked cognitive disability. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

HECT, UBA and WWE domain containing 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a protein containing a C-terminal HECT (E6AP type E3 ubiquitin protein ligase) domain that functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein is required for the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl1 (myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (BCL2-related)). This protein also ubiquitinates the p53 tumor suppressor, core histones, and DNA polymerase beta. Mutations in this gene are associated with Turner type X-linked syndromic cognitive disability. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

ubiquitin related modifier 1

Enables sulfur carrier activity. Involved in tRNA thio-modification and tRNA wobble uridine modification. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ligand of numb-protein X 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a membrane-bound protein that is involved in signal transduction and protein interactions. The encoded product is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, which mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of proteins containing phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains. This protein may play an important role in tumorogenesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. A pseudogene, which is located on chromosome 17, has been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-like, containing PHD and RING finger domains, 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-like 5 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin-like 5 pseudogene 3

ubiquitin-like 5 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin specific peptidase 12 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 26 pseudogene

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 pseudogene

small ubiquitin-related modifier 2-like

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 2 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 14, pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 32 pseudogene 3

ubiquitin specific peptidase 29

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity and cysteine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle; positive regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway; and protein K48-linked deubiquitination. Predicted to be located in perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 28

The protein encoded by this gene is a deubiquitinase involved in the DNA damage pathway and DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Overexpression of this gene is seen in several cancers. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 26

This gene encodes a member of the ubiquitin-specific processing (UBP) family of proteases and is a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) with His and Cys domains. It is specifically expressed in testis tissue. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Sertoli cell-only syndrome and male infertility. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 25

Ubiquitin (MIM 191339) is a highly conserved 76-amino acid protein involved in regulation of intracellular protein breakdown, cell cycle regulation, and stress response. Ubiquitin is released from degraded proteins by disassembly of the polyubiquitin chains, which is mediated by ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), such as USP25 (Valero et al., 1999 [PubMed 10644437]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 24

Modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin is an essential regulatory mechanism controlled by the coordinated action of multiple ubiquitin-conjugating and deubiquitinating enzymes. USP24 belongs to a large family of cysteine proteases that function as deubiquitinating enzymes (Quesada et al., 2004 [PubMed 14715245]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 21

This gene encodes a member of the C19 peptidase family, also known as family 2 of ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolases. The encoded protein cleaves ubiquitin from ubiquitinated proteins for recycling in intracellular protein degradation. The encoded protein is also able to release NEDD8, a ubiquitin-like protein, from NEDD8-conjugated proteins. This gene has been referred to as USP16 and USP23 but is now known as USP21. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 20

This gene encodes a ubiquitin specific processing protease that was first identified as a substrate of the VHL (von Hippel-Lindau disease) protein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. In addition to being ubiquitinated by the VHL-E3 ligase complex, this enzyme deubiquitinates hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha and thereby causes increased expression of HIF-1alpha targeted genes which play a role in angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, cell proliferation and metastasis. The enzyme encoded by this gene also regulates G-protein coupled receptor signaling by mediating the deubiquitination of beta-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2). This enzyme is a ubiquitously expressed thiolester hydrolase. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

cyclin B1 interacting protein 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

HEI10 is a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligase family and functions in progression of the cell cycle through G(2)/M.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

denticleless E3 ubiquitin protein ligase homolog (Drosophila)

Contributes to ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in several processes, including protein ubiquitination; regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle; and translesion synthesis. Located in centrosome; cytosol; and nuclear lumen. Part of Cul4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and Cul4B-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 17

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 15

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 13

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 12

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 11

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 10

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 18

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC2-like

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 17-like protein 2-like

ubiquitin family domain containing 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 9, pseudogene

TNF receptor-associated factor 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

ubiquitin associated protein 2

The protein encoded by this gene contains a UBA (ubiquitin associated) domain, which is characteristic of proteins that function in the ubiquitination pathway. This gene may show increased expression in the adrenal gland and lymphatic tissues. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

ubiquitin associated protein 1

This gene is a member of the UBA domain family, whose members include proteins having connections to ubiquitin and the ubiquitination pathway. The ubiquitin associated domain is thought to be a non-covalent ubiquitin binding domain consisting of a compact three helix bundle. This particular protein originates from a gene locus in a refined region on chromosome 9 undergoing loss of heterozygosity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Taking into account its cytogenetic location, this UBA domain family member is being studies as a putative target for mutation in nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier

The protein encoded by this gene is a ubiquitin-like protein that is conjugated to intracellular target proteins upon activation by interferon-alpha and interferon-beta. Several functions have been ascribed to the encoded protein, including chemotactic activity towards neutrophils, direction of ligated target proteins to intermediate filaments, cell-to-cell signaling, and antiviral activity during viral infections. While conjugates of this protein have been found to be noncovalently attached to intermediate filaments, this protein is sometimes secreted. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

tripartite motif containing 63, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the RING zinc finger protein family found in striated muscle and iris. The product of this gene is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that localizes to the Z-line and M-line lattices of myofibrils. This protein plays an important role in the atrophy of skeletal and cardiac muscle and is required for the degradation of myosin heavy chain proteins, myosin light chain, myosin binding protein, and for muscle-type creatine kinase. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The precise function of this gene is unknown; however, the encoded protein is a component of a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that mediates the targeting of substrate proteins for proteasomal degradation. Mutations in this gene are known to cause Parkinson disease and autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease. Alternative splicing of this gene produces multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Additional splice variants of this gene have been described but currently lack transcript support. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

MDM2 oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 12 pseudogene 1

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC2-like

small ubiquitin-like modifier 1

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) protein family. It functions in a manner similar to ubiquitin in that it is bound to target proteins as part of a post-translational modification system. However, unlike ubiquitin which targets proteins for degradation, this protein is involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. It is not active until the last four amino acids of the carboxy-terminus have been cleaved off. Several pseudogenes have been reported for this gene. Alternate transcriptional splice variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

small ubiquitin-like modifier 2

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) protein family. It functions in a manner similar to ubiquitin in that it is bound to target proteins as part of a post-translational modification system. However, unlike ubiquitin which targets proteins for degradation, this protein is involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. It is not active until the last two amino acids of the carboxy-terminus have been cleaved off. Numerous pseudogenes have been reported for this gene. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

small ubiquitin-like modifier 4

This gene is a member of the SUMO gene family. This family of genes encode small ubiquitin-related modifiers that are attached to proteins and control the target proteins' subcellular localization, stability, or activity. The protein described in this record is located in the cytoplasm and specifically modifies IKBA, leading to negative regulation of NF-kappa-B-dependent transcription of the IL12B gene. A specific polymorphism in this SUMO gene, which leads to the M55V substitution, has been associated with type I diabetes. The RefSeq contains this polymorphism. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

This gene encodes a protein containing multiple ankyrin repeats and RING finger domains that functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein positively regulates Notch signaling by ubiquitinating the Notch receptors, thereby facilitating their endocytosis. This protein may also promote the ubiquitination and degradation of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1). [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination of proteins in the Notch signaling pathway. The encoded protein may be a suppressor of melanoma invasion. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

ring finger protein 40, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger, a motif known to be involved in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. This protein was reported to interact with the tumor suppressor protein RB1. Studies of the rat counterpart suggested that this protein may function as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, and facilitate the ubiquitination and degradation of syntaxin 1, which is an essential component of the neurotransmitter release machinery. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbws class; in addition to an F-box, this protein contains multiple WD-40 repeats. The encoded protein mediates degradation of CD4 via its interaction with HIV-1 Vpu. It has also been shown to ubiquitinate phosphorylated NFKBIA (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha), targeting it for degradation and thus activating nuclear factor kappa-B. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. A related pseudogene exists in chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

ubiquitin-like domain containing CTD phosphatase 1

Enables proteasome regulatory particle binding activity and protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity. Involved in negative regulation of ATP-dependent activity and regulation of proteasome assembly. Located in nucleolus and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables several functions, including p53 binding activity; ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity; and ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of defense response; positive regulation of protein metabolic process; and regulation of mitochondrion organization. Located in several cellular components, including mitochondrial outer membrane; neuronal cell body; and peroxisome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

deltex 4, E3 ubiquitin ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of innate immune response; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein K48-linked ubiquitination. Is active in centrosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

deltex 1, E3 ubiquitin ligase

Studies in Drosophila have identified this gene as encoding a positive regulator of the Notch-signaling pathway. The human gene encodes a protein of unknown function; however, it may play a role in basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor activity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

deltex 2, E3 ubiquitin ligase

DTX2 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (Takeyama et al., 2003 [PubMed 12670957]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2009]

deltex 3, E3 ubiquitin ligase

DTX3 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (Takeyama et al., 2003 [PubMed 12670957]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2009]

NHL repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a single subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase. Laforin is polyubiquitinated by the encoded protein. Defects in this intronless gene lead to an accumulation of laforin and onset of Lafora disease, also known as progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 2 (EPM2).[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

ubiquitin-like 4B

Involved in positive regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin interaction motif containing 1

This gene encodes a nuclear protein that interacts with Brca1 (breast cancer 1) in a complex to recognize and repair DNA lesions. This protein binds ubiquitinated lysine 63 of histone H2A and H2AX. This protein may also function as a repressor of transcription. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 6, pseudogene

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Involved in protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 pseudogene

ring finger and WD repeat domain 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and response to ionizing radiation. Part of Cul4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring finger protein 20, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene shares similarity with BRE1 of S. cerevisiae. The protein encoded by this human gene is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates chromosome structure by monoubiquitinating histone H2B. This protein acts as a putative tumor suppressor and positively regulates the p53 tumor suppressor as well as numerous histone H2A and H2B genes. In contrast, this protein also suppresses the expression of several protooncogenes and growth-related genes, including many genes that are induced by epidermal growth factor. This gene selectively suppresses the expression of some genes by interfering with chromatin recruitment of transcription elongation factor SII (TFIIS). [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC2-like

negative regulator of ubiquitin-like proteins 1

This gene encodes a protein that functions as a negative regulator of NEDD8, a ubiquitin-like protein that conjugates with cullin family members in order to regulate vital biological events. The protein encoded by this gene regulates the NEDD8 conjugation system post-transcriptionally by recruiting NEDD8 and its conjugates to the proteasome for degradation. This protein interacts with the product of the AIPL1 gene, which is associated with Leber congenital amaurosis, an inherited retinopathy, and mutations in that gene can abolish interaction with this protein, which may contribute to the pathogenesis. This protein is also known to accumulate in Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, and in glial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy, with this abnormal accumulation being specific to alpha-synucleinopathy lesions. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

g2/M phase-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase-like

ubiquitin specific peptidase 24 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin specific peptidase 12 pseudogene

ubiquitin B pseudogene 1

ubiquitin B pseudogene 2

ubiquitin B pseudogene 3

ubiquitin B pseudogene 4

ubiquitin B pseudogene 5

ubiquitin domain containing 2 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 19

ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 2 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 pseudogene

SNF2 histone linker PHD RING helicase, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

SHPRH is a ubiquitously expressed protein that contains motifs characteristics of several DNA repair proteins, transcription factors, and helicases. SHPRH is a functional homolog of S. cerevisiae RAD5 (Unk et al., 2006 [PubMed 17108083]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ring-box 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables ubiquitin-ubiquitin ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of TORC1 signaling; negative regulation of necroptotic process; and protein polyubiquitination. Is active in site of double-strand break. Implicated in colorectal cancer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a scaffold protein and an intermediate signaling protein in the innate immune response pathway. The encoded protein helps transmit the immune response signal from Toll-like receptors to IRAK1/TRAF6 complexes. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 2

Predicted to enable protein-macromolecule adaptor activity and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Acts upstream of or within positive regulation of MAPK cascade and positive regulation of protein phosphorylation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small ubiquitin-like modifier 2

ubiquitin specific peptidase 49

Enables histone binding activity and peptidase activity. Involved in mRNA splicing, via spliceosome; negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction; and protein deubiquitination. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 48

This gene encodes a protein containing domains that associate it with the peptidase family C19, also known as family 2 of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolases. Family members function as deubiquitinating enzymes, recognizing and hydrolyzing the peptide bond at the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. Enzymes in peptidase family C19 are involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 45

The protein encoded by this gene is a deubiquitylase that binds ERCC1, the catalytic subunit of the XPF-ERCC1 DNA repair endonuclease. This endonuclease is a critical regulator of DNA repair processes, and the deubiquitylase activity of the encoded protein is important for maintaining the DNA repair ability of XPF-ERCC1. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 44

The protein encoded by this gene is a protease that functions as a deubiquitinating enzyme. The encoded protein is thought to help regulate the spindle assembly checkpoint by preventing early anaphase onset. This protein specifically deubiquitinates CDC20, which stabilizes the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 47

Enables WD40-repeat domain binding activity and cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Involved in several processes, including monoubiquitinated protein deubiquitination; negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process; and positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Located in cytoplasm. Part of SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. Is active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 46

Modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin is an essential regulatory mechanism controlled by the coordinated action of multiple ubiquitin-conjugating and deubiquitinating enzymes. USP46 belongs to a large family of cysteine proteases that function as deubiquitinating enzymes (Quesada et al., 2004 [PubMed 14715245]).[supplied by OMIM, Jun 2009]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 41

ubiquitin specific peptidase 40

Modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin is an essential regulatory mechanism controlled by the coordinated action of multiple ubiquitin-conjugating and deubiquitinating enzymes. USP40 belongs to a large family of cysteine proteases that function as deubiquitinating enzymes (Quesada et al., 2004 [PubMed 14715245]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 43

Predicted to enable ISG15-specific peptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in translesion synthesis. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 42

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in protein deubiquitination; regulation of apoptotic process; and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 12 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 12 pseudogene

neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene is the founding member of the NEDD4 family of HECT ubiquitin ligases that function in the ubiquitin proteasome system of protein degradation. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal calcium and phospholipid binding C2 domain followed by multiple tryptophan-rich WW domains and, a C-terminal HECT ubiquitin ligase catalytic domain. It plays critical role in the regulation of a number of membrane receptors, endocytic machinery components and the tumor suppressor PTEN. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Predicted to enable translation factor activity, non-nucleic acid binding and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway; negative regulation of cell population proliferation; and positive regulation of apoptotic process. Located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene encodes a protein that is involved in the regulation of myofibril organization. This protein is likely the adaptor component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex in striated muscle, and it regulates the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of beta-catenin during myogenesis. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 3

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis. Predicted to act upstream of or within protein ubiquitination. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in early endosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]