Harmonizome 3.0

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class C, pseudogene 1

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class C pseudogene 2

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class F, pseudogene 1

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class F, pseudogene 3

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class U pseudogene 1

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class H pseudogene 1

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class Y pseudogene

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class P pseudogene 3

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class A, pseudogene 1

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class P

This gene encodes an enzyme involved in the first step of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis. The GPI-anchor is a glycolipid found on many blood cells that serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. The encoded protein is a component of the GPI-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase complex that catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) from UDP-GlcNAc to phosphatidylinositol (PI). This gene is located in the Down Syndrome critical region on chromosome 21 and is a candidate for the pathogenesis of Down syndrome. This gene has multiple pseudogenes and is a member of the phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis gene family. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class A

This gene encodes a protein required for synthesis of N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphatidylinositol (GlcNAc-PI), the first intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of GPI anchor. The GPI anchor is a glycolipid found on many blood cells and which serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, an acquired hematologic disorder, has been shown to result from mutations in this gene. Alternate splice variants have been characterized. A related pseudogene is located on chromosome 12. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class B

This gene encodes a transmembrane protein that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and is involved in GPI-anchor biosynthesis. The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor is a glycolipid found on many blood cells and serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. This gene is thought to encode a member of a family of dolichol-phosphate-mannose (Dol-P-Man) dependent mannosyltransferases. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class C

This gene encodes an endoplasmic reticulum associated protein that is involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid anchor biosynthesis. The GPI lipid anchor is a glycolipid found on many blood cells and serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. The encoded protein is one subunit of the GPI N-acetylglucosaminyl (GlcNAc) transferase that transfers GlcNAc to phosphatidylinositol (PI) on the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum. Two alternatively spliced transcripts that encode the same protein have been found for this gene. A pseudogene on chromosome 11 has also been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class F

This gene encodes a protein involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis. The GPI-anchor, a glycolipid containing three mannose molecules in its core backbone, is found on many blood cells where it serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. The encoded protein and another GPI synthesis protein, PIGO, function in the transfer of ethanolaminephosphate to the third mannose in GPI. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class G

This gene encodes an enzyme involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. The encoded protein, which is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, is involved in transferring ethanoloamine phosphate to mannose 2 of glycosylphosphatidylinositol species H7 to form species H8. Allelic variants of this gene have been associated with intellectual disability, hypotonia, and early-onset seizures. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class H

This gene encodes an endoplasmic reticulum associated protein that is involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis. The GPI anchor is a glycolipid found on many blood cells and which serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the GPI N-acetylglucosaminyl (GlcNAc) transferase that transfers GlcNAc to phosphatidylinositol (PI) on the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class K

This gene encodes a member of the cysteine protease family C13 that is involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis. The GPI-anchor is a glycolipid found on many blood cells and serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. This protein is a member of the multisubunit enzyme, GPI transamidase and is thought to be its enzymatic component. GPI transamidase mediates GPI anchoring in the endoplasmic reticulum, by catalyzing the transfer of fully assembled GPI units to proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class L

This gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the second step of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthesis, which is the de-N-acetylation of N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol (GlcNAc-PI). Study of a similar rat enzyme suggests that this protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class M

This gene encodes a transmembrane protein that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and is involved in GPI-anchor biosynthesis. The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor is a glycolipid which contains three mannose molecules in its core backbone. The GPI-anchor is found on many blood cells and serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. This gene encodes a mannosyltransferase, GPI-MT-I, that transfers the first mannose to GPI on the lumenal side of the endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class N

This gene encodes a protein that is involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis. The GPI-anchor is a glycolipid found on many blood cells and serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. This protein is expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum and transfers phosphoethanolamine (EtNP) to the first mannose of the GPI anchor. Two alternatively spliced variants, which encode an identical isoform, have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class O

This gene encodes a protein that is involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis. The GPI-anchor is a glycolipid which contains three mannose molecules in its core backbone. The GPI-anchor is found on many blood cells and serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. This protein is involved in the transfer of ethanolaminephosphate (EtNP) to the third mannose in GPI. At least three alternatively spliced transcripts encoding two distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class Q

This gene is involved in the first step in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis. The GPI-anchor is a glycolipid found on many blood cells and serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. This gene encodes a N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase component that is part of the complex that catalyzes transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) from UDP-GlcNAc to phosphatidylinositol (PI). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2012]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class S

This gene encodes a protein that is involved in GPI-anchor biosynthesis. The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor is a glycolipid found on many blood cells and serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. This gene encodes an essential component of the multisubunit enzyme, GPI transamidase. GPI transamidase mediates GPI anchoring in the endoplasmic reticulum, by catalyzing the transfer of fully assembled GPI units to proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class T

This gene encodes a protein that is involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis. The GPI-anchor is a glycolipid found on many blood cells and serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. This protein is an essential component of the multisubunit enzyme, GPI transamidase. GPI transamidase mediates GPI anchoring in the endoplasmic reticulum, by catalyzing the transfer of fully assembled GPI units to proteins. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class U

The protein encoded by this gene shares similarity with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc91, a predicted integral membrane protein that may function in cell division control. The protein encoded by this gene is the fifth subunit of GPI transamidase that attaches GPI-anchors to proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class V

This gene encodes a mannosyltransferase enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). GPI is a complex glycolipid that functions as a membrane anchor for many proteins and plays a role in multiple cellular processes including protein sorting and signal transduction. The encoded protein is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and transfers the second mannose to the GPI backbone. Mutations in this gene are associated with hyperphosphatasia cognitive disability syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class W

The protein encoded by this gene is an inositol acyltransferase that acylates the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol. This occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and is a step in the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), which anchors many cell surface proteins to the membrane. Defects in this gene are a cause of the age-dependent epileptic encephalopathy West syndrome as well as a syndrome exhibiting hyperphosphatasia and cognitive disability (HPMRS5). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class X

This gene encodes a type I transmembrane protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The protein is an essential component of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-mannosyltransferase I, which transfers the first of the four mannoses in the GPI-anchor precursors during GPI-anchor biosynthesis. Studies in rat indicate that the protein is translated from a non-AUG translation initiation site. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class Y

The protein encoded by this gene is part of the GPI-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GIP-GnT) complex which initiates the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). GPI is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and serves as an anchor for many surface proteins. Proteins containing GPI anchors can have an important role in cell-cell interactions. The transcript for this gene is bicistronic. The downstream open reading frame encodes this GPI-GnT complex protein, while the upstream open reading frame encodes a protein with unknown function, as represented by GeneID:100996939. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class Z

The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor is a glycolipid found on many blood cells that serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. This gene encodes a protein that is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, and is involved in GPI anchor biosynthesis. As shown for the yeast homolog, which is a member of a family of dolichol-phosphate-mannose (Dol-P-Man)-dependent mannosyltransferases, this protein can also add a side-branching fourth mannose to GPI precursors during the assembly of GPI anchors. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class F, pseudogene 2

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1

HLA-DQB1 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogs. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DQA) and a beta chain (DQB), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and it contains six exons. Exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DQ molecule both the alpha chain and the beta chain contain the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities, resulting in up to four different molecules. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow transplantation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 3

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response and antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II. Predicted to be located in endosome membrane and lysosomal membrane. Predicted to be part of MHC class II protein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 2

HLA-DQB2 belongs to the family of HLA class II beta chain paralogs. Class II molecules are heterodimers consisting of an alpha (DQA) and a beta chain (DQB), both anchored in the membrane. They play a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). Polymorphisms in the alpha and beta chains specify the peptide binding specificity, and typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow transplantation. However this gene, HLA-DQB2, is not routinely typed, as it is not thought to have an effect on transplantation. There is conflicting evidence in the literature and public sequence databases for the protein-coding capacity of HLA-DQB2. Because there is evidence of transcription and an intact ORF, HLA-DQB2 is represented in Entrez Gene and in RefSeq as a protein-coding locus. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DM beta

HLA-DMB belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DMA) and a beta (DMB) chain, both anchored in the membrane. It is located in intracellular vesicles. DM plays a central role in the peptide loading of MHC class II molecules by helping to release the CLIP (class II-associated invariant chain peptide) molecule from the peptide binding site. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

major histocompatibility complex, class I, K (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class I, J (pseudogene)

This major histocompatibility complex gene represents a transcribed pseudogene, possibly derived from HLA-A. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

major histocompatibility complex, class I, L (pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I. Predicted to be located in lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane and phagocytic vesicle membrane. Predicted to be part of MHC class I protein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

major histocompatibility complex, class I, B

HLA-B belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. Class I molecules play a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. They are expressed in nearly all cells. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exon 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domains, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region and exons 6 and 7 encode the cytoplasmic tail. Polymorphisms within exon 2 and exon 3 are responsible for the peptide binding specificity of each class one molecule. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. Hundreds of HLA-B alleles have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

major histocompatibility complex, class I, A

HLA-A belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. Class I molecules play a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen so that they can be recognized by cytotoxic T cells. They are expressed in nearly all cells. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domains, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region, and exons 6 and 7 encode the cytoplasmic tail. Polymorphisms within exon 2 and exon 3 are responsible for the peptide binding specificity of each class one molecule. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. More than 6000 HLA-A alleles have been described. The HLA system plays an important role in the occurrence and outcome of infectious diseases, including those caused by the malaria parasite, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The structural spike and the nucleocapsid proteins of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), are reported to contain multiple Class I epitopes with predicted HLA restrictions. Individual HLA genetic variation may help explain different immune responses to a virus across a population.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

major histocompatibility complex, class I, G

HLA-G belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. HLA-G is expressed on fetal derived placental cells. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domain, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region, and exon 6 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

major histocompatibility complex, class I, F

This gene belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. It encodes a non-classical heavy chain that forms a heterodimer with a beta-2 microglobulin light chain, with the heavy chain anchored in the membrane. Unlike most other HLA heavy chains, this molecule is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, with a small amount present at the cell surface in some cell types. It contains a divergent peptide-binding groove, and is thought to bind a restricted subset of peptides for immune presentation. This gene exhibits few polymorphisms. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. These variants lack a coding exon found in transcripts from other HLA paralogues due to an altered splice acceptor site, resulting in a shorter cytoplasmic domain. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DO alpha

HLA-DOA belongs to the HLA class II alpha chain paralogues. HLA-DOA forms a heterodimer with HLA-DOB. The heterodimer, HLA-DO, is found in lysosomes in B cells and regulates HLA-DM-mediated peptide loading on MHC class II molecules. In comparison with classical HLA class II molecules, this gene exhibits very little sequence variation, especially at the protein level. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DO beta

HLA-DOB belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DOA) and a beta chain (DOB), both anchored in the membrane. It is located in intracellular vesicles. DO suppresses peptide loading of MHC class II molecules by inhibiting HLA-DM. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1

HLA-DQA1 belongs to the HLA class II alpha chain paralogues. The class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DQA) and a beta chain (DQB), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B Lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The alpha chain is approximately 33-35 kDa. It is encoded by 5 exons; exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, and exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DQ molecule both the alpha chain and the beta chain contain the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities, resulting in up to four different molecules. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow transplantation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 2

This gene belongs to the HLA class II alpha chain family. The encoded protein forms a heterodimer with a class II beta chain. It is located in intracellular vesicles and plays a central role in the peptide loading of MHC class II molecules by helping to release the CLIP molecule from the peptide binding site. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages) and are used to present antigenic peptides on the cell surface to be recognized by CD4 T-cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

major histocompatibility complex, class I-related

MAIT (mucosal-associated invariant T-cells) lymphocytes represent a small population of T-cells primarily found in the gut. The protein encoded by this gene is an antigen-presenting molecule that presents metabolites of microbial vitamin B to MAITs. This presentation may activate the MAITs to regulate the amounts of specific types of bacteria in the gut. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene, and a pseudogene of it has been detected about 36 kbp upstream on the same chromosome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

major histocompatibility complex, class I, H (pseudogene)

This major histocompatibility complex gene represents a transcribed pseudogene, possibly derived from HLA-A. This gene displays extensive variation. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

major histocompatibility complex, class I, N (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class I, C

HLA-C belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. Class I molecules play a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from endoplasmic reticulum lumen. They are expressed in nearly all cells. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domain, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region, and exons 6 and 7 encode the cytoplasmic tail. Polymorphisms within exon 2 and exon 3 are responsible for the peptide binding specificity of each class one molecule. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. About 6000 HLA-C alleles have been described. The HLA system plays an important role in the occurrence and outcome of infectious diseases, including those caused by the malaria parasite, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The structural spike and the nucleocapsid proteins of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), are reported to contain multiple Class I epitopes with predicted HLA restrictions. Individual HLA genetic variation may help explain different immune responses to a virus across a population.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

major histocompatibility complex, class I, E

HLA-E belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. HLA-E binds a restricted subset of peptides derived from the leader peptides of other class I molecules. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domains, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region, and exons 6 and 7 encode the cytoplasmic tail. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

major histocompatibility complex, class I, Z (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class I, Y (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class I, X (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class I, S (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class I, P (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class I, W (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class I, V (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class I, U (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class I, T (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DM alpha

HLA-DMA belongs to the HLA class II alpha chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DMA) and a beta chain (DMB), both anchored in the membrane. It is located in intracellular vesicles. DM plays a central role in the peptide loading of MHC class II molecules by helping to release the CLIP molecule from the peptide binding site. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The alpha chain is approximately 33-35 kDa and its gene contains 5 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP alpha 1

HLA-DPA1 belongs to the HLA class II alpha chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DPA) and a beta (DPB) chain, both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The alpha chain is approximately 33-35 kDa and its gene contains 5 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DP molecule both the alpha chain and the beta chain contain the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities, resulting in up to 4 different molecules. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP alpha 3 (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP alpha 2 (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 8 (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 9 (pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in antigen processing and presentation and immune response. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be part of MHC class II protein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 2 (pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response and antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II. Predicted to be located in endosome membrane and lysosomal membrane. Predicted to be part of MHC class II protein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 3

HLA-DRB3 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta (DRB) chain, both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells. The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DR molecule the beta chain contains all the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. There are multiple pseudogenes of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2020]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1

HLA-DRB1 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogs. The class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta chain (DRB), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells. The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa. It is encoded by 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide; exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains; exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain; and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DR molecule the beta chain contains all the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities. Hundreds of DRB1 alleles have been described and some alleles have increased frequencies associated with certain diseases or conditions. For example, DRB1*1302 has been related to acute and chronic hepatitis B virus persistence. There are multiple pseudogenes of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 6 (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 7 (pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in antigen processing and presentation and immune response. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be part of MHC class II protein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 4

HLA-DRB4 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta (DRB) chain, both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells. The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DR molecule the beta chain contains all the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. There are multiple pseudogenes of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2020]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 5

HLA-DRB5 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta (DRB) chain, both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells. The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DR molecule the beta chain contains all the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. There are multiple pseudogenes of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2020]

CD74 molecule, major histocompatibility complex, class II invariant chain

The protein encoded by this gene associates with class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and is an important chaperone that regulates antigen presentation for immune response. It also serves as cell surface receptor for the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) which, when bound to the encoded protein, initiates survival pathways and cell proliferation. This protein also interacts with amyloid precursor protein (APP) and suppresses the production of amyloid beta (Abeta). Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

class II, major histocompatibility complex, transactivator

This gene encodes a protein with an acidic transcriptional activation domain, 4 LRRs (leucine-rich repeats) and a GTP binding domain. The protein is located in the nucleus and acts as a positive regulator of class II major histocompatibility complex gene transcription, and is referred to as the `master control factor` for the expression of these genes. The protein also binds GTP and uses GTP binding to facilitate its own transport into the nucleus. Once in the nucleus it does not bind DNA but rather uses an intrinsic acetyltransferase (AT) activity to act in a coactivator-like fashion. Mutations in this gene have been associated with bare lymphocyte syndrome type II (also known as hereditary MHC class II deficiency or HLA class II-deficient combined immunodeficiency), increased susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and possibly myocardial infarction. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP beta 1

HLA-DPB belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DPA) and a beta chain (DPB), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DP molecule both the alpha chain and the beta chain contain the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities, resulting in up to 4 different molecules. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP beta 2 (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class I, B pseudogene

major histocompatibility complex, class I-related pseudogene

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha

HLA-DRA is one of the HLA class II alpha chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha and a beta chain, both anchored in the membrane. This molecule is expressed on the surface of various antigen presenting cells such as B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and monocytes/macrophages, and plays a central role in the immune system and response by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins, in particular, pathogen-derived peptides to T cells. The alpha chain is approximately 33-35 kDa and its gene contains 5 exons. Exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, and exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. DRA does not have polymorphisms in the peptide binding part and acts as the sole alpha chain for DRB1, DRB3, DRB4 and DRB5. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

major histocompatibility complex, class I, B pseudogene

phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, cytoplasmic 1

This gene encodes a member of the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein family. The encoded cytoplasmic protein plays a role in multiple processes including cell signaling and lipid metabolism by facilitating the transfer of phosphatidylinositol between membrane compartments. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 1. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

phospholipase C, gamma 2 (phosphatidylinositol-specific)

The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane signaling enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate to 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) using calcium as a cofactor. IP3 and DAG are second messenger molecules important for transmitting signals from growth factor receptors and immune system receptors across the cell membrane. Mutations in this gene have been found in autoinflammation, antibody deficiency, and immune dysregulation syndrome and familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome 3. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Rac exchange factor 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3)-dependent Rac exchanger (PREX) family, which are Dbl-type guanine-nucleotide exchange factors for Rac family small G proteins. Structural domains of this protein include the catalytic diffuse B-cell lymphoma homology and pleckstrin homology (DHPH) domain, two disheveled, EGL-10, and pleckstrin homology (DEP) domains, two PDZ domains, and a C-terminal inositol polyphosphate-4 phosphatase (IP4P) domain that is found in one of the isoforms. This protein facilitates the exchange of GDP for GTP on Rac1, allowing the GTP-bound Rac1 to activate downstream effectors. Studies also show that the pleckstrin homology domain of this protein interacts with the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene product to inhibit PTEN phosphatase activity, thus activating the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. Conversely, the PTEN gene product has also been shown to inhibit the GEF activity of this protein. This gene plays a role in insulin-signaling pathways, and either mutations or overexpression of this gene have been observed in some cancers. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Rac exchange factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the RHO family of small GTP-binding proteins (RACs). It has been shown to bind to and activate RAC1 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. The encoded protein, which is found mainly in the cytoplasm, is activated by phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate and the beta-gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, alpha

This gene encodes a member of a family of lipid-binding proteins that transfer molecules of phosphatidylinositol or phosphatidylcholine between membrane surfaces. The protein is implicated in phospholipase C signaling and in the production of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) by phosphoinositide-3-kinase.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, beta

This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein that catalyzes the transfer of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine between membranes. This transfer activity is required for COPI complex-mediated retrograde transport from the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, cytoplasmic 1 pseudogene

phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, X domain containing 3

Predicted to enable phosphoric diester hydrolase activity. Predicted to be involved in lipid catabolic process and signal transduction. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in glutamatergic synapse. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, membrane-associated 1

PITPNM1 belongs to a family of membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol transfer domain-containing proteins that share homology with the Drosophila retinal degeneration B (rdgB) protein (Ocaka et al., 2005 [PubMed 15627748]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, membrane-associated 2

PITPNM2 belongs to a family of membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol transfer domain-containing proteins that share homology with the Drosophila retinal degeneration B (rdgB) protein (Ocaka et al., 2005 [PubMed 15627748]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, X domain containing 2

Predicted to enable phosphoric diester hydrolase activity. Predicted to be involved in lipid catabolic process and signal transduction. Predicted to be located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, X domain containing 1

This gene is the most terminal protein-coding gene in the pseudoautosomal (PAR) region on chromosomes X and Y. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

phospholipase C, beta 3 (phosphatidylinositol-specific)

This gene encodes a member of the phosphoinositide phospholipase C beta enzyme family that catalyze the production of the secondary messengers diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate from phosphatidylinositol in G-protein-linked receptor-mediated signal transduction. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein

This gene encodes a clathrin assembly protein, which recruits clathrin and adaptor protein complex 2 (AP2) to cell membranes at sites of coated-pit formation and clathrin-vesicle assembly. The protein may be required to determine the amount of membrane to be recycled, possibly by regulating the size of the clathrin cage. The protein is involved in AP2-dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis at the neuromuscular junction. A chromosomal translocation t(10;11)(p13;q14) leading to the fusion of this gene and the MLLT10 gene is found in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia and malignant lymphomas. The polymorphisms of this gene are associated with the risk of Alzheimer disease. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase 1

TMEM55B catalyzes the degradation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-4,5-P2) by removing the 4-phosphate (Ungewickell et al., 2005 [PubMed 16365287]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase 2

TMEM55A catalyzes the degradation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-4,5-P2) by removing the 4-phosphate (Ungewickell et al., 2005 [PubMed 16365287]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

EARP complex and GARP complex interacting protein 1

This gene has been reported in PMID 9403053 as one of several tumor-suppressing subtransferable fragments located in the imprinted gene domain of 11p15.5, an important tumor-suppressor gene region. Alterations in this region have been associated with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, and lung, ovarian, and breast cancer. Alignment of this gene to genomic sequence data suggests that this gene resides on chromosome 2 rather than chromosome 11. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

POU class 5 homeobox 1B

This intronless gene was thought to be a transcribed pseudogene of POU class 5 homeobox 1, however, it has been reported that this gene can encode a functional protein. The encoded protein is nearly the same length as and highly similar to the POU class 5 homeobox 1 transcription factor, has been shown to be a weak transcriptional activator and may play a role in carcinogenesis and eye development. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B pseudogene

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B pseudogene

G protein-coupled receptor, class C, group 6, member A

Members of family C of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, such as GPRC6A, are characterized by an evolutionarily conserved amino acid-sensing motif linked to an intramembranous 7-transmembrane loop region. Several members of GPCR family C, including GPRC6A, also have a long N-terminal domain (summary by Pi et al., 2005 [PubMed 16199532]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2010]

tubulin, beta 8 class VIII pseudogene 10

POU class 4 homeobox 1

This gene encodes a member of the POU-IV class of neural transcription factors. This protein is expressed in a subset of retinal ganglion cells and may be involved in the developing sensory nervous system. This protein may also promote the growth of cervical tumors. A translocation of this gene is associated with some adult acute myeloid leukemias. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

POU class 4 homeobox 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the POU-domain transcription factor family and may be involved in maintaining visual system neurons in the retina. The level of the encoded protein is also elevated in a majority of breast cancers, resulting in accelerated tumor growth. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

POU class 4 homeobox 3

This gene encodes a member of the POU-domain family of transcription factors. POU-domain proteins have been observed to play important roles in control of cell identity in several systems. This protein is found in the retina and may play a role in determining or maintaining the identities of a small subset of visual system neurons. Defects in this gene are the cause of non-syndromic sensorineural deafness autosomal dominant type 15. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

low density lipoprotein receptor class A domain containing 1

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

low density lipoprotein receptor class A domain containing 2

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

low density lipoprotein receptor class A domain containing 3

Predicted to enable amyloid-beta binding activity. Predicted to be involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. Predicted to act upstream of or within regulation of protein processing. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 3, pseudogene

ATPase, class V, type 10A

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of P-type cation transport ATPases, and to the subfamily of aminophospholipid-transporting ATPases. The aminophospholipid translocases transport phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine from one side of a bilayer to another. This gene is maternally expressed. It maps within the most common interval of deletion responsible for Angelman syndrome, also known as 'happy puppet syndrome'. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATPase, class V, type 10B

Enables glycosylceramide flippase activity and phosphatidylcholine flippase activity. Involved in lysosomal membrane organization. Located in endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomal membrane. Part of late endosome membrane and phospholipid-translocating ATPase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATPase, class V, type 10D

Enables glycosylceramide flippase activity. Predicted to be involved in phospholipid translocation. Located in endoplasmic reticulum; nucleoplasm; and plasma membrane. Part of phospholipid-translocating ATPase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

frizzled class receptor 10

This gene is a member of the frizzled gene family. Members of this family encode 7-transmembrane domain proteins that are receptors for the Wingless type MMTV integration site family of signaling proteins. Most frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway. Using array analysis, expression of this intronless gene is significantly up-regulated in two cases of primary colon cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

scavenger receptor class F, member 2

The protein encoded by this gene is similar to SCARF1/SREC-I, a scavenger receptor protein that mediates the binding and degradation of acetylated low density lipoprotein (Ac-LDL). This protein has only little activity of internalizing modified low density lipoproteins (LDL), but it can interact with SCARF1 through its extracellular domain. The association of this protein with SCARF1 is suppressed by the presence of scavenger ligands. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

scavenger receptor class F, member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a scavenger receptor that is expressed in endothelial cells. It regulates the uptake of chemically modified low density lipoproteins, including acetylated low density lipoprotein (Ac-LDL), and it may be involved in atherogenesis. This gene is regulated by the transcription factors ZNF444/EZF-2 and SP1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2013]

POU class 2 associating factor 1

Enables transcription coactivator activity. Involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Part of RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 pseudogene

POU class 6 homeobox 2

This gene encodes a member of the POU protein family characterized by the presence of a bipartite DNA binding domain, consisting of a POU-specific domain and a homeodomain, separated by a variable polylinker. The DNA binding domain may bind to DNA as monomers or as homo- and/or heterodimers, in a sequence-specific manner. The POU family members are transcriptional regulators, many of which are known to control cell type-specific differentiation pathways. This gene is a tumor suppressor involved in Wilms tumor (WT) predisposition. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

POU class 6 homeobox 1

Enables DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in actin cytoskeleton and nuclear body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin, beta 2B class IIb pseudogene

POU class 1 homeobox 1

This gene encodes a member of the POU family of transcription factors that regulate mammalian development. The protein regulates expression of several genes involved in pituitary development and hormone expression. Mutations in this genes result in combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen-like

DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like

tubulin, beta class I

This gene encodes a beta tubulin protein. This protein forms a dimer with alpha tubulin and acts as a structural component of microtubules. Mutations in this gene cause cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 6. Alternative splicing results in multiple splice variants. There are multiple pseudogenes for this gene on chromosomes 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 13. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 11 (Gq class) pseudogene

mannosidase, alpha, class 1A, member 1

This gene encodes a class I mammalian Golgi 1,2-mannosidase which is a type II transmembrane protein. This protein catalyzes the hydrolysis of three terminal mannose residues from peptide-bound Man(9)-GlcNAc(2) oligosaccharides and belongs to family 47 of glycosyl hydrolases. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

mannosidase, alpha, class 1A, member 2

Alpha-mannosidases function at different stages of N-glycan maturation in mammalian cells. See MAN2A1 (MIM 154582) for general information.[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

mannosidase, alpha, class 2A, member 2

Predicted to enable alpha-mannosidase activity. Predicted to be involved in N-glycan processing. Predicted to be located in Golgi apparatus and membrane. Predicted to be active in Golgi membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mannosidase, alpha, class 2A, member 1

This gene encodes a glycosyl hydrolase that localizes to the Golgi and catalyzes the final hydrolytic step in the asparagine-linked oligosaccharide (N-glycan) maturation pathway. Mutations in the mouse homolog of this gene have been shown to cause a systemic autoimmune disease similar to human systemic lupus erythematosus. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

tubulin, beta 3 class III pseudogene 1

regulatory factor X, 4 (influences HLA class II expression)

This gene is a member of the regulatory factor X gene family, which encodes transcription factors that contain a highly-conserved winged helix DNA binding domain. The protein encoded by this gene is structurally related to regulatory factors X1, X2, X3, and X5. It has been shown to interact with itself as well as with regulatory factors X2 and X3, but it does not interact with regulatory factor X1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

regulatory factor X, 5 (influences HLA class II expression)

A lack of MHC-II expression results in a severe immunodeficiency syndrome called MHC-II deficiency, or the bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS; MIM 209920). At least 4 complementation groups have been identified in B-cell lines established from patients with BLS. The molecular defects in complementation groups B, C, and D all lead to a deficiency in RFX, a nuclear protein complex that binds to the X box of MHC-II promoters. The lack of RFX binding activity in complementation group C results from mutations in the RFX5 gene encoding the 75-kD subunit of RFX (Steimle et al., 1995). RFX5 is the fifth member of the growing family of DNA-binding proteins sharing a novel and highly characteristic DNA-binding domain called the RFX motif. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found but the full-length natures of only two have been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

regulatory factor X, 1 (influences HLA class II expression)

This gene encodes a member of the regulatory factor X (RFX) family of transcription factors, which are characterized by a winged-helix DNA-binding domain. The encoded transcription factor contains an N-terminal activation domain and a C-terminal repression domain, and may activate or repress target gene expression depending on cellular context. This transcription factor has been shown to regulate a wide variety of genes involved in immunity and cancer, including the MHC class II genes and genes that may be involved in cancer progression. This gene exhibits altered expression in glioblastoma and the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

regulatory factor X, 2 (influences HLA class II expression)

This gene is a member of the regulatory factor X gene family, which encodes transcription factors that contain a highly-conserved winged helix DNA binding domain. The protein encoded by this gene is structurally related to regulatory factors X1, X3, X4, and X5. It is a transcriptional activator that can bind DNA as a monomer or as a heterodimer with other RFX family members. This protein can bind to cis elements in the promoter of the IL-5 receptor alpha gene. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene, and both variants utilize alternative polyadenylation sites. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

regulatory factor X, 3 (influences HLA class II expression)

This gene is a member of the regulatory factor X gene family, which encodes transcription factors that contain a highly-conserved winged helix DNA binding domain. The protein encoded by this gene is structurally related to regulatory factors X1, X2, X4, and X5. It is a transcriptional activator that can bind DNA as a monomer or as a heterodimer with other RFX family members. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 15 (Gq class)

Enables G protein-coupled receptor binding activity. Acts upstream of or within with a positive effect on calcium-mediated signaling. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of heterotrimeric G-protein complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 11 (Gq class)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), which function as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. G proteins are composed of 3 units: alpha, beta and gamma. This gene encodes one of the alpha subunits (subunit alpha-11). Mutations in this gene have been associated with hypocalciuric hypercalcemia type II (HHC2) and hypocalcemia dominant 2 (HYPOC2). Patients with HHC2 and HYPOC2 exhibit decreased or increased sensitivity, respectively, to changes in extracellular calcium concentrations. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

tubulin, beta 4B class IVb pseudogene 2

alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide, pseudogene 2

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 pseudogene

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 5, pseudogene

Predicted to enable several functions, including ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and ATP-dependent protein folding chaperone. Predicted to be involved in protein folding. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

frizzled class receptor 1

Members of the 'frizzled' gene family encode 7-transmembrane domain proteins that are receptors for Wnt signaling proteins. The FZD1 protein contains a signal peptide, a cysteine-rich domain in the N-terminal extracellular region, 7 transmembrane domains, and a C-terminal PDZ domain-binding motif. The FZD1 transcript is expressed in various tissues. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

frizzled class receptor 2

This intronless gene is a member of the frizzled gene family. Members of this family encode seven-transmembrane domain proteins that are receptors for the wingless type MMTV integration site family of signaling proteins. This gene encodes a protein that is coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway. Competition between the wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 3A and wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 5A gene products for binding of this protein is thought to regulate the beta-catenin-dependent and -independent pathways. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

frizzled class receptor 3

This gene is a member of the frizzled gene family. Members of this family encode seven-transmembrane domain proteins that are receptors for the wingless type MMTV integration site family of signaling proteins. Most frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway. The function of this protein is unknown, although it may play a role in mammalian hair follicle development. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. This gene is a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

frizzled class receptor 4

This gene is a member of the frizzled gene family. Members of this family encode seven-transmembrane domain proteins that are receptors for the Wingless type MMTV integration site family of signaling proteins. Most frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway. This protein may play a role as a positive regulator of the Wingless type MMTV integration site signaling pathway. A transcript variant retaining intronic sequence and encoding a shorter isoform has been described, however, its expression is not supported by other experimental evidence. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

frizzled class receptor 5

Members of the 'frizzled' gene family encode 7-transmembrane domain proteins that are receptors for Wnt signaling proteins. The FZD5 protein is believed to be the receptor for the Wnt5A ligand. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

frizzled class receptor 6

This gene represents a member of the 'frizzled' gene family, which encode 7-transmembrane domain proteins that are receptors for Wnt signaling proteins. The protein encoded by this family member contains a signal peptide, a cysteine-rich domain in the N-terminal extracellular region, and seven transmembrane domains, but unlike other family members, this protein does not contain a C-terminal PDZ domain-binding motif. This protein functions as a negative regulator of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling cascade, thereby inhibiting the processes that trigger oncogenic transformation, cell proliferation, and inhibition of apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, some of which do not encode a protein with a predicted signal peptide.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

frizzled class receptor 7

Members of the 'frizzled' gene family encode 7-transmembrane domain proteins that are receptors for Wnt signaling proteins. The FZD7 protein contains an N-terminal signal sequence, 10 cysteine residues typical of the cysteine-rich extracellular domain of Fz family members, 7 putative transmembrane domains, and an intracellular C-terminal tail with a PDZ domain-binding motif. FZD7 gene expression may downregulate APC function and enhance beta-catenin-mediated signals in poorly differentiated human esophageal carcinomas. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

frizzled class receptor 8

This intronless gene is a member of the frizzled gene family. Members of this family encode seven-transmembrane domain proteins that are receptors for the Wingless type MMTV integration site family of signaling proteins. Most frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway. This gene is highly expressed in two human cancer cell lines, indicating that it may play a role in several types of cancer. The crystal structure of the extracellular cysteine-rich domain of a similar mouse protein has been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

frizzled class receptor 9

Members of the 'frizzled' gene family encode 7-transmembrane domain proteins that are receptors for Wnt signaling proteins. The FZD9 gene is located within the Williams syndrome common deletion region of chromosome 7, and heterozygous deletion of the FZD9 gene may contribute to the Williams syndrome phenotype. FZD9 is expressed predominantly in brain, testis, eye, skeletal muscle, and kidney. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

POU class 3 homeobox 3

This gene encodes a POU-domain containing protein that functions as a transcription factor. The encoded protein recognizes an octamer sequence in the DNA of target genes. This protein may play a role in development of the nervous system. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015]

POU class 3 homeobox 2

This gene encodes a member of the POU-III class of neural transcription factors. The encoded protein is involved in neuronal differentiation and enhances the activation of corticotropin-releasing hormone regulated genes. Overexpression of this protein is associated with an increase in the proliferation of melanoma cells. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

POU class 3 homeobox 1

Enables sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription; and positive regulation of gene expression. Predicted to act upstream of or within keratinocyte differentiation; nervous system development; and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

POU class 3 homeobox 4

This gene encodes a member of the POU-III class of neural transcription factors. This family member plays a role in inner ear development. The protein is thought to be involved in the mediation of epigenetic signals which induce striatal neuron-precursor differentiation. Mutations in this gene are associated with X chromosome-linked nonsyndromic mixed deafness. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 pseudogene

low density lipoprotein receptor class A domain containing 4

Enables R-SMAD binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of cell migration; negative regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition; and negative regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway. Located in early endosome membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin, beta 1 class VI pseudogene 1

tubulin, beta 1 class VI pseudogene 2

mannosidase, alpha, class 2B, member 2

Predicted to enable alpha-mannosidase activity. Predicted to be involved in mannose metabolic process and oligosaccharide catabolic process. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mannosidase, alpha, class 2B, member 1

This gene encodes an enzyme that hydrolyzes terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-mannosides. Its activity is necessary for the catabolism of N-linked carbohydrates released during glycoprotein turnover and it is member of family 38 of glycosyl hydrolases. The full length protein is processed in two steps. First, a 49 aa leader sequence is cleaved off and the remainder of the protein is processed into 3 peptides of 70 kDa, 42 kDa (D) and 13/15 kDa (E). Next, the 70 kDa peptide is further processed into three peptides (A, B and C). The A, B and C peptides are disulfide-linked. Defects in this gene have been associated with lysosomal alpha-mannosidosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

RAB11 family interacting protein 1 (class I) pseudogene 1

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 2, pseudogene

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to heat; protein folding; and protein stabilization. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mannosidase, alpha, class 1B, member 1 pseudogene

scavenger receptor class F member 2-like

alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide, pseudogene 4

alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide, pseudogene 3

tubulin, beta 4B class IVb pseudogene 6

tubulin, beta 6 class V pseudogene

POU class 5 homeobox 1

This gene encodes a transcription factor containing a POU homeodomain that plays a key role in embryonic development and stem cell pluripotency. Aberrant expression of this gene in adult tissues is associated with tumorigenesis. This gene can participate in a translocation with the Ewing's sarcoma gene on chromosome 21, which also leads to tumor formation. Alternative splicing, as well as usage of alternative AUG and non-AUG translation initiation codons, results in multiple isoforms. One of the AUG start codons is polymorphic in human populations. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 1, 3, 8, 10, and 12. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2013]

POU domain class 5, transcription factor 2

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be located in chromatin. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B pseudogene

G protein-coupled receptor, class C, group 5, member D

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family; however, the specific function of this gene has not yet been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

G protein-coupled receptor, class C, group 5, member A

This gene encodes a member of the type 3 G protein-coupling receptor family, characterized by the signature 7-transmembrane domain motif. The encoded protein may be involved in interaction between retinoid acid and G protein signalling pathways. Retinoic acid plays a critical role in development, cellular growth, and differentiation. This gene may play a role in embryonic development and epithelial cell differentiation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

G protein-coupled receptor, class C, group 5, member C

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the type 3 G protein-coupled receptor family. Members of this superfamily are characterized by a signature 7-transmembrane domain motif. The specific function of this protein is unknown; however, this protein may mediate the cellular effects of retinoic acid on the G protein signal transduction cascade. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 2, pseudogene

HSP90 proteins are highly conserved molecular chaperones that have key roles in signal transduction, protein folding, protein degradation, and morphologic evolution. HSP90 proteins normally associate with other cochaperones and play important roles in folding newly synthesized proteins or stabilizing and refolding denatured proteins after stress. HSP90AA2 is a cytosolic HSP90 protein. Other HSP90 proteins are found in endoplasmic reticulum (HSP90B1; MIM 191175) and mitochondria (TRAP1; MIM 606219) (Chen et al., 2005 [PubMed 16269234]). See HSP90AA1 (MIM 140571) for further information on HSP90 proteins.[supplied by OMIM, Aug 2008]

tubulin, beta 8 class VIII pseudogene 8

tubulin, beta 8 class VIII pseudogene 5

G protein-coupled receptor, class C, group 5, member B

This gene encodes a member of the type 3 G protein-coupled receptor family. Members of this superfamily are characterized by a signature 7-transmembrane domain motif. The encoded protein may modulate insulin secretion and increased protein expression is associated with type 2 diabetes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2015]

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence G (pseudogene)

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence F (pseudogene)

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence E (pseudogene)

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence D (pseudogene)

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence C (pseudogene)

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B

This gene encodes a heavily glycosylated protein which is a ligand for the NKG2D type II receptor. Binding of the ligand activates the cytolytic response of natural killer (NK) cells, CD8 alphabeta T cells, and gammadelta T cells which express the receptor. This protein is stress-induced and is similar to MHC class I molecules; however, it does not associate with beta-2-microglobulin or bind peptides. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A

This gene encodes the highly polymorphic major histocompatability complex class I chain-related protein A. The protein product is expressed on the cell surface, although unlike canonical class I molecules it does not seem to associate with beta-2-microglobulin. It is a ligand for the NKG2-D type II integral membrane protein receptor. The protein functions as a stress-induced antigen that is broadly recognized by intestinal epithelial gamma delta T cells. Variations in this gene have been associated with susceptibility to psoriasis 1 and psoriatic arthritis, and the shedding of MICA-related antibodies and ligands is involved in the progression from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 7, pseudogene

tubulin, beta 8 class VIII pseudogene 11

tubulin, beta class I pseudogene 10

alcohol dehydrogenase 7 (class IV), mu or sigma polypeptide

This gene encodes class IV alcohol dehydrogenase 7 mu or sigma subunit, which is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. Members of this family metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. The enzyme encoded by this gene is inefficient in ethanol oxidation, but is the most active as a retinol dehydrogenase; thus it may participate in the synthesis of retinoic acid, a hormone important for cellular differentiation. The expression of this gene is much more abundant in stomach than liver, thus differing from the other known gene family members. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

alcohol dehydrogenase 6 (class V)

This gene encodes class V alcohol dehydrogenase, which is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. Members of this family metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. This gene is expressed in the stomach as well as in the liver, and it contains a glucocorticoid response element upstream of its 5' UTR, which is a steroid hormone receptor binding site. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide

This gene encodes a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. Members of this family metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. The encoded protein forms a homodimer. It has virtually no activity for ethanol oxidation, but exhibits high activity for oxidation of long-chain primary alcohols and for oxidation of S-hydroxymethyl-glutathione, a spontaneous adduct between formaldehyde and glutathione. This enzyme is an important component of cellular metabolism for the elimination of formaldehyde, a potent irritant and sensitizing agent that causes lacrymation, rhinitis, pharyngitis, and contact dermatitis. The human genome contains several non-transcribed pseudogenes related to this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

alcohol dehydrogenase 4 (class II), pi polypeptide

This gene encodes class II alcohol dehydrogenase 4 pi subunit, which is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. Members of this enzyme family metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. Class II alcohol dehydrogenase is a homodimer composed of 2 pi subunits. It exhibits a high activity for oxidation of long-chain aliphatic alcohols and aromatic alcohols and is less sensitive to pyrazole. This gene is localized to chromosome 4 in the cluster of alcohol dehydrogenase genes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

scavenger receptor class F member 2-like

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 pseudogene

smoothened, frizzled class receptor

The protein encoded by this gene is a G protein-coupled receptor that interacts with the patched protein, a receptor for hedgehog proteins. The encoded protein tranduces signals to other proteins after activation by a hedgehog protein/patched protein complex. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter, class I, type 8B, member 3

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of P-type cation transport ATPases, and to the subfamily of aminophospholipid-transporting ATPases. The aminophospholipid translocases transport phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine from one side of a bilayer to the other. This gene encodes member 3 of phospholipid-transporting ATPase 8B; other members of this protein family are located on chromosomes 1, 15 and 18. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter, class I, type 8B, member 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of P-type cation transport ATPases, and to the subfamily of aminophospholipid-transporting ATPases. The aminophospholipid translocases transport phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine from one side of a bilayer to another. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter, class I, type 8B, member 1

This gene encodes a member of the P-type cation transport ATPase family, which belongs to the subfamily of aminophospholipid-transporting ATPases. The aminophospholipid translocases transport phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine from one side of a bilayer to another. Mutations in this gene may result in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 and in benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATPase, class I, type 8B, member 4

This gene encodes a member of the cation transport ATPase (P-type) family and type IV subfamily. The encoded protein is involved in phospholipid transport in the cell membrane. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter, class I, type 8A, member 2 pseudogene 2

DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like

DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like

mannosidase, alpha, class 1A, member 2 pseudogene 1

mannosidase, alpha, class 1B, member 1

This gene encodes an enzyme belonging to the glycosyl hydrolase 47 family. This enzyme functions in N-glycan biosynthesis, and is a class I alpha-1,2-mannosidase that specifically converts Man9GlcNAc to Man8GlcNAc isomer B. It is required for N-glycan trimming to Man5-6GlcNAc2 in the endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation pathway. Mutations in this gene cause autosomal-recessive intellectual disability. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 11. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

POU class 5 homeobox 1 pseudogene 2

POU class 5 homeobox 1 pseudogene 3

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity and DNA-binding transcription factor activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to be located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

POU class 5 homeobox 1 pseudogene 4

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity and DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 4, pseudogene

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to heat; protein folding; and protein stabilization. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be part of protein-containing complex. Predicted to be active in cytosol; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

alcohol dehydrogenase 1C (class I), gamma polypeptide

This gene encodes class I alcohol dehydrogenase, gamma subunit, which is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. Members of this enzyme family metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. Class I alcohol dehydrogenase, consisting of several homo- and heterodimers of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, exhibits high activity for ethanol oxidation to acetaldehyde, thus playing a major role in ethanol catabolism. Three genes encoding alpha, beta and gamma subunits are tandemly organized in a genomic segment as a gene cluster. An association between ADH1C polymorphism and alcohol dependence has not been established. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2019]

alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (class I), beta polypeptide

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. Members of this enzyme family metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. This encoded protein, consisting of several homo- and heterodimers of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, exhibits high activity for ethanol oxidation and plays a major role in ethanol catabolism. Three genes encoding alpha, beta and gamma subunits are tandemly organized in a genomic segment as a gene cluster. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

alcohol dehydrogenase 1A (class I), alpha polypeptide

This gene encodes a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. The encoded protein is the alpha subunit of class I alcohol dehydrogenase, which consists of several homo- and heterodimers of alpha, beta and gamma subunits. Alcohol dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. This gene is active in the liver in early fetal life but only weakly active in adult liver. This gene is found in a cluster with six additional alcohol dehydrogenase genes, including those encoding the beta and gamma subunits, on the long arm of chromosome 4. Mutations in this gene may contribute to variation in certain personality traits and substance dependence. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

tubulin, beta 8 class VIII

The protein encoded by this gene represents the primary beta-tubulin subunit of oocytes and the early embryo. Defects in this gene, which is primate-specific, are a cause of oocyte maturation defect 2 and infertility. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

tubulin, beta 6 class V

Predicted to enable GTP binding activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of cytoskeleton. Predicted to be involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization and mitotic cell cycle. Located in intercellular bridge; microtubule; and mitotic spindle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin, beta 3 class III

This gene encodes a class III member of the beta tubulin protein family. Beta tubulins are one of two core protein families (alpha and beta tubulins) that heterodimerize and assemble to form microtubules. This protein is primarily expressed in neurons and may be involved in neurogenesis and axon guidance and maintenance. Mutations in this gene are the cause of congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 3. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

tubulin, beta 1 class VI

This gene encodes a member of the beta tubulin protein family. Beta tubulins are one of two core protein families (alpha and beta tubulins) that heterodimerize and assemble to form microtubules. This protein is specifically expressed in platelets and megakaryocytes and may be involved in proplatelet production and platelet release. A mutations in this gene is associated with autosomal dominant macrothrombocytopenia. Two pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosome Y.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

tubulin, beta 4B class IVb pseudogene 7

tubulin, beta 4B class IVb

Enables double-stranded RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization and mitotic cell cycle. Located in axonemal microtubule; intercellular bridge; and mitotic spindle. Implicated in Leber congenital amaurosis with early-onset deafness. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin, beta 4A class IVa

This gene encodes a member of the beta tubulin family. Beta tubulins are one of two core protein families (alpha and beta tubulins) that heterodimerize and assemble to form microtubules. Mutations in this gene cause hypomyelinating leukodystrophy-6 and autosomal dominant torsion dystonia-4. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome X. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter, class I, type 8A, member 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the P4 ATPase family of proteins, which are thought to be involved in a process called lipid flipping, whereby phospholipids are translocated inwards from the exoplasmic leaflet to the cytosolic leaflet of the cell membrane, which aids in generating and maintaining asymmetry in membrane lipids. This protein is predicted to contain an E1 E2 ATPase, a haloacid dehalogenase-like hydrolase (HAD) domain, and multiple transmembrane domains. Associations between this protein and cell cycle control protein 50A are important for translocation of phosphatidylserine across membranes. Mutations in this gene have been associated with a syndrome (CAMRQ4) characterized by cerebellar ataxia and cognitive disabilities. In addition, a translocation breakpoint within this gene was observed in an individual with neurological dysfunction. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter (APLT), class I, type 8A, member 1

The P-type adenosinetriphosphatases (P-type ATPases) are a family of proteins which use the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to drive uphill transport of ions across membranes. Several subfamilies of P-type ATPases have been identified. One subfamily catalyzes transport of heavy metal ions. Another subfamily transports non-heavy metal ions (NMHI). The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the third subfamily of P-type ATPases and acts to transport amphipaths, such as phosphatidylserine. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

scavenger receptor class B, member 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a type III glycoprotein that is located primarily in limiting membranes of lysosomes and endosomes. Earlier studies in mice and rat suggested that this protein may participate in membrane transportation and the reorganization of endosomal/lysosomal compartment. The protein deficiency in mice was reported to impair cell membrane transport processes and cause pelvic junction obstruction, deafness, and peripheral neuropathy. Further studies in human showed that this protein is a ubiquitously expressed protein and that it is involved in the pathogenesis of HFMD (hand, foot, and mouth disease) caused by enterovirus-71 and possibly by coxsackievirus A16. Mutations in this gene caused an autosomal recessive progressive myoclonic epilepsy-4 (EPM4), also known as action myoclonus-renal failure syndrome (AMRF). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

scavenger receptor class B, member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a plasma membrane receptor for high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL). The encoded protein mediates cholesterol transfer to and from HDL. In addition, this protein is a receptor for hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E2 and facilitates cell entry by the virus, SARS-CoV2. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2021]

DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like

ATPase, class II, type 9B

Predicted to enable ATPase-coupled intramembrane lipid transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in endocytosis; phospholipid translocation; and retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum. Located in perinuclear region of cytoplasm and trans-Golgi network. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide pseudogene

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B pseudogene

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B pseudogene

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B pseudogene

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B pseudogene

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B pseudogene

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B pseudogene

POU class 5 homeobox 1 pseudogene 6

POU class 5 homeobox 1 pseudogene 7

POU class 5 homeobox 1 pseudogene 5

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 4, pseudogene

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to heat; protein folding; and protein stabilization. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be part of protein-containing complex. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including myelin sheath; neuronal cell body; and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATPase, class VI, type 11C

Enables phosphatidylethanolamine flippase activity and phosphatidylserine flippase activity. Involved in phospholipid translocation. Located in endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane. Part of phospholipid-translocating ATPase complex. Implicated in X-linked congenital hemolytic anemia. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATPase, class VI, type 11B

P-type ATPases, such as ATP11B, are phosphorylated in their intermediate state and drive uphill transport of ions across membranes. Several subfamilies of P-type ATPases have been identified. One subfamily transports heavy metal ions, such as Cu(2+) or Cd(2+). Another subfamily transports non-heavy metal ions, such as H(+), Na(+), K(+), or Ca(+). A third subfamily transports amphipaths, such as phosphatidylserine.[supplied by OMIM, Feb 2005]

ATPase, class VI, type 11A

The protein encoded by this gene is an integral membrane ATPase. The encoded protein is probably phosphorylated in its intermediate state and likely drives the transport of ions such as calcium across membranes. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2022]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 3, pseudogene

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to heat; protein folding; and protein stabilization. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin, beta 3 class III pseudogene 2

class E vacuolar protein-sorting machinery protein hse1-like

basic helix-loop-helix domain containing, class B, 9 pseudogene 1

scavenger receptor class B, member 1 pseudogene

scavenger receptor class A, member 3

This gene encodes a macrophage scavenger receptor-like protein. This protein has been shown to deplete reactive oxygen species, and thus play an important role in protecting cells from oxidative stress. The expression of this gene is induced by oxidative stress. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

scavenger receptor class A, member 5

Predicted to enable ferritin receptor activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including intracellular iron ion homeostasis; iron ion transmembrane transport; and protein homotrimerization. Predicted to act upstream of or within cellular response to heat. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATPase, class II, type 9A

Enables protease binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of exosomal secretion; regulation of endocytic recycling; and regulation of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi. Located in several cellular components, including endosome; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; and trans-Golgi network membrane. Implicated in neurodevelopmental disorder with poor growth and behavioral abnormalities. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin, beta 4A class IVa pseudogene 1

RAB11 family interacting protein 3 (class II)

Proteins of the large Rab GTPase family (see RAB1A; MIM 179508) have regulatory roles in the formation, targeting, and fusion of intracellular transport vesicles. RAB11FIP3 is one of many proteins that interact with and regulate Rab GTPases (Hales et al., 2001 [PubMed 11495908]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

RAB11 family interacting protein 2 (class I)

Enables protein homodimerization activity and protein kinase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including TRAM-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway; phagocytosis; and positive regulation of GTPase activity. Located in endosome; nucleoplasm; and phagocytic cup. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RAB11 family interacting protein 1 (class I)

This gene encodes one of the Rab11-family interacting proteins (Rab11-FIPs), which play a role in the Rab-11 mediated recycling of vesicles. The encoded protein may be involved in endocytic sorting, trafficking of proteins including integrin subunits and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and transport between the recycling endosome and the trans-Golgi network. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene is described on the X chromosome. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

RAB11 family interacting protein 5 (class I)

Enables gamma-tubulin binding activity. Involved in cellular response to acidic pH; negative regulation of adiponectin secretion; and regulation of protein localization to cell surface. Located in centriolar satellite and mitochondrial outer membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RAB11 family interacting protein 4 (class II)

The protein encoded by this gene interacts with RAB11 and is thought to be involved in bringing recycling endosome membranes to the cleavage furrow in late cytokinesis. Hypoxic conditions can lead to an upregulation of the encoded protein and enhance the metastatic potential of hepatocellular carcinoma. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1

This gene encodes a member of the heat shock protein 90 family; these proteins are involved in signal transduction, protein folding and degradation and morphological evolution. This gene encodes the constitutive form of the cytosolic 90 kDa heat-shock protein and is thought to play a role in gastric apoptosis and inflammation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes have been identified on multiple chromosomes. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

tubulin, beta 2B class IIb pseudogene 1

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 pseudogene

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B pseudogene

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B pseudogene

DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like

tubulin, beta 2A class IIa

Microtubules, key participants in processes such as mitosis and intracellular transport, are composed of heterodimers of alpha- and beta-tubulins. The protein encoded by this gene is a beta-tubulin. Defects in this gene are associated with complex cortical dysplasia with other brain malformations-5. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

tubulin, beta 2B class IIb

The protein encoded by this gene is a beta isoform of tubulin, which binds GTP and is a major component of microtubules. This gene is highly similar to TUBB2A and TUBB2C. Defects in this gene are a cause of asymmetric polymicrogyria. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

ATPase, class I, type 8B, member 5, pseudogene

Predicted to enable phosphatidylcholine flippase activity and phosphatidylethanolamine flippase activity. Predicted to be involved in Golgi organization and phospholipid transport. Predicted to be located in acrosomal vesicle and membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sortilin-related receptor, L(DLR class) A repeats containing

This gene encodes a mosaic protein that belongs to at least two families: the vacuolar protein sorting 10 (VPS10) domain-containing receptor family, and the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family. The encoded protein also contains fibronectin type III repeats and an epidermal growth factor repeat. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature receptor, which likely plays roles in endocytosis and sorting. Mutations in this gene may be associated with Alzheimer's disease. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 6, pseudogene

tubulin, beta 8 class VIII pseudogene 9

tubulin, beta 8 class VIII pseudogene 4

tubulin, beta 8 class VIII pseudogene 6

tubulin, beta 8 class VIII pseudogene 7

tubulin beta 8 class VIII pseudogene 1

tubulin beta 8 class VIII pseudogene 3

POU class 2 homeobox 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a homeobox-containing transcription factor of the POU domain family. The encoded protein binds the octamer sequence 5'-ATTTGCAT-3', a common transcription factor binding site in immunoglobulin gene promoters. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

POU class 2 homeobox 3

This gene encodes a member of the POU domain family of transcription factors. POU domain transcription factors bind to a specific octamer DNA motif and regulate cell type-specific differentiation pathways. The encoded protein is primarily expressed in the epidermis, and plays a critical role in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. The encoded protein is also a candidate tumor suppressor protein, and aberrant promoter methylation of this gene may play a role in cervical cancer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

POU class 2 homeobox 1

The OCT1 transcription factor was among the first identified members of the POU transcription factor family (summarized by Sturm et al., 1993 [PubMed 8314572]). Members of this family contain the POU domain, a 160-amino acid region necessary for DNA binding to the octameric sequence ATGCAAAT.[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2010]

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB1-7 beta chain

ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter, class I, type 8A, member 2 pseudogene 3

ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter, class I, type 8A, member 2 pseudogene 1

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is an inducible molecular chaperone that functions as a homodimer. The encoded protein aids in the proper folding of specific target proteins by use of an ATPase activity that is modulated by co-chaperones. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A-69 alpha chain-like

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 6, pseudogene

basic helix-loop-helix domain containing, class B, 9

This gene is a member of a gene family which encodes proteins with a basic helix-loop-helix domain. Other members of this gene family encode proteins which function as transcription factors, either enhancing or inhibiting transcription depending on the activity of other DNA binding proteins. The coding region of this gene is located entirely within the terminal exon. The encoded protein may be involved in the survival of neurons (PMID: 15034937). Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

MAM and LDL receptor class A domain containing 1

This gene encodes a conserved protein that features multiple MAM (meprin-A5-protein tyrosine phosphatase mu) and LDLR A2 (low density lipoprotein receptor A2) domains. Expression of this gene is enriched in the small intestine and is upregulated during differentiation of a human cell line that exhibits properties of intestinal epithelial cells. The encoded protein has been shown to modulate production of FGF19 in a human intestinal cell line and may regulate bile acid metabolism in the liver. A synergistic interaction between an allele of this gene and the APOE E4 allele is associated with an elevated risk of Alzheimer's disease in human patients. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

tubulin, beta class I pseudogene 7

tubulin, beta class I pseudogene 6

tubulin, beta class I pseudogene 9

tubulin, beta 6 class V pseudogene 1

mannosidase, alpha, class 1C, member 1

Predicted to enable mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase activity. Predicted to be involved in ERAD pathway. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mannosidase, alpha, class 2C, member 1

Predicted to enable alpha-mannosidase activity. Predicted to be involved in oligosaccharide catabolic process. Located in nucleoplasm. Implicated in congenital disorder of deglycosylation 2. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 5, pseudogene

glutamine amidotransferase class 1 domain containing 1

Predicted to enable glyoxalase III activity. Predicted to be involved in methylglyoxal catabolic process to D-lactate via S-lactoyl-glutathione. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Methylation modifier for class I HLA

glutamine amidotransferase class 1 domain containing 3

This gene encodes a potential mitochondrial protein that is a member of the DJ-1/PfpI gene family. This protein is overexpressed in fetal Down syndrome brain. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

POU class 2 homeobox associating factor 3

Enables DNA binding activity and transcription coactivator activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

POU class 2 homeobox associating factor 2

Enables sequence-specific DNA binding activity and transcription coactivator activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

regulator of DNA class I crossover intermediates 1

integrin, alpha 2b (platelet glycoprotein IIb of IIb/IIIa complex, antigen CD41)

This gene encodes a member of the integrin alpha chain family of proteins. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate light and heavy chains that associate through disulfide linkages to form a subunit of the alpha-IIb/beta-3 integrin cell adhesion receptor. This receptor plays a crucial role in the blood coagulation system, by mediating platelet aggregation. Mutations in this gene are associated with platelet-type bleeding disorders, which are characterized by a failure of platelet aggregation, including Glanzmann thrombasthenia. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

adaptor-related protein complex 5, mu 1 subunit pseudogene

trafficking protein particle complex 6A

This gene encodes a component of the trafficking protein particle complex, which tethers transport vesicles to the cis-Golgi membrane. Loss of expression of the related gene in mouse affects coat and eye pigmentation, suggesting that the encoded protein may be involved in melanosome biogenesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

trafficking protein particle complex 6B

TRAPPC6B is a component of TRAPP complexes, which are tethering complexes involved in vesicle transport (Kummel et al., 2005 [PubMed 16025134]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G6C

LY6G6C belongs to a cluster of leukocyte antigen-6 (LY6) genes located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6. Members of the LY6 superfamily typically contain 70 to 80 amino acids, including 8 to 10 cysteines. Most LY6 proteins are attached to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that is directly involved in signal transduction (Mallya et al., 2002 [PubMed 12079290]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G6E (pseudogene)

LY6G6E belongs to a cluster of leukocyte antigen-6 (LY6) genes located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6. Members of the LY6 superfamily typically contain 70 to 80 amino acids, including 8 to 10 cysteines. Most LY6 proteins are attached to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that is directly involved in signal transduction (Mallya et al., 2002 [PubMed 12079290]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, gamma polypeptide 1

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the gamma subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. This gene also has a pseudogene on chromosome 14. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

synaptonemal complex central element protein 1

This gene encodes a member of the synaptonemal complex, which links homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. The tripartite structure of the complex is highly conserved amongst metazoans. It consists of two lateral elements and a central region formed by transverse elements and a central element. The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the central element and is required for initiation and elongation of the synapsis. Allelic variants of this gene have been associated with premature ovarian failure and spermatogenic failure. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2016]

dynein regulatory complex subunit 7

Predicted to be involved in sperm axoneme assembly. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dynein regulatory complex subunit 1

This gene encodes a central component of the nexin-dynein complex (N-DRC), which regulates the assembly of ciliary dynein. Mutations in this gene can cause ciliary dyskinesia. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

t-complex 1 pseudogene 1

t-complex 1 pseudogene 2

t-complex 1 pseudogene 3

oligosaccharyltransferase complex subunit pseudogene 7

oligosaccharyltransferase complex subunit pseudogene 4

oligosaccharyltransferase complex subunit pseudogene 2

spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 1

Enables microtubule binding activity. Involved in attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore; negative regulation of mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling; and positive regulation of microtubule polymerization. Located in intercellular bridge; kinetochore; and microtubule cytoskeleton. Part of SKA complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 3

This gene encodes a component of the spindle and kinetochore-associated protein complex that regulates microtubule attachment to the kinetochores during mitosis. The encoded protein localizes to the outer kinetechore and may be required for normal chromosome segregation and cell division. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 2

Enables microtubule binding activity. Involved in attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore and regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization. Located in spindle microtubule. Part of SKA complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

non-SMC condensin I complex, subunit D2 pseudogene 1

elongator acetyltransferase complex subunit 6

Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of cell migration. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including autophagosome maturation; gene expression; and homeostasis of number of retina cells. Located in cytosol and nucleus. Part of elongator holoenzyme complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

elongator acetyltransferase complex subunit 5

Predicted to contribute to tRNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of cell migration and tRNA modification. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. Part of elongator holoenzyme complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

elongator acetyltransferase complex subunit 4

This gene encodes a component of the six subunit elongator complex, a histone acetyltransferase complex that associates directly with RNA polymerase II during transcriptional elongation. The human gene can partially complement sensitivity phenotypes of yeast ELP4 deletion mutants. This gene has also been associated with Rolandic epilepsy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

elongator acetyltransferase complex subunit 3

Enables acetyltransferase activity and phosphorylase kinase regulator activity. Involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II and tRNA wobble uridine modification. Located in cytosol and nucleolus. Part of elongator holoenzyme complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

elongator acetyltransferase complex subunit 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a core subunit of the elongator complex, a histone acetyltransferase complex that associates with RNA polymerase II. In addition to histone acetylation, the encoded protein effects transcriptional elongation and may help remodel chromatin. [provided by RefSeq, May 2016]

NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 1 (complex I)

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrial membrane. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in several diseases, including MELAS syndrome; neurodegenerative disease (multiple); optic nerve disease (multiple); toxic shock syndrome; and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomarker of Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; and multiple sclerosis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 3 (complex I)

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy; Leigh disease; and Parkinson's disease. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 4 (complex I)

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy; Parkinson's disease; macular degeneration; and schizophrenia. Biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 5 (complex I)

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy; Leigh disease; and MELAS syndrome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 6 (complex I)

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy; Leigh disease; and spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominant 2B. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SWI/SNF complex antagonist associated with prostate cancer 1 (non-protein coding)

lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G6D

LY6G6D belongs to a cluster of leukocyte antigen-6 (LY6) genes located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6. Members of the LY6 superfamily typically contain 70 to 80 amino acids, including 8 to 10 cysteines. Most LY6 proteins are attached to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that is directly involved in signal transduction (Mallya et al., 2002 [PubMed 12079290]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2009]

anaphase promoting complex subunit 1

This gene encodes a subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex. This complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates progression through the metaphase to anaphase portion of the cell cycle by ubiquitinating proteins which targets them for degradation. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

anaphase promoting complex subunit 2

A large protein complex, termed the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), or the cyclosome, promotes metaphase-anaphase transition by ubiquitinating its specific substrates such as mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitor, which are subsequently degraded by the 26S proteasome. Biochemical studies have shown that the vertebrate APC contains eight subunits. The composition of the APC is highly conserved in organisms from yeast to humans. The product of this gene is a component of the complex and shares sequence similarity with a recently identified family of proteins called cullins, which may also be involved in ubiquitin-mediated degradation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

anaphase promoting complex subunit 5

This gene encodes a tetratricopeptide repeat-containing component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a large E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls cell cycle progression by targeting a number of cell cycle regulators such as B-type cyclins for 26S proteasome-mediated degradation through ubiquitination. The encoded protein is required for the proper ubiquitination function of APC/C and for the interaction of APC/C with transcription coactivators. It also interacts with polyA binding protein and represses internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. These differences cause translation initiation at a downstream AUG and result in a shorter protein (isoform b), compared to isoform a. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

anaphase promoting complex subunit 4

A large protein complex, termed the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), or the cyclosome, promotes metaphase-anaphase transition by ubiquitinating its specific substrates such as mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitor, which are subsequently degraded by the 26S proteasome. Biochemical studies have shown that the vertebrate APC contains eight subunits. The composition of the APC is highly conserved in organisms from yeast to humans. The exact function of this gene product is not known. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

anaphase promoting complex subunit 7

This gene encodes a tetratricopeptide repeat containing component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a large E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls cell cycle progression by targeting a number of cell cycle regulators such as B-type cyclins for 26S proteasome-mediated degradation through ubiquitination. The encoded protein is required for proper protein ubiquitination function of APC/C and for the interaction of APC/C with certain transcription coactivators. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex-1, subunit 6, pallidin

The protein encoded by this gene may play a role in intracellular vesicle trafficking. It interacts with Syntaxin 13 which mediates intracellular membrane fusion. Mutations in this gene cause symptoms associated with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome-9. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene related to this gene is located on the X chromosome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex-1, subunit 1

BLOC1S1 is a component of the ubiquitously expressed BLOC1 multisubunit protein complex. BLOC1 is required for normal biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules (Starcevic and Dell'Angelica, 2004 [PubMed 15102850]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

anaphase promoting complex subunit 1 pseudogene 1

adaptor-related protein complex 1, sigma 1 subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is part of the clathrin coat assembly complex which links clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles. These vesicles are involved in endocytosis and Golgi processing. This protein, as well as beta-prime-adaptin, gamma-adaptin, and the medium (mu) chain AP47, form the AP-1 assembly protein complex located at the Golgi vesicle. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit G2

Predicted to enable proton transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to contribute to proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism. Predicted to be involved in proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nascent polypeptide-associated complex alpha subunit

This gene encodes a protein that associates with basic transcription factor 3 (BTF3) to form the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC). This complex binds to nascent proteins that lack a signal peptide motif as they emerge from the ribosome, blocking interaction with the signal recognition particle (SRP) and preventing mistranslocation to the endoplasmic reticulum. This protein is an IgE autoantigen in atopic dermatitis patients. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, but the full length nature of some of these variants, including those encoding very large proteins, has not been determined. There are multiple pseudogenes of this gene on different chromosomes. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

HLA complex group 18 (non-protein coding)

integrator complex subunit 12

INTS12 is a subunit of the Integrator complex, which associates with the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II large subunit (POLR2A; MIM 180660) and mediates 3-prime end processing of small nuclear RNAs U1 (RNU1; MIM 180680) and U2 (RNU2; MIM 180690) (Baillat et al., 2005 [PubMed 16239144]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

integrator complex subunit 10

INTS10 is a subunit of the Integrator complex, which associates with the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II large subunit (POLR2A; MIM 180660) and mediates 3-prime end processing of small nuclear RNAs U1 (RNU1; MIM 180680) and U2 (RNU2; MIM 180690) (Baillat et al., 2005 [PubMed 16239144]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

HLA complex group 4 pseudogene 11

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene

adaptor-related protein complex 5, beta 1 subunit

Involved in endosomal transport. Located in lysosomal membrane. Part of AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, component X

The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex is located in the mitochondrial matrix and catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A. The PDH complex thereby links glycolysis to Krebs cycle. The PDH complex contains three catalytic subunits, E1, E2, and E3, two regulatory subunits, E1 kinase and E1 phosphatase, and a non-catalytic subunit, E3 binding protein (E3BP). This gene encodes the E3 binding protein subunit; also known as component X of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This protein tethers E3 dimers to the E2 core of the PDH complex. Defects in this gene are a cause of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency which results in neurological dysfunction and lactic acidosis in infancy and early childhood. This protein is also a minor antigen for antimitochondrial antibodies. These autoantibodies are present in nearly 95% of patients with the autoimmune liver disease primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). In PBC, activated T lymphocytes attack and destroy epithelial cells in the bile duct where this protein is abnormally distributed and overexpressed. PBC eventually leads to cirrhosis and liver failure. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

adaptor-related protein complex 5, zeta 1 subunit

This gene was identified by genome-wide screen for genes involved in homologous recombination DNA double-strand break repair (HR-DSBR). The encoded protein was found in a complex with other proteins that have a role in HR-DSBR. Knockdown of this gene reduced homologous recombination, and mutations in this gene were found in patients with spastic paraplegia. It was concluded that this gene likely encodes a helicase (PMID:20613862). [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

trafficking protein particle complex 9

This gene encodes a protein that likely plays a role in NF-kappa-B signaling. Mutations in this gene have been associated with autosomal-recessive cognitive disability. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

trafficking protein particle complex 8

Involved in Golgi organization and collagen biosynthetic process. Part of TRAPP complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

trafficking protein particle complex 1

This gene product plays a role in vesicular transport of proteins to the Golgi apparatus from the endoplasmic reticulum. The encoded protein is a component of the multisubunit transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

trafficking protein particle complex 3

This gene encodes a component of the trafficking protein particle complex, which tethers transport vesicles to the cis-Golgi membrane. The encoded protein participates in the regulation of transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

trafficking protein particle complex 2

The protein encoded by this gene is thought to be part of a large multi-subunit complex involved in the targeting and fusion of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport vesicles with their acceptor compartment. In addition, the encoded protein can bind c-myc promoter-binding protein 1 and block its transcriptional repression capability. Mutations in this gene are a cause of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDT). A processed pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 19, and other pseudogenes are found on chromosomes 8 and Y. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

trafficking protein particle complex 5

Predicted to be involved in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport. Part of TRAPP complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

trafficking protein particle complex 4

Involved in autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport. Part of TRAPP complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

non-SMC condensin I complex, subunit G pseudogene

non-SMC condensin II complex, subunit H2

This gene encodes one of the non-SMC subunits of the condensin II complex. This complex plays an essential role in mitotic chromosome assembly. Alternate splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

RPTOR independent companion of MTOR, complex 2

RICTOR and MTOR (FRAP1; MIM 601231) are components of a protein complex that integrates nutrient- and growth factor-derived signals to regulate cell growth (Sarbassov et al., 2004 [PubMed 15268862]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 1 pseudogene

BRICK1, SCAR/WAVE actin-nucleating complex subunit pseudogene 2

mediator complex subunit 13 pseudogene 1

integrator complex subunit 4 pseudogene 1

integrator complex subunit 4 pseudogene 2

trafficking protein particle complex 2 pseudogene 5

trafficking protein particle complex 2 pseudogene 4

trafficking protein particle complex 2 pseudogene 7

trafficking protein particle complex 2 pseudogene 6

trafficking protein particle complex 2 pseudogene 3

trafficking protein particle complex 2 pseudogene 2

trafficking protein particle complex 2 pseudogene 9

trafficking protein particle complex 2 pseudogene 8

spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 2 pseudogene 1

adaptor-related protein complex 2, beta 1 subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is one of two large chain components of the assembly protein complex 2, which serves to link clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles. The encoded protein is found on the cytoplasmic face of coated vesicles in the plasma membrane. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mediator complex subunit 15 pseudogene 7

mediator complex subunit 15 pseudogene 6

mediator complex subunit 15 pseudogene 5

mediator complex subunit 15 pseudogene 4

mediator complex subunit 15 pseudogene 1

mediator complex subunit 15 pseudogene 9

INO80 complex subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of the chromatin remodeling complex, which is classified into subfamilies depending on sequence features apart from the conserved ATPase domain. This protein is the catalytic ATPase subunit of the INO80 chromatin remodeling complex, which is characterized by a DNA-binding domain. This protein is proposed to bind DNA and be recruited by the YY1 transcription factor to activate certain genes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 1-like

Predicted to enable histone acetyltransferase binding activity. Predicted to be located in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. Predicted to be part of NSL complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

CTS telomere maintenance complex component 1

This gene encodes a component of the CST complex. This complex plays an essential role in protecting telomeres from degradation. This protein also forms a heterodimer with the CST complex subunit STN1 to form the enzyme alpha accessory factor. This enzyme regulates DNA replication. Mutations in this gene are the cause of cerebroretinal microangiopathy with calcifications and cysts. Alternate splicing results in both coding and non-coding variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

t-complex 10-like

Enables DNA-binding transcription factor binding activity; identical protein binding activity; and transcription corepressor activity. Involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit G2 pseudogene

HLA complex group 4 (non-protein coding)

HLA complex group 9 (non-protein coding)

This gene lies within the MHC class I region on chromosome 6p21.3. This gene is believed to be non-coding, but its function has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2009]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide pseudogene 1

small nuclear RNA activating complex, polypeptide 3, 50kDa

Predicted to enable RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding activity and bent DNA binding activity. Predicted to contribute to RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity and core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II and snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III. Located in nuclear body and nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small nuclear RNA activating complex, polypeptide 2, 45kDa

This gene encodes a subunit of the snRNA-activating protein complex which is associated with the TATA box-binding protein. The encoded protein is necessary for RNA polymerase II and III dependent small-nuclear RNA gene transcription. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

small nuclear RNA activating complex, polypeptide 1, 43kDa

Predicted to enable sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II and snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III. Located in nucleolus and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small nuclear RNA activating complex, polypeptide 5, 19kDa

This gene encodes a subunit of the small nuclear RNA (snRNA)-activating protein complex that plays a role in the transcription of snRNA genes. This complex binds to the promoters of snRNA genes transcribed by either RNA polymerase II or III and recruits other regulatory factors to activate snRNA gene transcription. The encoded protein may play a role in stabilizing this complex. A pseudogene of this gene has been identified on chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

small nuclear RNA activating complex, polypeptide 4, 190kDa

This gene encodes the largest subunit of the small nuclear RNA-activating protein (SNAP) complex. The encoded protein contains a Myb DNA-binding domain, and is essential for RNA polymerase II and III polymerase transcription from small nuclear RNA promoters. A mutation in this gene is associated with ankylosing spondylitis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

anaphase promoting complex subunit 13 pseudogene

anaphase promoting complex subunit 13 pseudogene

chromatin accessibility complex 1

CHRAC1 is a histone-fold protein that interacts with other histone-fold proteins to bind DNA in a sequence-independent manner. These histone-fold protein dimers combine within larger enzymatic complexes for DNA transcription, replication, and packaging.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

CCR4-NOT transcription complex, subunit 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the CCR4-NOT complex, a global transcriptional regulator. The encoded protein interacts with CNOT1 and has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 1 pseudogene

golgi SNAP receptor complex member 2 pseudogene

t-complex 11 family, X-linked 1

Predicted to be involved in protein kinase A signaling and regulation of sperm capacitation. Predicted to be active in acrosomal vesicle and sperm flagellum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

t-complex 11 family, X-linked 2

Predicted to be involved in protein kinase A signaling and regulation of sperm capacitation. Predicted to be active in acrosomal vesicle and sperm flagellum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 5-like

Predicted to enable actin filament binding activity. Predicted to be involved in Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation and cell migration. Located in extracellular exosome and focal adhesion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HLA complex group 25 (non-protein coding)

HLA complex group 27 (non-protein coding)

minichromosome maintenance complex component 8

The protein encoded by this gene is one of the highly conserved mini-chromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) that are essential for the initiation of eukaryotic genome replication. The hexameric protein complex formed by the mini-chromosome maintenance proteins is a key component of the pre-replication complex and may be involved in the formation of replication forks and in the recruitment of other DNA replication related proteins. This protein contains the central domain that is conserved among the mini-chromosome maintenance proteins. The encoded protein may interact with other mini-chromosome maintenance proteins and play a role in DNA replication. This gene may be associated with length of reproductive lifespan and menopause. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

origin recognition complex, subunit 3-like (yeast) pseudogene

tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit 2

This gene encodes a protein that is a component of the neuronal polyglutamylase complex, which plays a role in post-translational addition of glutamate residues to C-terminal tubulin tails. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit 1

Predicted to enable microtubule binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in sperm axoneme assembly. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including adult behavior; chemical synaptic transmission; and protein polyglutamylation. Located in centrosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adaptor-related protein complex 1, sigma 2 subunit pseudogene

CCR4-NOT transcription complex, subunit 7 pseudogene 2

CCR4-NOT transcription complex, subunit 7 pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2-like pseudogene

DGCR8 microprocessor complex subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of the microprocessor complex which mediates the biogenesis of microRNAs from the primary microRNA transcript. The encoded protein is a double-stranded RNA binding protein that functions as the non-catalytic subunit of the microprocessor complex. This protein is required for binding the double-stranded RNA substrate and facilitates cleavage of the RNA by the ribonuclease III protein, Drosha. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

cactin, spliceosome C complex subunit

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to cytokine stimulus; negative regulation of cytokine production; and negative regulation of signal transduction. Located in cytosol and nuclear speck. Part of catalytic step 2 spliceosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

GRINL1B complex locus 2, pseudogene

GRINL1A complex locus 1

This locus represents naturally occurring readthrough transcription between the neighboring MYZAP (myocardial zonula adherens protein) and POLR2M (polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide M) genes on chromosome 15. Alternative splicing results in multiple readthrough transcript variants. Readthrough variants may encode proteins that share sequence identity with the upstream gene product or with both the upstream and downstream gene products. Some readthrough transcript variants are also expected to be candidates for nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2013]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene

adaptor-related protein complex 3, sigma 1 subunit pseudogene

adaptor-related protein complex 3, mu 1 subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is the medium subunit of AP-3, which is an adaptor-related protein complex associated with the Golgi region as well as more peripheral intracellular structures. AP-3 facilitates the budding of vesicles from the Golgi membrane, and it may directly function in protein sorting to the endosomal/lysosomal system. AP-3 is a heterotetrameric protein complex composed of two large subunits (delta and beta3), a medium subunit (mu3), and a small subunit (sigma 3). Mutations in one of the large subunits of AP-3 have been associated with the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by defective lysosome-related organelles. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

adaptor-related protein complex 3, mu 2 subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of the heterotetrameric adaptor-related protein comlex 3 (AP-3), which belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunits family. The AP-3 complex plays a role in protein trafficking to lysosomes and specialized organelles. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

HLA complex group 21 (non-protein coding)

HLA complex group 20 (non-protein coding)

HLA complex group 23 (non-protein coding)

HLA complex group 22

Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adaptor-related protein complex 3, sigma 1 subunit pseudogene

DSN1, MIS12 kinetochore complex component

This gene encodes a kinetochore protein that functions as part of the minichromosome instability-12 centromere complex. The encoded protein is required for proper kinetochore assembly and progression through the cell cycle. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]

BRCA1/BRCA2-containing complex, subunit 3 pseudogene 1

nuclear pore complex interacting protein pseudogene 1

trafficking protein particle complex subunit 10-like

interactor of little elongation complex ELL subunit 2 pseudogene 2

interactor of little elongation complex ELL subunit 2 pseudogene 1

nuclear pore complex interacting protein family, member A1 pseudogene

trafficking protein particle complex 11

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the TRAPP (transport protein particle) tethering complex, which functions in intracellular vesicle trafficking. This subunit is involved in early stage endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi vesicle transport. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

trafficking protein particle complex 10

The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane protein found in the cis-Golgi complex. The encoded protein is part of the multisubunit transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex and may be involved in vesicular transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. Mutations in this gene could be responsible for the Unverricht-Lundborg type of progressive myoclonus epilepsy, or for autoimmune polyglandular disease type 1. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

trafficking protein particle complex 13

Predicted to be involved in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport; vesicle coating; and vesicle tethering. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be part of TRAPPIII protein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

trafficking protein particle complex 12

Involved in several processes, including endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport; positive regulation of protein localization to kinetochore; and regulation of kinetochore assembly. Located in several cellular components, including endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment; kinetochore; and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Part of TRAPP complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1A pseudogene

actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1A pseudogene

adaptor-related protein complex 4, beta 1 subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of a heterotetrameric adapter-like complex 4 that is involved in targeting proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the endosomal-lysosomal system. Mutations in this gene are associated with cerebral palsy spastic quadriplegic type 5 (CPSQ5) disorder. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

STT3B, subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex (catalytic)

The protein encoded by this gene is a catalytic subunit of a protein complex that transfers oligosaccharides onto asparagine residues. Defects in this gene are a cause of congenital disorder of glycosylation Ix (CDG1X). [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

STT3A, subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex (catalytic)

The protein encoded by this gene is a catalytic subunit of the N-oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex, which functions in the endoplasmic reticulum to transfer glycan chains to asparagine residues of target proteins. A separate complex containing a similar catalytic subunit with an overlapping function also exists. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

NSL1, MIS12 kinetochore complex component

This gene encodes a protein with two coiled-coil domains that localizes to kinetochores, which are chromosome-associated structures that attach to microtubules and mediate chromosome movements during cell division. The encoded protein is part of a conserved protein complex that includes two chromodomain-containing proteins and a component of the outer plate of the kinetochore. This protein complex is proposed to bridge centromeric heterochromatin with the outer kinetochore structure. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. There is a pseudogene of the 3' UTR region of this gene on chromosome X. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

SWAP switching B-cell complex 70kDa subunit

Enables cadherin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. Predicted to act upstream of or within isotype switching. Located in actin cytoskeleton; cytoplasm; and plasma membrane. Is active in postsynapse. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Leo1, Paf1/RNA polymerase II complex component, homolog (S. cerevisiae)

LEO1, parafibromin (CDC73; MIM 607393), CTR9 (MIM 609366), and PAF1 (MIM 610506) form the PAF protein complex that associates with the RNA polymerase II subunit POLR2A (MIM 180660) and with a histone methyltransferase complex (Rozenblatt-Rosen et al., 2005 [PubMed 15632063]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus

The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional regulator and oncoprotein that may be involved in hematopoiesis, apoptosis, development, and cell differentiation and proliferation. The encoded protein can interact with CTBP1, SMAD3, CREBBP, KAT2B, MAPK8, and MAPK9. This gene can undergo translocation with the AML1 gene, resulting in overexpression of this gene and the onset of leukemia. Several transcript variants encoding a few different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

adaptor-related protein complex 2, alpha 1 subunit

This gene encodes the alpha 1 adaptin subunit of the adaptor protein 2 (AP-2) complex found in clathrin coated vesicles. The AP-2 complex is a heterotetramer consisting of two large adaptins (alpha or beta), a medium adaptin (mu), and a small adaptin (sigma). The complex is part of the protein coat on the cytoplasmic face of coated vesicles which links clathrin to receptors in vesicles. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding two different isoforms. A third transcript variant has been described, but its full length nature has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

adaptor-related protein complex 2, alpha 2 subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the AP-2 adaptor protein complex, which is involved in linking lipid and protein membrane components with the clathrin lattice. This interaction supports the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles, and the encoded subunit aids in the process by binding polyphosphoinositide-containing lipids in the cell membrane. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2016]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F6 pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1, cardiac muscle

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, using an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the different isoforms have been identified. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 9, 2, and 16. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

small nuclear RNA activating complex, polypeptide 5, 19kDa pseudogene 1

nascent polypeptide-associated complex alpha subunit 2

Predicted to enable unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein targeting to membrane. Predicted to be located in nucleus. Predicted to be part of nascent polypeptide-associated complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 subunit 6-like

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, complex III subunit X pseudogene

HLA complex group 9 pseudogene 5

HLA complex group 9 pseudogene 3

HLA complex group 9 pseudogene 2

adaptor-related protein complex 2, beta 1 subunit pseudogene

non-SMC condensin II complex, subunit G2

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the Condensin2nSMC family of proteins. The encoded protein is a regulatory subunit of the condensin II complex which, along with the condensin I complex, plays a role in chromosome assembly and segregation during mitosis. A similar protein in mouse is required for early development of the embryo. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 1A, 41kDa pseudogene

nuclear pore complex interacting protein family, member B15

Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 6

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 3

GINS complex subunit 2 (Psf2 homolog) pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit s (factor B)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. This gene encodes the subunit s, also known as factor B, of the proton channel. This subunit is necessary for the energy transduction activity of the ATP synthase complexes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F6

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo complex has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the F6 subunit of the Fo complex. The F6 subunit is required for F1 and Fo interactions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. This gene has 1 or more pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit E

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the e subunit of the Fo complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the d subunit of the Fo complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. In addition, three pseudogenes are located on chromosomes 9, 12 and 15. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, O subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the F-type ATPase found in the mitochondrial matrix. F-type ATPases are composed of a catalytic core and a membrane proton channel. The encoded protein appears to be part of the connector linking these two components and may be involved in transmission of conformational changes or proton conductance. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the beta subunit of the catalytic core. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, epsilon subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the epsilon subunit of the catalytic core. Two pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 4 and 13. Read-through transcripts that include exons from this gene are expressed from the upstream gene SLMO2.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, delta subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the delta subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same isoform have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

set1/Ash2 histone methyltransferase complex subunit ASH2 pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, O subunit pseudogene

HAUS augmin-like complex, subunit 8 pseudogene 1

BRISC and BRCA1 A complex member 1

Enables identical protein binding activity. Involved in several processes, including DNA repair-dependent chromatin remodeling; mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling; and positive regulation of DNA repair. Located in cytosol and nuclear body. Part of BRCA1-A complex and BRISC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NSL1, MIND kinetochore complex component, homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

non-SMC condensin I complex, subunit G pseudogene

HLA complex group 26 (non-protein coding) pseudogene

HLA complex group 26 (non-protein coding) pseudogene

HLA complex group 26 (non-protein coding) pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, gamma polypeptide 1 pseudogene 1

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 2 pseudogene

anaphase promoting complex subunit 1 pseudogene

actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 4, 20kDa

This gene encodes one of seven subunits of the human Arp2/3 protein complex. This complex controls actin polymerization in cells and has been conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution. This gene encodes the p20 subunit, which is necessary for actin nucleation and high-affinity binding to F-actin. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Naturally occurring read-through transcription exists between this gene and the downstream tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family, member 3 (TTLL3), which results in the production of a fusion protein. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene

nuclear pore complex interacting protein family, member A1 pseudogene

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nucleolar complex associated 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Histone modification by histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC) can control major aspects of transcriptional regulation. NOC2L represents a novel HDAC-independent inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase (INHAT) (Hublitz et al., 2005 [PubMed 16322561]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit pseudogene 1

actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 3 pseudogene 4

XK, Kell blood group complex subunit-related, Y-linked pseudogene 6

XK, Kell blood group complex subunit-related, Y-linked pseudogene 4

XK, Kell blood group complex subunit-related, Y-linked pseudogene 5

XK, Kell blood group complex subunit-related, Y-linked pseudogene 2

XK, Kell blood group complex subunit-related, Y-linked pseudogene 3

XK, Kell blood group complex subunit-related, Y-linked pseudogene 1

HAUS augmin-like complex subunit 6 pseudogene

T-complex protein 11 X-linked protein 2-like

adaptor-related protein complex 1, sigma 2 subunit

Adaptor protein complex 1 is found at the cytoplasmic face of coated vesicles located at the Golgi complex, where it mediates both the recruitment of clathrin to the membrane and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane receptors. This complex is a heterotetramer composed of two large, one medium, and one small adaptin subunit. The protein encoded by this gene serves as the small subunit of this complex and is a member of the adaptin protein family. Transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

adaptor-related protein complex 1, sigma 3 subunit

This gene encodes a member of the adaptor-related protein complex 1, sigma subunit genes. The encoded protein is a component of adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1), one of the AP complexes involved in claathrin-mediated vesicular transport from the Golgi or endosomes. Disruption of the pathway for display of HIV-1 antigens, which prevents recognition of the virus by cytotoxic T cells, has been shown to involve the AP-1 complex (PMID: 15569716). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of five different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and single representatives of the gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits. The proton channel likely has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the f subunit of the Fo complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. This gene has multiple pseudogenes. Naturally occurring read-through transcription also exists between this gene and the downstream pentatricopeptide repeat domain 1 (PTCD1) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

anaphase promoting complex subunit 1 pseudogene

trafficking protein particle complex 2-like

This gene encodes a protein that interacts with the tethering factor trafficking protein particle (TRAPP complex). TRAPP complexes mediate the contact between vescicles and target membranes, and thus, are involved in vescicle-mediated transport of proteins and lipids. The encoded protein is related to the X-linked trafficking protein particle complex 2. A related pseudogene is located on the X chromosome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

trafficking protein particle complex 2B

Enables transcription corepressor binding activity; transcription regulator inhibitor activity; and transmembrane transporter binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of gene expression and skeletal system development. Located in endoplasmic reticulum; nucleus; and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Part of TRAPP complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adaptor-related protein complex 4, epsilon 1 subunit

This gene encodes a member of the adaptor complexes large subunit protein family. These proteins are components of the heterotetrameric adaptor protein complexes, which play important roles in the secretory and endocytic pathways by mediating vesicle formation and sorting of integral membrane proteins. The encoded protein is a large subunit of adaptor protein complex-4, which is associated with both clathrin- and nonclathrin-coated vesicles. Disruption of this gene may be associated with cerebral palsy. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

NUF2, NDC80 kinetochore complex component

This gene encodes a protein that is highly similar to yeast Nuf2, a component of a conserved protein complex associated with the centromere. Yeast Nuf2 disappears from the centromere during meiotic prophase when centromeres lose their connection to the spindle pole body, and plays a regulatory role in chromosome segregation. The encoded protein is found to be associated with centromeres of mitotic HeLa cells, which suggests that this protein is a functional homolog of yeast Nuf2. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode the same protein have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mediator complex subunit 30

The multiprotein TRAP/Mediator complex facilitates gene expression through a wide variety of transcriptional activators. MED30 is a component of this complex that appears to be metazoan specific (Baek et al., 2002 [PubMed 11909976]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2010]

mediator complex subunit 31

Predicted to enable transcription coregulator activity and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to act upstream of or within limb development and negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation. Part of core mediator complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

exocyst complex component 6B

This gene encodes a protein which is a part of the evolutionarily conserved exocyst, a multimeric protein complex necessary for exocytosis, which in turn, is crucial for cell growth, polarity and migration. Disruption of this gene may be associated with phenotypes exhibiting multiple symptoms including intellectual disability and developmental delay (DD). [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016]

mediator complex subunit 23

The activation of gene transcription is a multistep process that is triggered by factors that recognize transcriptional enhancer sites in DNA. These factors work with co-activators to direct transcriptional initiation by the RNA polymerase II apparatus. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the CRSP (cofactor required for SP1 activation) complex, which, along with TFIID, is required for efficient activation by SP1. This protein is also a component of other multisubunit complexes e.g. thyroid hormone receptor-(TR-) associated proteins which interact with TR and facilitate TR function on DNA templates in conjunction with initiation factors and cofactors. This protein also acts as a metastasis suppressor. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, complex III subunit X

UCRC is a subunit of mitochondrial complex III (ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase; EC 1.10.2.2), which forms the middle segment of the respiratory chain of the inner mitochondrial membrane (Schagger et al., 1995 [PubMed 8592474]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, complex III subunit XI

This gene encodes the smallest known component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex, which forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The encoded protein may function as a binding factor for the iron-sulfur protein in this complex. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

mediator complex subunit 14 pseudogene 1

non-SMC condensin I complex, subunit H

This gene encodes a member of the barr gene family and a regulatory subunit of the condensin complex. This complex is required for the conversion of interphase chromatin into condensed chromosomes. The protein encoded by this gene is associated with mitotic chromosomes, except during the early phase of chromosome condensation. During interphase, the protein has a distinct punctate nucleolar localization. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different proteins have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

non-SMC condensin I complex, subunit G

This gene encodes a subunit of the condensin complex, which is responsible for the condensation and stabilization of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. Phosphorylation of the encoded protein activates the condensin complex. There are pseudogenes for this gene on chromosomes 8 and 15. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 5

The NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone, and consists of at least 43 subunits. The complex is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein that is associated with the matrix face of the mitochondrial inner membrane and is required for complex I assembly. A mutation in this gene results in mitochondrial complex I deficiency. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 4

NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) in the first step of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, resulting in the translocation of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gene encodes a complex I assembly factor. Mutations in this gene are a cause of mitochondrial complex I deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 7

This gene encodes an assembly factor protein which helps in the assembly and stabilization of Complex I, a large multi-subunit enzyme in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Complex I is involved in several physiological activities in the cell, including metabolite transport and ATP synthesis. The encoded protein is a methyltransferase which methylates Arg85 of a subunit of Complex I in the early stages of its assembly. A pseudogene related to this gene is located on chromosome 8. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 6

This gene encodes a protein that localizes to mitochondria and contains a predicted phytoene synthase domain. The encoded protein plays an important role in the assembly of complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain through regulation of subunit ND1 biogenesis. Mutations in this gene are associated with complex I enzymatic deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 1

This gene encodes a complex I assembly factor protein. Complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) in the first step of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, resulting in the translocation of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The encoded protein is required for assembly of complex I, and mutations in this gene are a cause of mitochondrial complex I deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 19. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 3

This gene encodes a mitochondrial complex I assembly protein that interacts with complex I subunits. Mutations in this gene cause mitochondrial complex I deficiency, a fatal neonatal disorder of the oxidative phosphorylation system. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2009]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 2

NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) in the first step of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, resulting in the translocation of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gene encodes a complex I assembly factor. Mutations in this gene cause progressive encephalopathy resulting from mitochondrial complex I deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G5C

LY6G5C belongs to a cluster of leukocyte antigen-6 (LY6) genes located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6. Members of the LY6 superfamily typically contain 70 to 80 amino acids, including 8 to 10 cysteines. Most LY6 proteins are attached to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that is directly involved in signal transduction (Mallya et al., 2002 [PubMed 12079290]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G5B

LY6G5B belongs to a cluster of leukocyte antigen-6 (LY6) genes located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6. Members of the LY6 superfamily typically contain 70 to 80 amino acids, including 8 to 10 cysteines. Most LY6 proteins are attached to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that is directly involved in signal transduction (Mallya et al., 2002 [PubMed 12079290]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, complex III subunit VII, 9.5kDa

This gene encodes a ubiquinone-binding protein of low molecular mass. This protein is a small core-associated protein and a subunit of ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex III, which is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

BRICK1, SCAR/WAVE actin-nucleating complex subunit pseudogene

adaptor-related protein complex 4, mu 1 subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of the heterotetrameric AP-4 complex. The encoded protein belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunits family. This AP-4 complex is involved in the recognition and sorting of cargo proteins with tyrosine-based motifs from the trans-golgi network to the endosomal-lysosomal system. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein (Fp)

This gene encodes a major catalytic subunit of succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, a complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The complex is composed of four nuclear-encoded subunits and is localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Mutations in this gene have been associated with a form of mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency known as Leigh Syndrome. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 3q29. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C, integral membrane protein, 15kDa

This gene encodes one of four nuclear-encoded subunits that comprise succinate dehydrogenase, also known as mitochondrial complex II, a key enzyme complex of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and aerobic respiratory chains of mitochondria. The encoded protein is one of two integral membrane proteins that anchor other subunits of the complex, which form the catalytic core, to the inner mitochondrial membrane. There are several related pseudogenes for this gene on different chromosomes. Mutations in this gene have been associated with paragangliomas. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit B, iron sulfur (Ip)

This tumor suppressor gene encodes the iron-sulfur protein subunit of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme complex which plays a critical role in mitochondria. The SDH enzyme complex is composed of four nuclear-encoded subunits. This enzyme complex converts succinate to fumarate which releases electrons as part of the citric acid cycle, and the enzyme complex additionally provides an attachment site for released electrons to be transferred to the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. The SDH enzyme complex plays a role in oxygen-related gene regulation through its conversion of succinate, which is an oxygen sensor that stabilizes the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) transcription factor. Sporadic and familial mutations in this gene result in paragangliomas, pheochromocytoma, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors, supporting a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and tumorigenesis. Mutations in this gene are also implicated in nuclear type 4 mitochondrial complex II deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2022]

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein

This gene encodes a member of complex II of the respiratory chain, which is responsible for the oxidation of succinate. The encoded protein is one of two integral membrane proteins anchoring the complex to the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Mutations in this gene are associated with the formation of tumors, including hereditary paraganglioma. Transmission of disease occurs almost exclusively through the paternal allele, suggesting that this locus may be maternally imprinted. There are pseudogenes for this gene on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 7, and 18. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2013]

CCR4-NOT transcription complex, subunit 6-like pseudogene 1

MIS12 kinetochore complex component

Involved in attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore and kinetochore assembly. Located in kinetochore and nucleus. Part of MIS12/MIND type complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mediator complex subunit 12-like

The protein encoded by this gene is part of the Mediator complex, which is involved in transcriptional coactivation of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. The Mediator complex links gene-specific transcriptional activators with the basal transcription machinery. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

lin-54 DREAM MuvB core complex component

LIN54 is a component of the LIN, or DREAM, complex, an essential regulator of cell cycle genes (Schmit et al., 2009 [PubMed 19725879]).[supplied by OMIM, Dec 2010]

lin-52 DREAM MuvB core complex component

Predicted to be involved in regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. Predicted to be part of DRM complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear pore complex interacting protein family, member B5

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear pore complex interacting protein pseudogene

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, epsilon subunit pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, epsilon subunit pseudogene 2

Predicted to enable hydrolase activity. Predicted to contribute to proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism. Predicted to be involved in proton motive force-driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

coatomer protein complex, subunit beta 1

This gene encodes a protein subunit of the coatomer complex associated with non-clathrin coated vesicles. The coatomer complex, also known as the coat protein complex 1, forms in the cytoplasm and is recruited to the Golgi by activated guanosine triphosphatases. Once at the Golgi membrane, the coatomer complex may assist in the movement of protein and lipid components back to the endoplasmic reticulum. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009]

coatomer protein complex, subunit beta 2 (beta prime)

The Golgi coatomer complex (see MIM 601924) constitutes the coat of nonclathrin-coated vesicles and is essential for Golgi budding and vesicular trafficking. It consists of 7 protein subunits, including COPB2.[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2002]

actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 1A, 41kDa pseudogene

negative elongation factor complex member B

NELFB is a subunit of negative elongation factor (NELF), which also includes NELFA (WHSC2; MIM 606026), either NELFC or NELFD (TH1L; MIM 605297), and NELFE (RDBP; MIM 154040). NELF acts with DRB sensitivity-inducing factor (DSIF), a heterodimer of SPT4 (SUPT4H1; MIM 603555) and SPT5 (SUPT5H; MIM 602102), to cause transcriptional pausing of RNA polymerase II (see MIM 180660) (Narita et al., 2003 [PubMed 12612062]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

negative elongation factor complex member A

This gene is expressed ubiquitously with higher levels in fetal than in adult tissues. It encodes a protein sharing 93% sequence identity with the mouse protein. Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a malformation syndrome associated with a hemizygous deletion of the distal short arm of chromosome 4. This gene is mapped to the 165 kb WHS critical region, and may play a role in the phenotype of the WHS or Pitt-Rogers-Danks syndrome. The encoded protein is found to be capable of reacting with HLA-A2-restricted and tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, suggesting a target for use in specific immunotherapy for a large number of cancer patients. This protein has also been shown to be a member of the NELF (negative elongation factor) protein complex that participates in the regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription elongation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

negative elongation factor complex member E

The protein encoded by this gene is part of a complex termed negative elongation factor (NELF) which represses RNA polymerase II transcript elongation. This protein bears similarity to nuclear RNA-binding proteins; however, it has not been demonstrated that this protein binds RNA. The protein contains a tract of alternating basic and acidic residues, largely arginine (R) and aspartic acid (D). The gene localizes to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene 4

mediator complex subunit 1

The activation of gene transcription is a multistep process that is triggered by factors that recognize transcriptional enhancer sites in DNA. These factors work with co-activators to direct transcriptional initiation by the RNA polymerase II apparatus. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the CRSP (cofactor required for SP1 activation) complex, which, along with TFIID, is required for efficient activation by SP1. This protein is also a component of other multisubunit complexes e.g. thyroid hormone receptor-(TR-) associated proteins which interact with TR and facilitate TR function on DNA templates in conjunction with initiation factors and cofactors. It also regulates p53-dependent apoptosis and it is essential for adipogenesis. This protein is known to have the ability to self-oligomerize. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mediator complex subunit 6

Enables transcription coactivator activity and transcription coactivator binding activity. Acts upstream of or within positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of core mediator complex and mediator complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mediator complex subunit 4

This gene encodes a component of the Mediator complex. The Mediator complex interacts with DNA-binding gene-specific transcription factors to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

mediator complex subunit 8

This gene encodes a protein component of the mediator complex, which aids in transcriptional activation through interaction with RNA polymerase II and gene-specific transcription factors. The encoded protein may also function in ubiquitin ligation and protein degradation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

mediator complex subunit 9

The multiprotein Mediator complex is a coactivator required for activation of RNA polymerase II transcription by DNA bound transcription factors. The protein encoded by this gene is thought to be a subunit of the Mediator complex. This gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

adaptor-related protein complex 3, sigma 2 subunit

Predicted to be involved in anterograde synaptic vesicle transport and vesicle-mediated transport. Located in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. Part of AP-3 adaptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adaptor-related protein complex 3, sigma 1 subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of the AP3 adaptor complex. This complex functions in the formation of subcellular vesicles budded from the Golgi body. Several related pseudogenes of this gene have been found. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

origin recognition complex, subunit 1 pseudogene

HLA complex group 4 pseudogene 1

HLA complex group 4 pseudogene 2

HLA complex group 4 pseudogene 3

HLA complex group 4 pseudogene 4

HLA complex group 4 pseudogene 5

HLA complex group 4 pseudogene 7

HLA complex group 4 pseudogene 8

HLA complex group 4 pseudogene 9

CD3d molecule, delta (CD3-TCR complex)

The protein encoded by this gene is part of the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex (TCR/CD3 complex) and is involved in T-cell development and signal transduction. The encoded membrane protein represents the delta subunit of the CD3 complex, and along with four other CD3 subunits, binds either TCR alpha/beta or TCR gamma/delta to form the TCR/CD3 complex on the surface of T-cells. Defects in this gene are a cause of severe combined immunodeficiency autosomal recessive T-cell-negative/B-cell-positive/NK-cell-positive (SCIDBNK). Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Other variants may also exist, but the full-length natures of their transcripts has yet to be defined. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]

CD3e molecule, epsilon (CD3-TCR complex)

The protein encoded by this gene is the CD3-epsilon polypeptide, which together with CD3-gamma, -delta and -zeta, and the T-cell receptor alpha/beta and gamma/delta heterodimers, forms the T-cell receptor-CD3 complex. This complex plays an important role in coupling antigen recognition to several intracellular signal-transduction pathways. The genes encoding the epsilon, gamma and delta polypeptides are located in the same cluster on chromosome 11. The epsilon polypeptide plays an essential role in T-cell development. Defects in this gene cause immunodeficiency. This gene has also been linked to a susceptibility to type I diabetes in women. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

CD3g molecule, gamma (CD3-TCR complex)

The protein encoded by this gene is the CD3-gamma polypeptide, which together with CD3-epsilon, -delta and -zeta, and the T-cell receptor alpha/beta and gamma/delta heterodimers, forms the T-cell receptor-CD3 complex. This complex plays an important role in coupling antigen recognition to several intracellular signal-transduction pathways. The genes encoding the epsilon, gamma and delta polypeptides are located in the same cluster on chromosome 11. Defects in this gene are associated with T cell immunodeficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

HLA complex group 24 (non-protein coding)

HLA complex group 26 (non-protein coding)

vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, subunit 1

This gene encodes the catalytic subunit of the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, which is responsible for the reduction of inactive vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to active vitamin K in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Vitamin K is a required co-factor for carboxylation of glutamic acid residues by vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase in blood-clotting enzymes. Allelic variation in this gene is associated with vitamin k-dependent clotting factors combined deficiency of 2, and increased resistance or sensitivity to warfarin, an inhibitor of vitamin K epoxide reductase. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 1 and X. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d, pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d, pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d, pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d, pseudogene 4

vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, subunit 1-like 1

This gene encodes an enzyme important in the vitamin K cycle, which is involved in the carboxylation of glutamate residues present in vitamin K-dependent proteins. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the de-epoxidation of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide. Oxidative stress may upregulate expression of this gene and the encoded protein may protect cells and membrane proteins form oxidative damage. This gene and a related gene (Gene ID: 79001) may have arisen by gene duplication of an ancestral gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

SNF8, ESCRT-II complex subunit, homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex-1, subunit 5, muted

This gene encodes a component of BLOC-1 (biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1). Components of this complex are involved in the biogenesis of organelles such as melanosomes and platelet-dense granules. A mouse model for Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome is mutated in the murine version of this gene. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Read-through transcription exists between this gene and the upstream EEF1E1 (eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 epsilon 1) gene, as well as with the downstream TXNDC5 (thioredoxin domain containing 5) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex-1, subunit 3

This gene encodes a protein that is a component of the BLOC1 multi-subunit protein complex. This complex is necessary for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, including platelet dense granules and melanosomes. Mutations in this gene cause Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 8, a disease characterized by lysosomal storage defects, bleeding due to platelet storage pool deficiency, and oculocutaneous albinism. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex-1, subunit 2

This gene encodes a protein with multiple functions. The encoded protein has been found in association with the centrosome, shown to co-localize with gamma-tubulin, and also found to be one of the proteins in the BLOC-1 complex which functions in the formation of lysosome-related organelles. A pseudogene of this gene is located on the X chromosome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 9

Contributes to membrane insertase activity. Involved in protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence and tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane. Located in cytoplasm. Part of EMC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 8

Contributes to membrane insertase activity. Involved in protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence and tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane. Located in Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. Part of EMC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 3

Contributes to membrane insertase activity. Involved in protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence and tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Part of EMC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 2

Contributes to membrane insertase activity. Involved in protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence and tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Is extrinsic component of endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Part of EMC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 1

This gene encodes a single-pass type I transmembrane protein, which is a subunit of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC). Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2012]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 7

Contributes to membrane insertase activity. Involved in protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence and tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Part of EMC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 6

Contributes to membrane insertase activity. Involved in autophagosome assembly; protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence; and tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane and omegasome membrane. Part of EMC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 4

Contributes to membrane insertase activity. Involved in protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence and tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Part of EMC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Carney complex type 2, multiple neoplasia and lentiginosis

exocyst complex component 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the exocyst complex, a multi-protein complex essential for the polarized targeting of exocytic vesicles to specific docking sites on the plasma membrane. Though best characterized in yeast, the component proteins and the functions of the exocyst complex have been demonstrated to be highly conserved in higher eukaryotes. At least eight components of the exocyst complex, including this protein, are found to interact with the actin cytoskeletal remodeling and vesicle transport machinery. This interaction has been shown to mediate filopodia formation in fibroblasts. This protein has been shown to interact with the Ral subfamily of GTPases and thereby mediate exocytosis by tethering vesicles to the plasma membrane. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

exocyst complex component 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the exocyst complex, a multiple protein complex essential for targeting exocytic vesicles to specific docking sites on the plasma membrane. Though best characterized in yeast, the component proteins and functions of exocyst complex have been demonstrated to be highly conserved in higher eukaryotes. At least eight components of the exocyst complex, including this protein, are found to interact with the actin cytoskeletal remodeling and vesicle transport machinery. The complex is also essential for the biogenesis of epithelial cell surface polarity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

exocyst complex component 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the exocyst complex, a multiple protein complex essential for targeting exocytic vesicles to specific docking sites on the plasma membrane. Though best characterized in yeast, the component proteins and functions of the exocyst complex have been demonstrated to be highly conserved in higher eukaryotes. At least eight components of the exocyst complex, including this protein, are found to interact with the actin cytoskeletal remodeling and vesicle transport machinery. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

exocyst complex component 6

The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SEC15 gene product, which is essential for vesicular traffic from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface in yeast. It is one of the components of a multiprotein complex required for exocytosis. The 5' portion of this gene and two neighboring cytochrome p450 genes are included in a deletion that results in an autosomal-dominant form of nonsyndromic optic nerve aplasia (ONA). Alternative splicing and the use of alternative promoters results in multiple transcript variants. A paralogous gene encoding a similar protein is present on chromosome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

exocyst complex component 7

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the exocyst complex. The exocyst complex plays a critical role in vesicular trafficking and the secretory pathway by targeting post-Golgi vesicles to the plasma membrane. The encoded protein is required for assembly of the exocyst complex and docking of the complex to the plasma membrane. The encoded protein may also play a role in pre-mRNA splicing through interactions with pre-mRNA-processing factor 19. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 4. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

exocyst complex component 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the exocyst complex, a multiple protein complex essential for targeting exocytic vesicles to specific docking sites on the plasma membrane. Though best characterized in yeast, the component proteins and functions of exocyst complex have been demonstrated to be highly conserved in higher eukaryotes. At least eight components of the exocyst complex, including this protein, are found to interact with the actin cytoskeletal remodeling and vesicle transport machinery. The complex is also essential for the biogenesis of epithelial cell surface polarity. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

exocyst complex component 5

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the exocyst complex, a multiple protein complex essential for targeting exocytic vesicles to specific docking sites on the plasma membrane. Though best characterized in yeast, the component proteins and functions of exocyst complex have been demonstrated to be highly conserved in higher eukaryotes. At least eight components of the exocyst complex, including this protein, are found to interact with the actin cytoskeletal remodeling and vesicle transport machinery. The complex is also essential for the biogenesis of epithelial cell surface polarity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

exocyst complex component 8

This gene encodes a component of the exocyst complex, an evolutionarily conserved multi-protein complex that plays a critical role in vesicular trafficking and the secretory pathway by targeting post-Golgi vesicles to the plasma membrane. This protein is a target of activated Ral subfamily of GTPases and thereby regulates exocytosis by tethering vesicles to the plasma membrane. Mutations in this gene may be related to Joubert syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

enhancer of zeste 1 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit

EZH1 is a component of a noncanonical Polycomb repressive complex-2 (PRC2) that mediates methylation of histone H3 (see MIM 602812) lys27 (H3K27) and functions in the maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency and plasticity (Shen et al., 2008 [PubMed 19026780]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2009]

enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit

This gene encodes a member of the Polycomb-group (PcG) family. PcG family members form multimeric protein complexes, which are involved in maintaining the transcriptional repressive state of genes over successive cell generations. This protein associates with the embryonic ectoderm development protein, the VAV1 oncoprotein, and the X-linked nuclear protein. This protein may play a role in the hematopoietic and central nervous systems. Multiple alternatively splcied transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

TEN1 CST complex subunit

C17ORF106, or TEN1, appears to function in a telomere-associated complex with STN1 (OBFC1; MIM 613128) and CTC1 (C17ORF68; MIM 613129) (Miyake et al., 2009 [PubMed 19854130]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2009]

KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 3

Involved in regulation of mitochondrial transcription. Located in mitochondrion and nucleoplasm. Part of NSL complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 2

Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Located in several cellular components, including actin cytoskeleton; cytosol; and nucleoplasm. Part of NSL complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 1

This gene encodes a nuclear protein that is a subunit of two protein complexes involved with histone acetylation, the MLL1 complex and the NSL1 complex. The encoded protein has been implicated in a variety of cellular processes including enhancer regulation, cell proliferation, and mitosis. Mutations in this gene are associated with Koolen-de Vries Syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, May 2022]

minichromosome maintenance complex binding protein

This gene encodes a protein which is a component of the hexameric minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex which regulates initiation and elongation of DNA. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, subunit 1-like 1 pseudogene

signal peptidase complex subunit 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 1

signal peptidase complex subunit 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 2

integrator complex subunit 3

The protein encoded by this gene can form a complex with human single-strand DNA binding proteins 1 or 2 (hSSB1 and hSSB2) and other proteins to mediate genome stability and the DNA damage response. The encoded protein is also part of a multiprotein complex that interacts with the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II large subunit to help regulate processing of U1 and U2 small nuclear RNAs. [provided by RefSeq, May 2016]

integrator complex subunit 2

INTS2 is a subunit of the Integrator complex, which associates with the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II large subunit (POLR2A; MIM 180660) and mediates 3-prime end processing of small nuclear RNAs U1 (RNU1; MIM 180680) and U2 (RNU2; MIM 180690) (Baillat et al., 2005 [PubMed 16239144]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

integrator complex subunit 1

INTS1 is a subunit of the Integrator complex, which associates with the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II large subunit (POLR2A; MIM 180660) and mediates 3-prime end processing of small nuclear RNAs U1 (RNU1; MIM 180680) and U2 (RNU2; MIM 180690) (Baillat et al., 2005 [PubMed 16239144]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

integrator complex subunit 7

This gene encodes a subunit of the integrator complex. The integrator complex associates with the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II and mediates 3'-end processing of the small nuclear RNAs U1 and U2. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

integrator complex subunit 6

DEAD box proteins, characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD), are putative RNA helicases. The protein encoded by this gene is a DEAD box protein that is part of a complex that interacts with the C-terminus of RNA polymerase II and is involved in 3' end processing of snRNAs. In addition, this gene is a candidate tumor suppressor and is located in the critical region of loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015]

integrator complex subunit 5

The Integrator complex is a complex that associates with the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II large subunit. This complex is brought to U1 and U2 small nuclear RNA genes, where it is involved in the transcription and processing of their transcripts. The protein encoded by this gene represents a subunit of the Integrator complex. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

integrator complex subunit 4

INTS4 is a subunit of the Integrator complex, which associates with the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II large subunit (POLR2A; MIM 180660) and mediates 3-prime end processing of small nuclear RNAs U1 (RNU1; MIM 180680) and U2 (RNU2; MIM 180690) (Baillat et al., 2005 [PubMed 16239144]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

integrator complex subunit 9

This gene encodes a subunit of the Integrator complex. This protein complex binds the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II and likely plays a role in small nuclear RNA processing. The encoded protein has similarities to the subunits of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

integrator complex subunit 8

This gene encodes a subunit of the Integrator complex which is involved in the cleavage of small nuclear RNAs U1 and U2 within the nucleus. The encoded protein associates with RNA polymerase II and is recruited to the U1 and U2 small nuclear RNA genes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C, integral membrane protein, 15kDa pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C3 (subunit 9)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene is one of three genes that encode subunit c of the proton channel. Each of the three genes have distinct mitochondrial import sequences but encode the identical mature protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different proteins have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and single representatives of the gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits. The proton channel likely has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). There are three separate genes which encode subunit c of the proton channel and they specify precursors with different import sequences but identical mature proteins. The protein encoded by this gene is one of three precursors of subunit c. This gene has multiple pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2018]

SNF8, ESCRT-II complex subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II), which regulates the movement of ubiquitinylated transmembrane proteins to the lysosome for degradation. This complex also interacts with the RNA polymerase II elongation factor (ELL) to overcome the repressive effects of ELL on RNA polymerase II activity. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome complex 2

mediator complex subunit 28 pseudogene 3

mediator complex subunit 28 pseudogene 1

mediator complex subunit 28 pseudogene 7

mediator complex subunit 28 pseudogene 4

mediator complex subunit 28 pseudogene 8

CCR4-NOT transcription complex, subunit 4 pseudogene 1

GID complex subunit 4

The multiprotein Mediator complex is a coactivator required for activation of RNA polymerase II transcription by DNA bound transcription factors. The protein encoded by this gene is thought to be a subunit of the Mediator complex. This gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

GID complex subunit 8

Predicted to enable protein homodimerization activity. Involved in positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway and positive regulation of cell population proliferation. Located in cell junction; cytosol; and nucleoplasm. Part of ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

anaphase promoting complex subunit 13

This gene encodes a component of the anaphase promoting complex, a large ubiquitin-protein ligase that controls cell cycle progression by regulating the degradation of cell cycle regulators such as B-type cyclins. The encoded protein is evolutionarily conserved and is required for the integrity and ubiquitin ligase activity of the anaphase promoting complex. Pseudogenes and splice variants have been found for this gene; however, the biological validity of some of the splice variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

anaphase-promoting complex subunit 1-like

nuclear pore complex-interacting protein family member B4-like

anaphase-promoting complex subunit 1-like

nascent polypeptide-associated complex subunit alpha, muscle-specific form-like

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 7 pseudogene

CCR4-NOT transcription complex, subunit 6-like

Predicted to enable poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity. Involved in positive regulation of cell population proliferation and positive regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly. Located in cytosol and nucleus. Part of CCR4-NOT complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SPEG complex locus

This gene encodes a protein with similarity to members of the myosin light chain kinase family. This protein family is required for myocyte cytoskeletal development. Along with the desmin gene, expression of this gene may be controlled by the desmin locus control region. Mutations in this gene are associated with centronuclear myopathy 5. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016]

GNAS complex locus

This locus has a highly complex imprinted expression pattern. It gives rise to maternally, paternally, and biallelically expressed transcripts that are derived from four alternative promoters and 5' exons. Some transcripts contain a differentially methylated region (DMR) at their 5' exons, and this DMR is commonly found in imprinted genes and correlates with transcript expression. An antisense transcript is produced from an overlapping locus on the opposite strand. One of the transcripts produced from this locus, and the antisense transcript, are paternally expressed noncoding RNAs, and may regulate imprinting in this region. In addition, one of the transcripts contains a second overlapping ORF, which encodes a structurally unrelated protein - Alex. Alternative splicing of downstream exons is also observed, which results in different forms of the stimulatory G-protein alpha subunit, a key element of the classical signal transduction pathway linking receptor-ligand interactions with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and a variety of cellular reponses. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Mutations in this gene result in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a, pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1b, Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, McCune-Albright syndrome, progressive osseus heteroplasia, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone, and some pituitary tumors. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

integrator complex subunit 6 pseudogene 1

nuclear pore complex interacting protein family, member A8

nuclear pore complex interacting protein family, member A5

nuclear pore complex interacting protein family, member A7

nuclear pore complex interacting protein family, member A1

Predicted to be involved in mRNA transport and protein transport. Predicted to be located in nuclear membrane. Predicted to be part of nuclear pore. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear pore complex interacting protein family, member A2

Predicted to be involved in mRNA transport and protein transport. Predicted to be located in nuclear membrane. Predicted to be part of nuclear pore. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear pore complex interacting protein family, member A3

nascent polypeptide-associated complex subunit alpha, muscle-specific form-like

coatomer protein complex, subunit zeta 1

This gene encodes a subunit of the cytoplasmic coatamer protein complex, which is involved in autophagy and intracellular protein trafficking. The coatomer protein complex is comprised of seven subunits and functions as the coat protein of coat protein complex (COP)I-vesicles. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

coatomer protein complex, subunit zeta 2

This gene encodes a member of the adaptor complexes small subunit family. The encoded protein is a subunit of the coatomer protein complex, a seven-subunit complex that functions in the formation of COPI-type, non-clathrin-coated vesicles. COPI vesicles function in the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

t-complex 11, testis-specific

Involved in germ cell development. Located in acrosomal vesicle and sperm flagellum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

t-complex 10

synaptonemal complex central element protein 3

Predicted to be involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination; spermatogenesis; and synaptonemal complex assembly. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of apoptotic process; positive regulation of developmental process; and positive regulation of reproductive process. Predicted to be located in chromosome and nucleus. Predicted to be active in central element. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

coatomer protein complex, subunit gamma 2

Predicted to enable structural molecule activity. Involved in intra-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport. Part of COPI vesicle coat. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

coatomer protein complex, subunit gamma 1

Predicted to enable structural molecule activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including Golgi vesicle transport; establishment of Golgi localization; and organelle transport along microtubule. Located in Golgi apparatus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C pseudogene 1

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C pseudogene 2

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C pseudogene 3

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C pseudogene 4

HLA complex group 15 (non-protein coding)

HLA complex group 11 (non-protein coding)

mediator complex subunit 13 pseudogene

nucleolar complex associated 4 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in rRNA processing. Located in nucleolus and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

KH domain containing 3-like, subcortical maternal complex member

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the KHDC1 family, members of which contain an atypical KH domain that may not bind RNA like canonical KH domains. This gene is specifically expressed in the oocytes, and recent studies suggest that it may function as a regulator of genomic imprinting in the oocyte. Mutations in this gene are associated with recurrent biparental complete hydatidiform mole. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

exocyst complex component 7 pseudogene 1

HLA complex group 19 pseudogene

activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 3

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to a family of helicases that are involved in the ATP-dependent unwinding of nucleic acid duplexes. The encoded protein is the largest subunit of the activating signal cointegrator 1 complex that is involved in DNA repair and resistance to alkylation damage. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 2

Enables K63-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding activity. Involved in regulation of DNA-templated transcription; rescue of stalled ribosome; and ribosome-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nucleus. Part of DNA repair complex and activating signal cointegrator 1 complex. Is active in cytosolic ribosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 1

This gene encodes a subunit of the activating signal cointegrator 1 (ASC-1) complex. The ASC-1 complex is a transcriptional coactivator that plays an important role in gene transactivation by multiple transcription factors including activating protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) and serum response factor (SRF). The encoded protein contains an N-terminal KH-type RNA-binding motif which is required for AP-1 transactivation by the ASC-1 complex. Mutations in this gene are associated with Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Alternatively spliced transcripts encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 1-like

signal peptidase complex subunit 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 4

signal peptidase complex subunit 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 7

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 8

lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G6F

The human G6f protein is a type I transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobin (Ig) superfamily, which is comprised of cell-surface proteins involved in the immune system and cellular recognition (de Vet et al., 2003 [PubMed 12852788]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

adaptor-related protein complex 2, sigma 1 subunit

One of two major clathrin-associated adaptor complexes, AP-2, is a heterotetramer which is associated with the plasma membrane. This complex is composed of two large chains, a medium chain, and a small chain. This gene encodes the small chain of this complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

NDUFA4, mitochondrial complex associated

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the complex I 9kDa subunit family. Mammalian complex I of mitochondrial respiratory chain is composed of 45 different subunits. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It transfers electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

synaptonemal complex central element protein 2

The protein encoded by this gene is part of the synaptonemal complex formed between homologous chromosomes during meiotic prophase. The encoded protein associates with SYCP1 and SYCE1 and is found only where chromosome cores are synapsed. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

HAUS augmin-like complex, subunit 8

HAUS8 is 1 of 8 subunits of the 390-kD human augmin complex, or HAUS complex. The augmin complex was first identified in Drosophila, and its name comes from the Latin verb 'augmentare,' meaning 'to increase.' The augmin complex is a microtubule-binding complex involved in microtubule generation within the mitotic spindle and is vital to mitotic spindle assembly (Goshima et al., 2008 [PubMed 18443220]; Uehara et al., 2009 [PubMed 19369198]).[supplied by OMIM, Jun 2010]

HAUS augmin-like complex, subunit 6

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the augmin complex. The augmin complex plays a role in microtubule attachment to the kinetochore and central spindle formation. This protein may have a role in efficient chromosome congression and segregation by promoting microtubule-dependent microtubule amplification. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 7 and 20. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

HAUS augmin-like complex, subunit 7

This gene encodes a subunit of the augmin complex, which regulates centrosome and mitotic spindle integrity, and is necessary for the completion of cytokinesis. The encoded protein was identified by interaction with ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase 37. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2012]

HAUS augmin-like complex, subunit 4

This gene encodes a subunit of the centrosome complex termed the human augmin complex. The encoded protein localizes to the spindle microtubules and may play a role in mitotic spindle assembly and maintenance of centrosome integrity during cell division. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 1. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

HAUS augmin-like complex, subunit 5

HAUS5 is 1 of 8 subunits of the 390-kD human augmin complex, or HAUS complex. The augmin complex was first identified in Drosophila, and its name comes from the Latin verb 'augmentare,' meaning 'to increase.' The augmin complex is a microtubule-binding complex involved in microtubule generation within the mitotic spindle and is vital to mitotic spindle assembly (Goshima et al., 2008 [PubMed 18443220]; Uehara et al., 2009 [PubMed 19369198]).[supplied by OMIM, Jun 2010]

HAUS augmin-like complex, subunit 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the augmin complex. The augmin complex plays a role in microtubule attachment to the kinetochore and central spindle formation. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

HAUS augmin-like complex, subunit 3

This gene encodes a component of the HAUS augmin-like protein complex, which plays a key role in cytokinesis and mitosis. Disruption of the encoded protein causes mitotic defects resulting from fragmentation of centrosomes and microtubule destabilization. This gene shares its 5' exons with some transcripts from overlapping GeneID: 353497, which encodes a DNA polymerase. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

HAUS augmin-like complex, subunit 1

HAUS1 is 1 of 8 subunits of the 390-kD human augmin complex, or HAUS complex. The augmin complex was first identified in Drosophila, and its name comes from the Latin verb 'augmentare,' meaning 'to increase.' The augmin complex is a microtubule-binding complex involved in microtubule generation within the mitotic spindle and is vital to mitotic spindle assembly (Goshima et al., 2008 [PubMed 18443220]; Uehara et al., 2009 [PubMed 19369198]).[supplied by OMIM, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 10

actin-related protein 2/3 complex inhibitor

Involved in directional locomotion; negative regulation of cell migration; and negative regulation of cellular component organization. Predicted to be located in lamellipodium. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 2 pseudogene

nucleolar complex associated 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

golgi SNAP receptor complex member 2

This gene encodes a trafficking membrane protein which transports proteins among the medial- and trans-Golgi compartments. Due to its chromosomal location and trafficking function, this gene may be involved in familial essential hypertension. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

nascent polypeptide-associated complex alpha subunit 2 pseudogene

mediator complex subunit 10

MED10 is a component of the Mediator complex, which is a coactivator for DNA-binding factors that activate transcription via RNA polymerase II (Sato et al., 2003 [PubMed 12584197]).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2008]

mediator complex subunit 11

MED11 is a component of the Mediator complex, which is a coactivator for DNA-binding factors that activate transcription via RNA polymerase II (Sato et al., 2003 [PubMed 12584197]).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2008]

mediator complex subunit 12

The initiation of transcription is controlled in part by a large protein assembly known as the preinitiation complex. A component of this preinitiation complex is a 1.2 MDa protein aggregate called Mediator. This Mediator component binds with a CDK8 subcomplex which contains the protein encoded by this gene, mediator complex subunit 12 (MED12), along with MED13, CDK8 kinase, and cyclin C. The CDK8 subcomplex modulates Mediator-polymerase II interactions and thereby regulates transcription initiation and reinitation rates. The MED12 protein is essential for activating CDK8 kinase. Defects in this gene cause X-linked Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome, also known as FG syndrome, and Lujan-Fryns syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2009]

mediator complex subunit 13

This gene encodes a component of the mediator complex (also known as TRAP, SMCC, DRIP, or ARC), a transcriptional coactivator complex thought to be required for the expression of almost all genes. The mediator complex is recruited by transcriptional activators or nuclear receptors to induce gene expression, possibly by interacting with RNA polymerase II and promoting the formation of a transcriptional pre-initiation complex. The product of this gene is proposed to form a sub-complex with MED12, cyclin C, and CDK8 that can negatively regulate transactivation by mediator. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mediator complex subunit 14

The activation of gene transcription is a multistep process that is triggered by factors that recognize transcriptional enhancer sites in DNA. These factors work with co-activators to direct transcriptional initiation by the RNA polymerase II apparatus. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the CRSP (cofactor required for SP1 activation) complex, which, along with TFIID, is required for efficient activation by SP1. This protein is also a component of other multisubunit complexes e.g. thyroid hormone receptor-(TR-) associated proteins which interact with TR and facilitate TR function on DNA templates in conjunction with initiation factors and cofactors. This protein contains a bipartite nuclear localization signal. This gene is known to escape chromosome X-inactivation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mediator complex subunit 15

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the multiprotein complexes PC2 and ARC/DRIP and may function as a transcriptional coactivator in RNA polymerase II transcription. This gene contains stretches of trinucleotide repeats and is located in the chromosome 22 region which is deleted in DiGeorge syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

mediator complex subunit 16

Enables nuclear thyroid hormone receptor binding activity and transcription coactivator activity. Involved in positive regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II. Located in membrane. Part of core mediator complex and mediator complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mediator complex subunit 17

The activation of gene transcription is a multistep process that is triggered by factors that recognize transcriptional enhancer sites in DNA. These factors work with co-activators to direct transcriptional initiation by the RNA polymerase II apparatus. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the CRSP (cofactor required for SP1 activation) complex, which, along with TFIID, is required for efficient activation by SP1. This protein is also a component of other multisubunit complexes e.g. thyroid hormone receptor-(TR-) associated proteins which interact with TR and facilitate TR function on DNA templates in conjunction with initiation factors and cofactors. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mediator complex subunit 18

MED18 is a component of the Mediator complex, which is a coactivator for DNA-binding factors that activate transcription via RNA polymerase II (Sato et al., 2003 [PubMed 12584197]).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2008]

mediator complex subunit 19

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the Mediator complex, which binds to gene-specific regulatory factors and provides support for the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. This gene has been implicated in the growth of several types of cancer, and inhibition of its expression inhibits the growth and spread of these cancers. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

XK, Kell blood group complex subunit-related family, member 9

Predicted to enable phospholipid scramblase activity. Predicted to be involved in apoptotic process involved in development; engulfment of apoptotic cell; and phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

XK, Kell blood group complex subunit-related family, member 8

Enables phospholipid scramblase activity. Involved in engulfment of apoptotic cell; phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface; and positive regulation of myoblast differentiation. Located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 7

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 6

mediator complex subunit 27 pseudogene

anaphase promoting complex subunit 1 pseudogene

UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A complex locus

This RefSeq represents a complex locus that encodes several UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. The locus includes thirteen unique alternate first exons followed by four common exons. Four of the alternate first exons are considered pseudogenes. Each of the remaining nine 5' exons may be spliced to the four common exons, resulting in nine proteins with different N-termini and identical C-termini. Each first exon encodes the substrate binding site, and is regulated by its own promoter. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NDUFA4, mitochondrial complex associated pseudogene

lin-37 DREAM MuvB core complex component

This gene encodes a protein expressed in the eye. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

adaptor-related protein complex 3, delta 1 subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the AP3 adaptor-like complex, which is not clathrin-associated, but is associated with the golgi region, as well as more peripheral structures. The AP-3 complex facilitates the budding of vesicles from the golgi membrane, and may be directly involved in trafficking to lysosomes. This subunit is implicated in intracellular biogenesis and trafficking of pigment granules, and possibly platelet dense granules and neurotransmitter vesicles. Defects in this gene are a cause of a new type of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

BRICK1, SCAR/WAVE actin-nucleating complex subunit

Enables identical protein binding activity. Contributes to small GTPase binding activity. Involved in Rac protein signal transduction and positive regulation of cellular component organization. Located in extracellular exosome. Part of SCAR complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

t-complex 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a molecular chaperone that is a member of the chaperonin containing TCP1 complex (CCT), also known as the TCP1 ring complex (TRiC). This complex consists of two identical stacked rings, each containing eight different proteins. Unfolded polypeptides enter the central cavity of the complex and are folded in an ATP-dependent manner. The complex folds various proteins, including actin and tubulin. Alternate transcriptional splice variants of this gene, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. In addition, three pseudogenes that appear to be derived from this gene have been found. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

synaptonemal complex protein 3

This gene encodes an essential structural component of the synaptonemal complex. This complex is involved in synapsis, recombination and segregation of meiotic chromosomes. Mutations in this gene are associated with azoospermia in males and susceptibility to pregnancy loss in females. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

nuclear pore complex-interacting protein family member B7-like

UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide A1, complex locus pseudogene

adaptor-related protein complex 1, mu 2 subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of the heterotetrameric adaptor-related protein comlex 1 (AP-1), which belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunits family. This protein is capable of interacting with tyrosine-based sorting signals. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

adaptor-related protein complex 1, mu 1 subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is the medium chain of the trans-Golgi network clathrin-associated protein complex AP-1. The other components of this complex are beta-prime-adaptin, gamma-adaptin, and the small chain AP1S1. This complex is located at the Golgi vesicle and links clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles. These vesicles are involved in endocytosis and Golgi processing. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct protein isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase mitochondrial F1 complex assembly factor 2

This gene encodes an assembly factor for the F(1) component of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. This protein binds specifically to the F1 alpha subunit and is thought to prevent this subunit from forming nonproductive homooligomers during enzyme assembly. This gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. An alternatively spliced transcript variant has been described, but its biological validity has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase mitochondrial F1 complex assembly factor 1

This gene encodes an assembly factor for the F(1) component of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. This protein binds specifically to the F1 beta subunit and is thought to prevent this subunit from forming nonproductive homooligomers during enzyme assembly. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

minichromosome maintenance complex component 7

The protein encoded by this gene is one of the highly conserved mini-chromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) that are essential for the initiation of eukaryotic genome replication. The hexameric protein complex formed by the MCM proteins is a key component of the pre-replication complex (pre_RC) and may be involved in the formation of replication forks and in the recruitment of other DNA replication related proteins. The MCM complex consisting of this protein and MCM2, 4 and 6 proteins possesses DNA helicase activity, and may act as a DNA unwinding enzyme. Cyclin D1-dependent kinase, CDK4, is found to associate with this protein, and may regulate the binding of this protein with the tumorsuppressor protein RB1/RB. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

minichromosome maintenance complex component 6

The protein encoded by this gene is one of the highly conserved mini-chromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) that are essential for the initiation of eukaryotic genome replication. The hexameric protein complex formed by the MCM proteins is a key component of the pre-replication complex (pre_RC) and may be involved in the formation of replication forks and in the recruitment of other DNA replication related proteins. The MCM complex consisting of this protein and MCM2, 4 and 7 proteins possesses DNA helicase activity, and may act as a DNA unwinding enzyme. The phosphorylation of the complex by CDC2 kinase reduces the helicase activity, suggesting a role in the regulation of DNA replication. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the intron regions of this gene are associated with differential transcriptional activation of the promoter of the neighboring lactase gene and, thereby, influence lactose intolerance in early adulthood. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

minichromosome maintenance complex component 5

The protein encoded by this gene is structurally very similar to the CDC46 protein from S. cerevisiae, a protein involved in the initiation of DNA replication. The encoded protein is a member of the MCM family of chromatin-binding proteins and can interact with at least two other members of this family. The encoded protein is upregulated in the transition from the G0 to G1/S phase of the cell cycle and may actively participate in cell cycle regulation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

minichromosome maintenance complex component 4

The protein encoded by this gene is one of the highly conserved mini-chromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) that are essential for the initiation of eukaryotic genome replication. The hexameric protein complex formed by MCM proteins is a key component of the pre-replication complex (pre_RC) and may be involved in the formation of replication forks and in the recruitment of other DNA replication related proteins. The MCM complex consisting of this protein and MCM2, 6 and 7 proteins possesses DNA helicase activity, and may act as a DNA unwinding enzyme. The phosphorylation of this protein by CDC2 kinase reduces the DNA helicase activity and chromatin binding of the MCM complex. This gene is mapped to a region on the chromosome 8 head-to-head next to the PRKDC/DNA-PK, a DNA-activated protein kinase involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

minichromosome maintenance complex component 2

The protein encoded by this gene is one of the highly conserved mini-chromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) that are involved in the initiation of eukaryotic genome replication. The hexameric protein complex formed by MCM proteins is a key component of the pre-replication complex (pre_RC) and may be involved in the formation of replication forks and in the recruitment of other DNA replication related proteins. This protein forms a complex with MCM4, 6, and 7, and has been shown to regulate the helicase activity of the complex. This protein is phosphorylated, and thus regulated by, protein kinases CDC2 and CDC7. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been defined. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

dual specificity phosphatase 11 (RNA/RNP complex 1-interacting)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the dual specificity protein phosphatase subfamily. These phosphatases inactivate their target kinases by dephosphorylating both the phosphoserine/threonine and phosphotyrosine residues. They negatively regulate members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase superfamily (MAPK/ERK, SAPK/JNK, p38), which is associated with cellular proliferation and differentiation. Different members of the family of dual specificity phosphatases show distinct substrate specificities for various MAP kinases, different tissue distribution and subcellular localization, and different modes of inducibility of their expression by extracellular stimuli. This gene product is localized to the nucleus and binds directly to RNA and splicing factors, and thus it is suggested to participate in nuclear mRNA metabolism. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2008]

minichromosome maintenance complex component 9

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) protein family that are essential for the initiation of eukaryotic genome replication. Binding of this protein to chromatin has been shown to be a pre-requisite for recruiting the MCM2-7 helicase to DNA replication origins. This protein also binds, and is a positive regulator of, the chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1, CDT1. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 7

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 6

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 3