Harmonizome 3.0

From Gene Expression Omnibus

mRNA expression profiles for cell lines or tissues following kinase perturbation (inhibition, activation, knockdown, knockout, over-expression, mutation)

From LINCS Kinativ

Percent inhibition of kinases by small molecules measured in cell lysates

From LINCS KinomeScan

Kinase inhibitor targets from percent inhibition of kinases by small molecules measured using purified kinases

From Kinase Library

A phosphoproteomics atlas detailing phosphorylation of protein substrates by 303 serine/threonine kinases in the human kinome.

From Kinase Library

A phosphoproteomics atlas detailing phosphorylation of protein substrates by 93 canonical and non-canonical tyrosine kinases in the human kinome.

From Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium

RNA-seq gene expression profiles for rat tissue samples across 4 time points and 19 tissues

From Kinase Enrichment Analysis

Protein substrates of kinases from published low-throughput and high-throughput phosphoproteomics studies

myosin light chain kinase family, member 4

Predicted to enable myosin light chain kinase activity. Predicted to be involved in signal transduction. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin light chain kinase 2

This gene encodes a myosin light chain kinase, a calcium/calmodulin dependent enzyme, that is exclusively expressed in adult skeletal muscle. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin light chain kinase 3

Phosphorylation of cardiac myosin heavy chains (see MYH7B, MIM 609928) and light chains (see MYL2, MIM 160781) by a kinase, such as MYLK3, potentiates the force and rate of cross-bridge recruitment in cardiac myocytes (Chan et al., 2008 [PubMed 18202317]).[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2008]

myosin light chain kinase pseudogene 1 (functional)

myosin light chain kinase pseudogene

myosin light chain kinase

This gene, a muscle member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, encodes myosin light chain kinase which is a calcium/calmodulin dependent enzyme. This kinase phosphorylates myosin regulatory light chains to facilitate myosin interaction with actin filaments to produce contractile activity. This gene encodes both smooth muscle and nonmuscle isoforms. In addition, using a separate promoter in an intron in the 3' region, it encodes telokin, a small protein identical in sequence to the C-terminus of myosin light chain kinase, that is independently expressed in smooth muscle and functions to stabilize unphosphorylated myosin filaments. A pseudogene is located on the p arm of chromosome 3. Four transcript variants that produce four isoforms of the calcium/calmodulin dependent enzyme have been identified as well as two transcripts that produce two isoforms of telokin. Additional variants have been identified but lack full length transcripts. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin, light chain 8, pseudogene

myosin, light chain 9, regulatory pseudogene

myosin, light chain 6B pseudogene 1

myosin, light chain, cardiac muscle-like 1

myosin, light chain 12B, regulatory

The activity of nonmuscle myosin II (see MYH9; MIM 160775) is regulated by phosphorylation of a regulatory light chain, such as MRLC2. This phosphorylation results in higher MgATPase activity and the assembly of myosin II filaments (Iwasaki et al., 2001 [PubMed 11942626]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

myosin, light chain 12A, regulatory, non-sarcomeric

This gene encodes a nonsarcomeric myosin regulatory light chain. This protein is activated by phosphorylation and regulates smooth muscle and non-muscle cell contraction. This protein may also be involved in DNA damage repair by sequestering the transcriptional regulator apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor (AATF)/Che-1 which functions as a repressor of p53-driven apoptosis. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 8.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

myosin regulatory light chain interacting protein

The ERM protein family members ezrin, radixin, and moesin are cytoskeletal effector proteins linking actin to membrane-bound proteins at the cell surface. Myosin regulatory light chain interacting protein (MYLIP) is a novel ERM-like protein that interacts with myosin regulatory light chain and inhibits neurite outgrowth. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin, light chain 9, regulatory pseudogene

myosin, light chain 12B, regulatory pseudogene

myosin, light chain 12B, regulatory pseudogene

myosin, light chain 12B, regulatory pseudogene

myosin, light chain 6, alkali, smooth muscle and non-muscle

Myosin is a hexameric ATPase cellular motor protein. It is composed of two heavy chains, two nonphosphorylatable alkali light chains, and two phosphorylatable regulatory light chains. This gene encodes a myosin alkali light chain that is expressed in smooth muscle and non-muscle tissues. Genomic sequences representing several pseudogenes have been described and two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin, light chain 7, regulatory

Predicted to enable calcium ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cardiac muscle tissue development and heart contraction. Located in A band. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin, light chain 4, alkali; atrial, embryonic

Myosin is a hexameric ATPase cellular motor protein. It is composed of two myosin heavy chains, two nonphosphorylatable myosin alkali light chains, and two phosphorylatable myosin regulatory light chains. This gene encodes a myosin alkali light chain that is found in embryonic muscle and adult atria. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin, light chain 5, regulatory

This gene encodes one of the myosin light chains, a component of the hexameric ATPase cellular motor protein myosin. Myosin is composed of two heavy chains, two nonphosphorylatable alkali light chains, and two phosphorylatable regulatory light chains. This gene product, one of the regulatory light chains, is expressed in fetal muscle and in adult retina, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin, light chain 2, regulatory, cardiac, slow

This gene encodes a major sarcomeric protein in mammalian striated muscle. The encoded protein plays a role in embryonic heart muscle structure and function, while phosphorylation of the encoded protein is involved in cardiac myosin cycling kinetics, torsion and function in adults. Mutations in this gene are associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 10 and infant-onset myopathy. [provided by RefSeq, May 2022]

myosin, light chain 3, alkali; ventricular, skeletal, slow

MYL3 encodes myosin light chain 3, an alkali light chain also referred to in the literature as both the ventricular isoform and the slow skeletal muscle isoform. Mutations in MYL3 have been identified as a cause of mid-left ventricular chamber type hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin, light chain 1, alkali; skeletal, fast

Myosin is a hexameric ATPase cellular motor protein. It is composed of two heavy chains, two nonphosphorylatable alkali light chains, and two phosphorylatable regulatory light chains. This gene encodes a myosin alkali light chain expressed in fast skeletal muscle. Two transcript variants have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin, light chain 9, regulatory

Myosin, a structural component of muscle, consists of two heavy chains and four light chains. The protein encoded by this gene is a myosin light chain that may regulate muscle contraction by modulating the ATPase activity of myosin heads. The encoded protein binds calcium and is activated by myosin light chain kinase. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin, light chain 12A pseudogene 1

myosin, light chain 6B, alkali, smooth muscle and non-muscle

Myosin is a hexameric ATPase cellular motor protein. It is composed of two heavy chains, two nonphosphorylatable alkali light chains, and two phosphorylatable regulatory light chains. This gene encodes a myosin alkali light chain expressed in both slow-twitch skeletal muscle and in nonmuscle tissue. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

myosin light chain, phosphorylatable, fast skeletal muscle

Predicted to enable calcium ion binding activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of muscle. Involved in muscle contraction. Located in lysosomal membrane. Implicated in distal arthrogryposis type 1C. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin, light chain 6 pseudogene 3

myosin, light chain 6 pseudogene 2

myosin, light chain 6 pseudogene 1

myosin, light chain 6 pseudogene 4

myosin, light chain 6 pseudogene 5

myosin, light chain 12B, regulatory pseudogene

myosin, light chain 12B pseudogene 2

myosin, light chain 12B pseudogene 1

myosin, light chain 10, regulatory

Predicted to enable calcium ion binding activity. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin light chain 11

Predicted to enable calcium ion binding activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of muscle. Involved in muscle contraction. Located in lysosomal membrane. Implicated in distal arthrogryposis type 1C. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 1

Enables ATP binding activity and MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase activity. Involved in several processes, including JNK cascade; cellular response to phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate; and protein phosphorylation. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 3

This gene encodes a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase family. The encoded protein activates key effectors in cell signalling, among them c-Jun. Alternatively spliced transcripts encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family. Although this kinase is found in many tissues, its expression in lymphoid follicles is restricted to the cells of germinal centre, where it may participate in B-cell differentiation. This kinase can be activated by TNF-alpha, and has been shown to specifically activate MAP kinases. This kinase is also found to interact with TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), which is involved in the activation of MAP3K1/MEKK1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 5

This gene encodes a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family, that is highly similar to yeast SPS1/STE20 kinase. Yeast SPS1/STE20 functions near the beginning of the MAP kinase signal cascades that is essential for yeast pheromone response. This kinase was shown to activate Jun kinase in mammalian cells, which suggested a role in stress response. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family. This kinase has been shown to specifically activate MAPK8/JNK. The activation of MAPK8 by this kinase is found to be inhibited by the dominant-negative mutants of MAP3K7/TAK1, MAP2K4/MKK4, and MAP2K7/MKK7, which suggests that this kinase may function through the MAP3K7-MAP2K4-MAP2K7 kinase cascade, and mediate the TNF-alpha signaling pathway. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin, heavy chain 7B, cardiac muscle, beta

The myosin II molecule is a multi-subunit complex consisting of two heavy chains and four light chains. This gene encodes a heavy chain of myosin II, which is a member of the motor-domain superfamily. The heavy chain includes a globular motor domain, which catalyzes ATP hydrolysis and interacts with actin, and a tail domain in which heptad repeat sequences promote dimerization by interacting to form a rod-like alpha-helical coiled coil. This heavy chain subunit is a slow-twitch myosin. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found, but the full-length nature of these variants is not determined. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

myosin heavy chain gene cluster antisense RNA

Predicted to enable primary miRNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in response to muscle activity and skeletal muscle fiber development. Predicted to act upstream of or within with a positive effect on gene expression. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin heavy chain IB-like

myosin heavy chain-associated RNA transcript

This gene encodes a spliced long non-coding RNA that may act as a cardioprotective agent in the heart. Based on a study of a similar gene in mouse, the encoded transcript may regulate chromatin remodeling by acting as a decoy to the BRG1 chromatin repressor complex thus preventing it from binding to its genomic targets. Blocking the actions of BRG1 could be crucial in protecting the heart from pathological hypertrophy. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

myosin, heavy chain 10, non-muscle

This gene encodes a member of the myosin superfamily. The protein represents a conventional non-muscle myosin; it should not be confused with the unconventional myosin-10 (MYO10). Myosins are actin-dependent motor proteins with diverse functions including regulation of cytokinesis, cell motility, and cell polarity. Mutations in this gene have been associated with May-Hegglin anomaly and developmental defects in brain and heart. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

myosin, heavy chain 11, smooth muscle

The protein encoded by this gene is a smooth muscle myosin belonging to the myosin heavy chain family. The gene product is a subunit of a hexameric protein that consists of two heavy chain subunits and two pairs of non-identical light chain subunits. It functions as a major contractile protein, converting chemical energy into mechanical energy through the hydrolysis of ATP. A chromosomal rearrangement involving this gene is associated with acute myeloid leukemia of the M4Eo subtype. Mutations in this gene are associated with visceral myopathy, megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome 2, and familial thoracic aortic aneurysm 4. [provided by RefSeq, May 2022]

myosin, heavy chain 13, skeletal muscle

Predicted to enable actin filament binding activity and microfilament motor activity. Predicted to be involved in muscle contraction. Predicted to act upstream of or within cellular response to starvation. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin, heavy chain 14, non-muscle

This gene encodes a member of the myosin superfamily. The protein represents a conventional non-muscle myosin; it should not be confused with the unconventional myosin-14 (MYO14). Myosins are actin-dependent motor proteins with diverse functions including regulation of cytokinesis, cell motility, and cell polarity. Mutations in this gene result in one form of autosomal dominant hearing impairment. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

myosin, heavy chain 15

Predicted to enable actin filament binding activity and microfilament motor activity. Predicted to be involved in extraocular skeletal muscle development. Located in cytosol and intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin, heavy chain 16 pseudogene

The protein coding status of the MYH16 gene is uncertain. In nonhuman primates, this gene encodes a sarcomeric myosin heavy chain expressed in masticatory muscles, but has been hypothesized to be inactivated in humans. Stedman et al. (2004) [PubMed 15042088] suggest that the decrement in masticatory muscle size caused by the inactivation of MYH16 removed an evolutionary constraint on encephalization in early man. However, there is peptide support suggesting that a shorter protein containing only a myosin tail domain is expressed in human. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2024]

myosin heavy chain IB-like

myosin, heavy chain 2, skeletal muscle, adult

Myosins are actin-based motor proteins that function in the generation of mechanical force in eukaryotic cells. Muscle myosins are heterohexamers composed of 2 myosin heavy chains and 2 pairs of nonidentical myosin light chains. This gene encodes a member of the class II or conventional myosin heavy chains, and functions in skeletal muscle contraction. This gene is found in a cluster of myosin heavy chain genes on chromosome 17. A mutation in this gene results in inclusion body myopathy-3. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

myosin, heavy chain 3, skeletal muscle, embryonic

Myosin is a major contractile protein which converts chemical energy into mechanical energy through the hydrolysis of ATP. Myosin is a hexameric protein composed of a pair of myosin heavy chains (MYH) and two pairs of nonidentical light chains. This gene is a member of the MYH family and encodes a protein with an IQ domain and a myosin head-like domain. Mutations in this gene have been associated with two congenital contracture (arthrogryposis) syndromes, Freeman-Sheldon syndrome and Sheldon-Hall syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin, heavy chain 1, skeletal muscle, adult

Myosin is a major contractile protein which converts chemical energy into mechanical energy through the hydrolysis of ATP. Myosin is a hexameric protein composed of a pair of myosin heavy chains (MYH) and two pairs of nonidentical light chains. Myosin heavy chains are encoded by a multigene family. In mammals at least 10 different myosin heavy chain (MYH) isoforms have been described from striated, smooth, and nonmuscle cells. These isoforms show expression that is spatially and temporally regulated during development. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin, heavy chain 6, cardiac muscle, alpha

Cardiac muscle myosin is a hexamer consisting of two heavy chain subunits, two light chain subunits, and two regulatory subunits. This gene encodes the alpha heavy chain subunit of cardiac myosin. The gene is located approximately 4kb downstream of the gene encoding the beta heavy chain subunit of cardiac myosin. Mutations in this gene cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and atrial septal defect 3. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

myosin, heavy chain 7, cardiac muscle, beta

Muscle myosin is a hexameric protein containing 2 heavy chain subunits, 2 alkali light chain subunits, and 2 regulatory light chain subunits. This gene encodes the beta (or slow) heavy chain subunit of cardiac myosin. It is expressed predominantly in normal human ventricle. It is also expressed in skeletal muscle tissues rich in slow-twitch type I muscle fibers. Changes in the relative abundance of this protein and the alpha (or fast) heavy subunit of cardiac myosin correlate with the contractile velocity of cardiac muscle. Its expression is also altered during thyroid hormone depletion and hemodynamic overloading. Mutations in this gene are associated with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myosin storage myopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and Laing distal myopathy. [provided by RefSeq, May 2022]

myosin, heavy chain 4, skeletal muscle

Enables double-stranded RNA binding activity. Involved in muscle contraction. Located in myofibril. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin, heavy chain 8, skeletal muscle, perinatal

Myosins are actin-based motor proteins that function in the generation of mechanical force in eukaryotic cells. Muscle myosins are heterohexamers composed of 2 myosin heavy chains and 2 pairs of nonidentical myosin light chains. This gene encodes a member of the class II or conventional myosin heavy chains, and functions in skeletal muscle contraction. This gene is predominantly expressed in fetal skeletal muscle. This gene is found in a cluster of myosin heavy chain genes on chromosome 17. A mutation in this gene results in trismus-pseudocamptodactyly syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

myosin, heavy chain 9, non-muscle

This gene encodes a conventional non-muscle myosin; this protein should not be confused with the unconventional myosin-9a or 9b (MYO9A or MYO9B). The encoded protein is a myosin IIA heavy chain that contains an IQ domain and a myosin head-like domain which is involved in several important functions, including cytokinesis, cell motility and maintenance of cell shape. Defects in this gene have been associated with non-syndromic sensorineural deafness autosomal dominant type 17, Epstein syndrome, Alport syndrome with macrothrombocytopenia, Sebastian syndrome, Fechtner syndrome and macrothrombocytopenia with progressive sensorineural deafness. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

myosin VA (heavy chain 12, myoxin)

This gene is one of three myosin V heavy-chain genes, belonging to the myosin gene superfamily. Myosin V is a class of actin-based motor proteins involved in cytoplasmic vesicle transport and anchorage, spindle-pole alignment and mRNA translocation. The protein encoded by this gene is abundant in melanocytes and nerve cells. Mutations in this gene cause Griscelli syndrome type-1 (GS1) and neuroectodermal melanolysosomal disease, or Elejalde disease. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2023]

solute carrier family 7 (amino acid transporter light chain, y+L system), member 6

Enables L-lysine:L-arginine antiporter activity and arginine binding activity. Involved in L-arginine transmembrane transport; L-leucine transport; and ornithine transport. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta 2

Predicted to enable microtubule binding activity; phosphatidylethanolamine binding activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to nitrogen starvation and macroautophagy. Located in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

kinesin light chain 1

Conventional kinesin is a tetrameric molecule composed of two heavy chains and two light chains, and transports various cargos along microtubules toward their plus ends. The heavy chains provide the motor activity, while the light chains bind to various cargos. This gene encodes a member of the kinesin light chain family. It associates with kinesin heavy chain through an N-terminal domain, and six tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs are thought to be involved in binding of cargos such as vesicles, mitochondria, and the Golgi complex. Thus, kinesin light chains function as adapter molecules and not motors per se. Although previously named `kinesin 2`, this gene is not a member of the kinesin-2 / kinesin heavy chain subfamily of kinesin motor proteins. Extensive alternative splicing produces isoforms with different C-termini that are proposed to bind to different cargos; however, the full-length nature and/or biological validity of most of these variants have not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

kinesin light chain 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a light chain of kinesin, a molecular motor responsible for moving vesicles and organelles along microtubules. Defects in this gene are a cause of spastic paraplegia, optic atrophy, and neuropathy (SPOAN) syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

kinesin light chain 3

This gene encodes a member of the kinesin light chain gene family. Kinesins are molecular motors involved in the transport of cargo along microtubules, and are composed of two kinesin heavy chain (KHC) and two kinesin light chain (KLC) molecules. KLCs are thought to typically be involved in binding cargo and regulating kinesin activity. In the rat, a protein similar to this gene product is expressed in post-meiotic spermatids, where it associates with structural components of sperm tails and mitochondria. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

kinesin light chain 4

Predicted to enable kinesin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule-based movement. Predicted to be located in microtubule. Predicted to be part of kinesin complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dynein, light chain, Tctex-type 1

This gene encodes a component of the motor complex, cytoplasmic dynein, which transports cellular cargo along microtubules in the cell. The encoded protein regulates the length of primary cilia which are sensory organelles found on the surface of cells. The protein encoded by this gene interacts with viral proteins, like the minor capsid protein L2 of human papillomavirus, and is required for dynein-mediated delivery of the viral nucleic acid to the host nucleus. This protein interacts with oncogenic nucleoporins to disrupt gene regulation and cause leukemic transformation. Pseudogenes of this gene are present on chromosomes 4 and 17. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

dynein, light chain, Tctex-type 3

This gene encodes a member of a subclass of dynein light chains. The encoded protein homodimerizes and forms the light chain component of the cytoplasmic dynein motor protein complex. This protein may be important for binding dynein to specific cargos including the spindle checkpoint protein BUB3. This protein may also function independently of dynein as a transcriptional modulator. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 2 and 20.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

gamma-glutamyltransferase light chain 5 pseudogene

clathrin, light chain A pseudogene

gamma-glutamyltransferase light chain 4 pseudogene

dynein, light chain, LC8-type 1

Cytoplasmic dyneins are large enzyme complexes with a molecular mass of about 1,200 kD. They contain two force-producing heads formed primarily from dynein heavy chains, and stalks linking the heads to a basal domain, which contains a varying number of accessory intermediate chains. The complex is involved in intracellular transport and motility. The protein described in this record is a light chain and exists as part of this complex but also physically interacts with and inhibits the activity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Binding of this protein destabilizes the neuronal nitric oxide synthase dimer, a conformation necessary for activity, and it may regulate numerous biologic processes through its effects on nitric oxide synthase activity. Alternate transcriptional splice variants have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

dynein, light chain, LC8-type 2

Predicted to enable dynein intermediate chain binding activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule-based process. Located in 9+0 non-motile cilium and centrosome. Is active in glutamatergic synapse and postsynapse. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dynein, light chain, LC8-type 1 pseudogene 2

dynein, light chain, LC8-type 1 pseudogene 3

dynein, light chain, LC8-type 1 pseudogene 1

dynein, light chain, LC8-type 1 pseudogene 6

dynein, light chain, LC8-type 1 pseudogene 7

dynein, light chain, LC8-type 1 pseudogene 4

solute carrier family 7 (amino acid transporter light chain, bo,+ system), member 9

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to a family of light subunits of amino acid transporters. This protein plays a role in the high-affinity and sodium-independent transport of cystine and neutral and dibasic amino acids, and appears to function in the reabsorption of cystine in the kidney tubule. Mutations in this gene cause non-type I cystinuria, a disease that leads to cystine stones in the urinary system due to impaired transport of cystine and dibasic amino acids. Alternate transcript variants, which encode the same protein, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

dynein, cytoplasmic 2, light intermediate chain 1

This gene encodes a protein that is a component of the dynein-2 microtubule motor protein complex that plays a role in the retrograde transport of cargo in primary cilia via the intraflagellar transport system. This gene is ubiquitously expressed and its protein, which localizes to the axoneme and Golgi apparatus, interacts directly with the cytoplasmic dynein 2 heavy chain 1 protein to form part of the multi-protein dynein-2 complex. Mutations in this gene produce defects in the dynein-2 complex which result in several types of ciliopathy including short-rib thoracic dysplasia 15 with polydactyly (SRTD15). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

dynein, cytoplasmic 1, light intermediate chain 1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to light intermediate subunit family, whose members are components of the multiprotein cytoplasmic dynein complex, which is involved in intracellular trafficking and chromosome segregation during mitosis. The protein plays a role in moving the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) from kinetochores to spindle poles. The protein may also mediate binding to other cargo molecules to facilitate intracellular vesicle trafficking. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

dynein, cytoplasmic 1, light intermediate chain 2

Cytoplasmic dynein is a microtubule-associated motor protein (Hughes et al., 1995 [PubMed 7738094]). See DYNC1H1 (MIM 600112) for general information about dyneins.[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

dynein, light chain, Tctex-type 1 pseudogene

dynein, light chain, Tctex-type 3 pseudogene 1

dynein, light chain, Tctex-type 3 pseudogene 2

solute carrier family 7 (amino acid transporter light chain, L system), member 8

Enables several functions, including neutral L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity; protein heterodimerization activity; and secondary active transmembrane transporter activity. Involved in L-alanine import across plasma membrane; L-leucine import across plasma membrane; and thyroid hormone transport. Located in basolateral plasma membrane and microvillus membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 7 (amino acid transporter light chain, y+L system), member 7

The protein encoded by this gene is the light subunit of a cationic amino acid transporter. This sodium-independent transporter is formed when the light subunit encoded by this gene dimerizes with the heavy subunit transporter protein SLC3A2. This transporter is found in epithelial cell membranes where it transfers cationic and large neutral amino acids from the cell to the extracellular space. Defects in this gene are a cause of lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

solute carrier family 7 (amino acid transporter light chain, L system), member 5

Enables L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity and secondary active transmembrane transporter activity. Involved in carboxylic acid transport; thyroid hormone transport; and xenobiotic transport. Located in several cellular components, including apical plasma membrane; cytosol; and microvillus membrane. Part of amino acid transport complex. Implicated in cholangiocarcinoma; colon cancer; hepatocellular carcinoma; and lung squamous cell carcinoma. Biomarker of esophagitis; gastrointestinal system cancer (multiple); malignant astrocytoma (multiple); and respiratory system cancer (multiple). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable region

immunoglobulin lambda light chain-like

dynein, axonemal, light intermediate chain 1

This gene is the human homolog of the Chlamydomonas inner dynein arm gene, p28. The precise function of this gene is not known, however, it is a potential candidate for immotile cilia syndrome (ICS). Ultrastructural defects of the inner dynein arms are seen in patients with ICS. Immotile mutant strains of Chlamydomonas, a biflagellated algae, exhibit similar defects. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta pseudogene 1

microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta pseudogene

microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta pseudogene

solute carrier family 7 (amino acid transporter light chain, L system), member 5 pseudogene 1

This locus represents a pseudogene of the L-type amino acid transporter 1. Transcripts initiating at this locus read through to downstream SMG1 pseudogene 2 (SMG1P2). [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

solute carrier family 7 (amino acid transporter light chain, L system), member 5 pseudogene 2

Predicted to enable transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in L-alpha-amino acid transmembrane transport. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

clathrin, light chain A

Clathrin is a large, soluble protein composed of heavy and light chains. It functions as the main structural component of the lattice-type cytoplasmic face of coated pits and vesicles which entrap specific macromolecules during receptor-mediated endocytosis. This gene encodes one of two clathrin light chain proteins which are believed to function as regulatory elements. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 8 and 12. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

clathrin, light chain B

Clathrin is a large, soluble protein composed of heavy and light chains. It functions as the main structural component of the lattice-type cytoplasmic face of coated pits and vesicles which entrap specific macromolecules during receptor-mediated endocytosis. This gene encodes one of two clathrin light chain proteins which are believed to function as regulatory elements. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

dynein, light chain, Tctex-type 1 pseudogene

gamma-glutamyltransferase light chain 2

This gene encodes a protein related to enzymes that cleaves gamma-glutamyl peptide bonds in glutathione and other peptides. Unlike similar proteins, the encoded protein contains only the light chain portion and may not have catalytic activity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. There are several related family members and related pseudogene for this gene situated in the same region of chromosome 22. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 pseudogene

microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha

MAP1A and MAP1B are microtubule-associated proteins which mediate the physical interactions between microtubules and components of the cytoskeleton. MAP1A and MAP1B each consist of a heavy chain subunit and multiple light chain subunits. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the light chain subunits and can associate with either MAP1A or MAP1B. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. The expression of variant 1 is suppressed in many tumor cell lines, suggesting that may be involved in carcinogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 gamma

Autophagy is a highly regulated bulk degradation process that plays an important role in cellular maintenance and development. MAP1LC3C is an ortholog of the yeast autophagosome protein Atg8 (He et al., 2003 [PubMed 12740394]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2010]

microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta

The product of this gene is a subunit of neuronal microtubule-associated MAP1A and MAP1B proteins, which are involved in microtubule assembly and important for neurogenesis. Studies on the rat homolog implicate a role for this gene in autophagy, a process that involves the bulk degradation of cytoplasmic component. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

gamma-glutamyltransferase light chain 1

This gene encodes a member of the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) family, which are important in the metabolism of glutathione. The most ubiquitously expressed human GGT gene, GGT1, encodes a single transmembrane polypeptide that is post-translationally processed to form a heavy and a light chain. In contrast, the product of this gene only contains homology to the light chain region, and lacks a transmembrane domain. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

gamma-glutamyltransferase light chain 3

Gamma-glutamyltransferase-1 (GGT1; MIM 612346) is a membrane-bound extracellular enzyme that cleaves gamma-glutamyl peptide bonds in glutathione and other peptides and transfers the gamma-glutamyl moiety to acceptors. Autocatalytic cleavage of the GGT1 precursor polypeptide produces a heavy chain and a light chain that associate with each other to form the functional enzyme. Light chain-only GGTs, such as GGTLC3, contain a region corresponding to the GGT1 light chain, but they lack the membrane-anchoring heavy chain region (Heisterkamp et al., 2008 [PubMed 18357469]).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2008]

axonemal dynein light chain domain containing 1

Predicted to be involved in manchette assembly. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

clathrin, light chain A pseudogene

dynein, axonemal, light chain 4

This gene encodes an axonemal dynein light chain which functions as a component of the outer dynein arms complex. This complex acts as the molecular motor that provides the force to move cilia in an ATP-dependent manner. The encoded protein is expressed in tissues with motile cilia or flagella and may be involved in the movement of sperm flagella. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

dynein, axonemal, light chain 1

This gene encodes an axonemal dynein light chain which functions as a component of the outer dynein arms complex. This complex acts as the molecular motor that provides the force to move cilia in an ATP-dependent manner. The encoded protein is expressed in tissues with motile cilia or flagella and may be involved in the movement of sperm flagella. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

dynein, light chain, roadblock-type 1 pseudogene

dynein, light chain, roadblock-type 1 pseudogene

dynein, light chain, roadblock-type 2

Predicted to enable dynein intermediate chain binding activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule-based movement. Predicted to be located in ciliary tip. Predicted to be part of cytoplasmic dynein complex. Predicted to be active in centrosome and cytoplasm. Biomarker of hepatocellular carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dynein, light chain, roadblock-type 1

This gene is a member of the roadblock dynein light chain family. The encoded cytoplasmic protein is capable of binding intermediate chain proteins, interacts with transforming growth factor-beta, and has been implicated in the regulation of actin modulating proteins. Upregulation of this gene has been associated with hepatocellular carcinomas, suggesting that this gene may be involved in tumor progression. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes of this gene have been defined on chromosomes 12 and 18. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta pseudogene

solute carrier family 7 (neutral amino acid transporter light chain, asc system), member 10

SLC7A10, in association with 4F2HC (SLC3A2; MIM 158070), mediates high-affinity transport of D-serine and several other neutral amino acids (Nakauchi et al., 2000 [PubMed 10863037]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

solute carrier family 7 (anionic amino acid transporter light chain, xc- system), member 11

This gene encodes a member of a heteromeric, sodium-independent, anionic amino acid transport system that is highly specific for cysteine and glutamate. In this system, designated Xc(-), the anionic form of cysteine is transported in exchange for glutamate. This protein has been identified as the predominant mediator of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus fusion and entry permissiveness into cells. Also, increased expression of this gene in primary gliomas (compared to normal brain tissue) was associated with increased glutamate secretion via the XCT channels, resulting in neuronal cell death. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

dynein light chain Tctex-type 2B

Dyneins are a group of microtubule-activated ATPases that function as molecular motors. They are divided into two subgroups of axonemal and cytoplasmic dyneins. The cytoplasmic dyneins function in intracellular motility, including retrograde axonal transport, protein sorting, organelle movement, and spindle dynamics. Molecules of conventional cytoplasmic dynein are comprised of 2 heavy chain polypeptides and a number of intermediate and light chains. This gene encodes a subunit of the human cytoplasmic dynein-2 complex. Mutations in this gene are associated with short-rib thoracic dysplasia 17 with or without polydactyly. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

dynein light chain Tctex-type 4

Enables protein phosphatase 1 binding activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule-based movement. Located in several cellular components, including acrosomal vesicle; cytoskeleton; and sperm flagellum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dynein light chain Tctex-type 2

Predicted to enable dynein intermediate chain binding activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule-based movement. Predicted to be located in cytosol and sperm flagellum. Predicted to be part of cytoplasmic dynein complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dynein light chain Tctex-type family member 5

Predicted to enable dynein intermediate chain binding activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule-based movement. Predicted to be part of cytoplasmic dynein complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase complex-associated protein

The protein encoded by this gene is a scaffold protein and a regulator for three different kinases involved in proinflammatory signaling. The encoded protein can bind NF-kappa-B-inducing kinase and I-kappa-B kinases through separate domains and assemble them into an active kinase complex. Mutations in this gene have been associated with familial dysautonomia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase gamma

This gene encodes the regulatory subunit of the inhibitor of kappaB kinase (IKK) complex, which activates NF-kappaB resulting in activation of genes involved in inflammation, immunity, cell survival, and other pathways. Mutations in this gene result in incontinentia pigmenti, hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, and several other types of immunodeficiencies. A pseudogene highly similar to this locus is located in an adjacent region of the X chromosome. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase beta

The protein encoded by this gene phosphorylates the inhibitor in the inhibitor/NF-kappa-B complex, causing dissociation of the inhibitor and activation of NF-kappa-B. The encoded protein itself is found in a complex of proteins. Several transcript variants, some protein-coding and some not, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase epsilon

IKBKE is a noncanonical I-kappa-B (see MIM 164008) kinase (IKK) that is essential for regulating antiviral signaling pathways. IKBKE has also been identified as a breast cancer (MIM 114480) oncogene and is amplified and overexpressed in over 30% of breast carcinomas and breast cancer cell lines (Hutti et al., 2009 [PubMed 19481526]).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2009]

inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase gamma pseudogene 1

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 10

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/threonine kinase family. This kinase has been shown to activate MAPK8/JNK and MKK4/SEK1, and this kinase itself can be phoshorylated, and thus activated by JNK kinases. This kinase functions preferentially on the JNK signaling pathway, and is reported to be involved in nerve growth factor (NGF) induced neuronal apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 13

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of serine/threonine protein kinase family. This kinase contains a dual leucine-zipper motif, and has been shown to form dimers/oligomers through its leucine-zipper motif. This kinase can phosphorylate and activate MAPK8/JNK, MAP2K7/MKK7, which suggests a role in the JNK signaling pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 19

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity; protein serine kinase activity; and protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Predicted to be involved in MAPK cascade. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 11

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/threonine kinase family. This kinase contains a SH3 domain and a leucine zipper-basic motif. This kinase preferentially activates MAPK8/JNK kinase, and functions as a positive regulator of JNK signaling pathway. This kinase can directly phosphorylate, and activates IkappaB kinase alpha and beta, and is found to be involved in the transcription activity of NF-kappaB mediated by Rho family GTPases and CDC42. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 12

This gene encodes a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family. This kinase contains a leucine-zipper domain and is predominately expressed in neuronal cells. The phosphorylation state of this kinase in synaptic terminals was shown to be regulated by membrane depolarization via calcineurin. This kinase forms heterodimers with leucine zipper containing transcription factors, such as cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) and MYC, and thus may play a regulatory role in PKA or retinoic acid induced neuronal differentiation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different proteins have been described.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 15

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. These family members function in a protein kinase signal transduction cascade, where an activated MAPK kinase kinase (MAP3K) phosphorylates and activates a specific MAPK kinase (MAP2K), which then activates a specific MAPK. This MAP3K protein plays an essential role in apoptotic cell death triggered by cellular stresses. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8

This gene is an oncogene that encodes a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family. The encoded protein localizes to the cytoplasm and can activate both the MAP kinase and JNK kinase pathways. This protein was shown to activate IkappaB kinases, and thus induce the nuclear production of NF-kappaB. This protein was also found to promote the production of TNF-alpha and IL-2 during T lymphocyte activation. This gene may also utilize a downstream in-frame translation start codon, and thus produce an isoform containing a shorter N-terminus. The shorter isoform has been shown to display weaker transforming activity. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 9

Enables molecular function activator activity and protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Involved in protein autophosphorylation. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of serine/threonine protein kinase family. This kinase preferentially activates other kinases involved in the MAP kinase signaling pathway. This kinase has been shown to directly phosphorylate and activate Ikappa B kinases, and thus plays a role in NF-kappa B signaling pathway. This kinase has also been found to bind and activate protein kinase C-related kinase 2, which suggests its involvement in a regulated signaling process. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3

This gene product is a 626-amino acid polypeptide that is 96.5% identical to mouse Mekk3. Its catalytic domain is closely related to those of several other kinases, including mouse Mekk2, tobacco NPK, and yeast Ste11. Northern blot analysis revealed a 4.6-kb transcript that appears to be ubiquitously expressed. This protein directly regulates the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathways by activating SEK and MEK1/2 respectively; it does not regulate the p38 pathway. In cotransfection assays, it enhanced transcription from a nuclear factor kappa-B (NFKB)-dependent reporter gene, consistent with a role in the SAPK pathway. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine kinase and is part of some signal transduction cascades, including the ERK and JNK kinase pathways as well as the NF-kappa-B pathway. The encoded protein is activated by autophosphorylation and requires magnesium as a cofactor in phosphorylating other proteins. This protein has E3 ligase activity conferred by a plant homeodomain (PHD) in its N-terminus and phospho-kinase activity conferred by a kinase domain in its C-terminus. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family. This kinase mediates the signaling transduction induced by TGF beta and morphogenetic protein (BMP), and controls a variety of cell functions including transcription regulation and apoptosis. In response to IL-1, this protein forms a kinase complex including TRAF6, MAP3K7P1/TAB1 and MAP3K7P2/TAB2; this complex is required for the activation of nuclear factor kappa B. This kinase can also activate MAPK8/JNK, MAP2K4/MKK4, and thus plays a role in the cell response to environmental stresses. Four alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 4

The central core of each mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a conserved cascade of 3 protein kinases: an activated MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) phosphorylates and activates a specific MAPK kinase (MAPKK), which then activates a specific MAPK. While the ERK MAPKs are activated by mitogenic stimulation, the CSBP2 and JNK MAPKs are activated by environmental stresses such as osmotic shock, UV irradiation, wound stress, and inflammatory factors. This gene encodes a MAPKKK, the MEKK4 protein, also called MTK1. This protein contains a protein kinase catalytic domain at the C terminus. The N-terminal nonkinase domain may contain a regulatory domain. Expression of MEKK4 in mammalian cells activated the CSBP2 and JNK MAPK pathways, but not the ERK pathway. In vitro kinase studies indicated that recombinant MEKK4 can specifically phosphorylate and activate PRKMK6 and SERK1, MAPKKs that activate CSBP2 and JNK, respectively but cannot phosphorylate PRKMK1, an MAPKK that activates ERKs. MEKK4 is a major mediator of environmental stresses that activate the CSBP2 MAPK pathway, and a minor mediator of the JNK pathway. Several alternatively spliced transcripts encoding distinct isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades include MAPK or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), MAPK kinase (MKK or MEK), and MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK or MEKK). MAPKK kinase/MEKK phosphorylates and activates its downstream protein kinase, MAPK kinase/MEK, which in turn activates MAPK. The kinases of these signaling cascades are highly conserved, and homologs exist in yeast, Drosophila, and mammalian cells. MAPKKK5 contains 1,374 amino acids with all 11 kinase subdomains. Northern blot analysis shows that MAPKKK5 transcript is abundantly expressed in human heart and pancreas. The MAPKKK5 protein phosphorylates and activates MKK4 (aliases SERK1, MAPKK4) in vitro, and activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) during transient expression in COS and 293 cells; MAPKKK5 does not activate MAPK/ERK. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 6

This gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that forms a component of protein kinase-mediated signal transduction cascades. The encoded kinase participates in the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14

This gene encodes mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14, which is a serine/threonine protein-kinase. This kinase binds to TRAF2 and stimulates NF-kappaB activity. It shares sequence similarity with several other MAPKK kinases. It participates in an NF-kappaB-inducing signalling cascade common to receptors of the tumour-necrosis/nerve-growth factor (TNF/NGF) family and to the interleukin-1 type-I receptor. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 20

This gene is a member of the MAPKKK family of signal transduction molecules and encodes a protein with an N-terminal kinase catalytic domain, followed by a leucine zipper motif and a sterile-alpha motif (SAM). This magnesium-binding protein forms homodimers and is located in the cytoplasm. The protein mediates gamma radiation signaling leading to cell cycle arrest and activity of this protein plays a role in cell cycle checkpoint regulation in cells. The protein also has pro-apoptotic activity. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 21

Predicted to enable JUN kinase kinase kinase activity and protein homodimerization activity. Predicted to be involved in protein autophosphorylation and signal transduction. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase

The branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKD) is an important regulator of the valine, leucine, and isoleucine catabolic pathways. The protein encoded by this gene is found in the mitochondrion, where it phosphorylates and inactivates BCKD. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

zeta-chain (TCR) associated protein kinase 70kDa

This gene encodes an enzyme belonging to the protein tyrosine kinase family, and it plays a role in T-cell development and lymphocyte activation. This enzyme, which is phosphorylated on tyrosine residues upon T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) stimulation, functions in the initial step of TCR-mediated signal transduction in combination with the Src family kinases, Lck and Fyn. This enzyme is also essential for thymocyte development. Mutations in this gene cause selective T-cell defect, a severe combined immunodeficiency disease characterized by a selective absence of CD8-positive T-cells. Two transcript variants that encode different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

unconventional myosin-Vb pseudogene

myosin XIX

Enables ATP hydrolysis activity and actin binding activity. Involved in regulation of cytokinesis and regulation of mitochondrial fission. Acts upstream of or within mitochondrion migration along actin filament. Located in cytosol and mitochondrial outer membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin XVB

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity; actin binding activity; and cytoskeletal motor activity. Predicted to be located in brush border; cytoplasm; and cytoskeleton. Predicted to be part of myosin complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin XVA

This gene encodes an unconventional myosin. This protein differs from other myosins in that it has a long N-terminal extension preceding the conserved motor domain. Studies in mice suggest that this protein is necessary for actin organization in the hair cells of the cochlea. Mutations in this gene have been associated with profound, congenital, neurosensory, nonsyndromal deafness. This gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. Read-through transcripts containing an upstream gene and this gene have been identified, but they are not thought to encode a fusion protein. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described, but their full length sequences have not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin IIIB

This gene encodes one of the class III myosins. Myosins are ATPases, activated by actin, that move along actin filaments in the cell. This class of myosins are characterized by an amino-terminal kinase domain and shown to be present in photoreceptors. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

myosin binding protein H

Predicted to be a structural constituent of muscle. Predicted to be involved in sarcomere organization. Predicted to be located in myosin filament. Predicted to be active in M band. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin VIIA and Rab interacting protein

Predicted to enable actin binding activity; myosin binding activity; and protein kinase A binding activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of insulin secretion. Predicted to be located in several cellular components, including cytoplasmic vesicle; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; and photoreceptor outer segment. Predicted to be part of exocyst. Predicted to be active in cortical actin cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin IXB

This gene encodes a member of the myosin family of actin-based molecular motor heavy chain proteins. The protein represents an unconventional myosin; it should not be confused with the conventional non-muscle myosin-9 (MYH9). The protein has four IQ motifs located in the neck domain that bind calmodulin, which serves as a light chain. The protein complex has a single-headed structure and exhibits processive movement on actin filaments toward the minus-end. The protein also has rho-GTPase activity. Polymorphisms in this gene are associated with celiac disease and ulcerative colitis susceptibility. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

myosin IXA

This gene encodes a member of the myosin superfamily. The protein represents an unconventional myosin; it should not be confused with the conventional non-muscle myosin-9 (MYH9). Unconventional myosins contain the basic domains of conventional myosins and are further distinguished from class members by their tail domains. They function as actin-based molecular motors. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

myosin IH

Predicted to enable actin filament binding activity and microfilament motor activity. Predicted to be involved in actin filament organization; actin filament-based movement; and endocytosis. Predicted to be part of myosin complex. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including actin cytoskeleton; microvillus; and plasma membrane. Implicated in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin IG

MYO1G is a plasma membrane-associated class I myosin (see MIM 601478) that is abundant in T and B lymphocytes and mast cells (Pierce et al., 2001 [PubMed 11544309]; Patino-Lopez et al., 2010 [PubMed 20071333]).[supplied by OMIM, Jun 2010]

myosin IF

Myosins are molecular motors that use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to generate force on actin filaments. The protein encoded by this gene is an unconventional myosin that may be involved in the intracellular movement of membrane-enclosed compartments. There is evidence to suggest that mutations in this gene can result in hearing loss. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

myosin IE

This gene encodes a member of the nonmuscle class I myosins which are a subgroup of the unconventional myosin protein family. The unconventional myosin proteins function as actin-based molecular motors. Class I myosins are characterized by a head (motor) domain, a regulatory domain and a either a short or long tail domain. Among the class I myosins, this protein is distinguished by a long tail domain that is involved in crosslinking actin filaments. This protein localizes to the cytoplasm and may be involved in intracellular movement and membrane trafficking. Mutations in this gene are the cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis-6. This gene has been referred to as myosin IC in the literature but is distinct from the myosin IC gene located on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

myosin ID

Enables protein domain specific binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including actin filament organization; actin filament-based movement; and early endosome to recycling endosome transport. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin IC

This gene encodes a member of the unconventional myosin protein family, which are actin-based molecular motors. The protein is found in the cytoplasm, and one isoform with a unique N-terminus is also found in the nucleus. The nuclear isoform associates with RNA polymerase I and II and functions in transcription initiation. The mouse ortholog of this protein also functions in intracellular vesicle transport to the plasma membrane. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. The related gene myosin IE has been referred to as myosin IC in the literature, but it is a distinct locus on chromosome 19. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin IB

Enables ATP binding activity; actin filament binding activity; and microfilament motor activity. Involved in actin filament organization and post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport. Located in several cellular components, including actin filament; endosome; and trans-Golgi network membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin IA

This gene encodes a member of the myosin superfamily. The protein represents an unconventional myosin; it should not be confused with the conventional skeletal muscle myosin-1 (MYH1). Unconventional myosins contain the basic domains characteristic of conventional myosins and are further distinguished from class members by their tail domains. They function as actin-based molecular motors. Mutations in this gene have been associated with autosomal dominant deafness. Alternatively spliced variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

myosin XVI

This gene encodes an unconventional myosin protein. The encoded protein has been proposed to act as a serine/threonine phosphatase-1 targeting or regulatory subunit. Studies in a rat cell line suggest that this protein may regulate cell cycle progression. A variant within this gene may be associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia and elevated expression of this gene has been observed in the frontal cortex of human schizophrenia patients. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

myosin X

This gene encodes a member of the myosin superfamily. The protein represents an unconventional myosin; it should not be confused with the conventional non-muscle myosin-10 (MYH10). Unconventional myosins contain the basic domains of conventional myosins and are further distinguished from class members by their tail domains. This gene functions as an actin-based molecular motor and plays a role in integration of F-actin and microtubule cytoskeletons during meiosis. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

myosin phosphatase Rho interacting protein pseudogene 1

myosin binding protein C, cardiac

MYBPC3 encodes the cardiac isoform of myosin-binding protein C. Myosin-binding protein C is a myosin-associated protein found in the cross-bridge-bearing zone (C region) of A bands in striated muscle. MYBPC3 is expressed exclusively in heart muscle and is a key regulator of cardiac contraction. Mutations in this gene are a frequent cause of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. [provided by RefSeq, May 2022]

myosin binding protein C, fast type

This gene encodes a member of the myosin-binding protein C family. This family includes the fast-, slow- and cardiac-type isoforms, each of which is a myosin-associated protein found in the cross-bridge-bearing zone (C region) of A bands in striated muscle. The protein encoded by this locus is referred to as the fast-type isoform. Mutations in the related but distinct genes encoding the slow-type and cardiac-type isoforms have been associated with distal arthrogryposis, type 1 and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, respectively. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

myosin binding protein C, slow type

This gene encodes a member of the myosin-binding protein C family. Myosin-binding protein C family members are myosin-associated proteins found in the cross-bridge-bearing zone (C region) of A bands in striated muscle. The encoded protein is the slow skeletal muscle isoform of myosin-binding protein C and plays an important role in muscle contraction by recruiting muscle-type creatine kinase to myosin filaments. Mutations in this gene are associated with distal arthrogryposis type I. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

myosin IIIA

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the myosin superfamily. Myosins are actin-dependent motor proteins and are categorized into conventional myosins (class II) and unconventional myosins (classes I and III through XV) based on their variable C-terminal cargo-binding domains. Class III myosins, such as this one, have a kinase domain N-terminal to the conserved N-terminal motor domains and are expressed in photoreceptors. The protein encoded by this gene plays an important role in hearing in humans. Three different recessive, loss of function mutations in the encoded protein have been shown to cause nonsyndromic progressive hearing loss. Expression of this gene is highly restricted, with the strongest expression in retina and cochlea. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin VB pseudogene 3

myosin VB pseudogene 2

myosin VB pseudogene 1

myosin VIIA

This gene is a member of the myosin gene family. Myosins are mechanochemical proteins characterized by the presence of a motor domain, an actin-binding domain, a neck domain that interacts with other proteins, and a tail domain that serves as an anchor. This gene encodes an unconventional myosin with a very short tail. Defects in this gene are associated with the mouse shaker-1 phenotype and the human Usher syndrome 1B which are characterized by deafness, reduced vestibular function, and (in human) retinal degeneration. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin VIIB

The protein encoded by this gene is found in brush border microvilli of epithelial cells in the intestines and kidneys. The encoded protein is involved in linking protocadherins to the actin cytoskeleton and is essential for proper microvilli function. This protein aids in the accumulation of intermicrovillar adhesion components such as harmonin and ANKS4B, and this accumulation is necessary for normal brush border action. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

myosin binding protein H-like

This gene encodes a protein with two immunoglobulin superfamily domains and a fibronectin 3 domain. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

myosin phosphatase Rho interacting protein

Enables cadherin binding activity. Located in actin cytoskeleton and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin VI

This gene encodes a reverse-direction motor protein that moves toward the minus end of actin filaments and plays a role in intracellular vesicle and organelle transport. The protein consists of a motor domain containing an ATP- and an actin-binding site and a globular tail which interacts with other proteins. This protein maintains the structural integrity of inner ear hair cells and mutations in this gene cause non-syndromic autosomal dominant and recessive hearing loss. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

myosin XVIIIA

The protein encoded by this gene can bind GOLPH3, linking the Golgi to the cytoskeleton and influencing Golgi membrane trafficking. The encoded protein is also part of a complex that assembles lamellar actomyosin bundles and may be required for cell migration. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

myosin XVIIIB

The protein encoded by this gene may regulate muscle-specific genes when in the nucleus and may influence intracellular trafficking when in the cytoplasm. The encoded protein functions as a homodimer and may interact with F actin. Mutations in this gene are associated with lung cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin VC

Predicted to enable actin filament binding activity and microfilament motor activity. Predicted to be involved in actin filament organization and vesicle transport along actin filament. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myosin VB

The protein encoded by this gene, together with other proteins, may be involved in plasma membrane recycling. Mutations in this gene are associated with microvillous inclusion disease. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

capping protein regulator and myosin 1 linker 1

Involved in several processes, including actin filament network formation; plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization; and positive regulation of cellular component organization. Located in several cellular components, including lamellipodium; macropinosome; and nuclear speck. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

capping protein regulator and myosin 1 linker 2

This gene encodes a member of the CARMIL (capping protein, Arp2/3, myosin-I linker) family of proteins. The encoded protein interacts with and negatively regulates the heterodimeric capping protein and promotes cell migration. Reduced expression of this gene has been observed in human psoriasis patients. Mutations in this gene cause a human immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by smooth muscle tumors and impaired T-cell function. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

capping protein regulator and myosin 1 linker 3

Predicted to be involved in cell migration and regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation. Located in cytoplasm and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ferritin, light polypeptide

This gene encodes the light subunit of the ferritin protein. Ferritin is the major intracellular iron storage protein in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It is composed of 24 subunits of the heavy and light ferritin chains. Variation in ferritin subunit composition may affect the rates of iron uptake and release in different tissues. A major function of ferritin is the storage of iron in a soluble and nontoxic state. Defects in this light chain ferritin gene are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases and hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome. This gene has multiple pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, beta

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the NF-kappa-B inhibitor family, which inhibit NF-kappa-B by complexing with, and trapping it in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of serine residues on these proteins by kinases marks them for destruction via the ubiquitination pathway, thereby allowing activation of the NF-kappa-B, which translocates to the nucleus to function as a transcription factor. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, delta

Predicted to enable NF-kappaB binding activity. Predicted to be involved in T cell receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation; and regulation of gene expression. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including negative regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus; negative regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction; and positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, epsilon

The protein encoded by this gene binds to components of NF-kappa-B, trapping the complex in the cytoplasm and preventing it from activating genes in the nucleus. Phosphorylation of the encoded protein targets it for destruction by the ubiquitin pathway, which activates NF-kappa-B by making it available to translocate to the nucleus. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, zeta

This gene is a member of the ankyrin-repeat family and is induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The C-terminal portion of the encoded product which contains the ankyrin repeats, shares high sequence similarity with the I kappa B family of proteins. The latter are known to play a role in inflammatory responses to LPS by their interaction with NF-B proteins through ankyrin-repeat domains. Studies in mouse indicate that this gene product is one of the nuclear I kappa B proteins and an activator of IL-6 production. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 18

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 10

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 17

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 16

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1

This gene encodes a 105 kD protein which can undergo cotranslational processing by the 26S proteasome to produce a 50 kD protein. The 105 kD protein is a Rel protein-specific transcription inhibitor and the 50 kD protein is a DNA binding subunit of the NF-kappa-B (NFKB) protein complex. NFKB is a transcription regulator that is activated by various intra- and extra-cellular stimuli such as cytokines, oxidant-free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, and bacterial or viral products. Activated NFKB translocates into the nucleus and stimulates the expression of genes involved in a wide variety of biological functions. Inappropriate activation of NFKB has been associated with a number of inflammatory diseases while persistent inhibition of NFKB leads to inappropriate immune cell development or delayed cell growth. NFKB is a critical regulator of the immediate-early response to viral infection. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms, at least one of which is proteolytically processed. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 (p49/p100)

This gene encodes a subunit of the transcription factor complex nuclear factor-kappa-B (NFkB). The NFkB complex is expressed in numerous cell types and functions as a central activator of genes involved in inflammation and immune function. The protein encoded by this gene can function as both a transcriptional activator or repressor depending on its dimerization partner. The p100 full-length protein is co-translationally processed into a p52 active form. Chromosomal rearrangements and translocations of this locus have been observed in B cell lymphomas, some of which may result in the formation of fusion proteins. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 18. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 13

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 11

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 14

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 3

neurofilament, light polypeptide

Neurofilaments are type IV intermediate filament heteropolymers composed of light, medium, and heavy chains. Neurofilaments comprise the axoskeleton and they functionally maintain the neuronal caliber. They may also play a role in intracellular transport to axons and dendrites. This gene encodes the light chain neurofilament protein. Mutations in this gene cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease types 1F (CMT1F) and 2E (CMT2E), disorders of the peripheral nervous system that are characterized by distinct neuropathies. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome Y. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 9

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 8

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 2

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 1

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 7

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 6

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 5

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 4

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor-like 1

This gene encodes a divergent member of the I-kappa-B family of proteins. Its function has not been determined. The gene lies within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region on chromosome 6. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009]

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 19

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 12

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene 15

ferritin, light polypeptide pseudogene

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 (p49/p100) pseudogene

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha

This gene encodes a member of the NF-kappa-B inhibitor family, which contain multiple ankrin repeat domains. The encoded protein interacts with REL dimers to inhibit NF-kappa-B/REL complexes which are involved in inflammatory responses. The encoded protein moves between the cytoplasm and the nucleus via a nuclear localization signal and CRM1-mediated nuclear export. Mutations in this gene have been found in ectodermal dysplasia anhidrotic with T-cell immunodeficiency autosomal dominant disease. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

neurofilament, light polypeptide pseudogene 1

calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2, beta

The product of this gene belongs to the Serine/Threonine protein kinase family, and to the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. The major isoform of this gene plays a role in the calcium/calmodulin-dependent (CaM) kinase cascade by phosphorylating the downstream kinases CaMK1 and CaMK4. Protein products of this gene also phosphorylate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This gene has its strongest expression in the brain and influences signalling cascades involved with learning and memory, neuronal differentiation and migration, neurite outgrowth, and synapse formation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. The identified isoforms differ in their ability to undergo autophosphorylation and to phosphorylate downstream kinases. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 1, alpha

The product of this gene belongs to the Serine/Threonine protein kinase family, and to the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. This protein plays a role in the calcium/calmodulin-dependent (CaM) kinase cascade. Three transcript variants encoding two distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nuclear casein kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase substrate 1

This gene encodes a nuclear protein that is highly conserved in vertebrates. The conserved regions of the protein contain several consensus phosphorylation sites for casein kinase II and cyclin-dependent kinases, two putative nuclear localization signals, and a basic DNA-binding domain. It is phosphorylated in vivo by Cdk1 during mitosis of the cell cycle. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

MAP kinase interacting serine/threonine kinase 2

This gene encodes a member of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CAMK) Ser/Thr protein kinase family, which belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. This protein contains conserved DLG (asp-leu-gly) and ENIL (glu-asn-ile-leu) motifs, and an N-terminal polybasic region which binds importin A and the translation factor scaffold protein eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G). This protein is one of the downstream kinases activated by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. It phosphorylates the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), thus playing important roles in the initiation of mRNA translation, oncogenic transformation and malignant cell proliferation. In addition to eIF4E, this protein also interacts with von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL), ring-box 1 (Rbx1) and Cullin2 (Cul2), which are all components of the CBC(VHL) ubiquitin ligase E3 complex. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found, but the full-length nature and biological activity of only two variants are determined. These two variants encode distinct isoforms which differ in activity and regulation, and in subcellular localization. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

MAP kinase interacting serine/threonine kinase 1

This gene encodes a Ser/Thr protein kinase that interacts with, and is activated by ERK1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, and thus may play a role in the response to environmental stress and cytokines. This kinase may also regulate transcription by phosphorylating eIF4E via interaction with the C-terminal region of eIF4G. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been noted for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 5

The protein encoded by this gene is a tumor suppressor and member of the serine/threonine kinase family. In response to cellular stress and proinflammatory cytokines, this kinase is activated through its phosphorylation by MAP kinases including MAPK1/ERK, MAPK14/p38-alpha, and MAPK11/p38-beta. The encoded protein is found in the nucleus but translocates to the cytoplasm upon phosphorylation and activation. This kinase phosphorylates heat shock protein HSP27 at its physiologically relevant sites. Two alternately spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 3

This gene encodes a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. This kinase functions as a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase)- activated protein kinase. MAP kinases are also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals. This kinase was shown to be activated by growth inducers and stress stimulation of cells. In vitro studies demonstrated that ERK, p38 MAP kinase and Jun N-terminal kinase were all able to phosphorylate and activate this kinase, which suggested the role of this kinase as an integrative element of signaling in both mitogen and stress responses. This kinase was reported to interact with, phosphorylate and repress the activity of E47, which is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor known to be involved in the regulation of tissue-specific gene expression and cell differentiation. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2

This gene encodes a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. This kinase is regulated through direct phosphorylation by p38 MAP kinase. In conjunction with p38 MAP kinase, this kinase is known to be involved in many cellular processes including stress and inflammatory responses, nuclear export, gene expression regulation and cell proliferation. Heat shock protein HSP27 was shown to be one of the substrates of this kinase in vivo. Two transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3

SMG1 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase

This gene encodes a protein involved in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) as part of the mRNA surveillance complex. The protein has kinase activity and is thought to function in NMD by phosphorylating the regulator of nonsense transcripts 1 protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described, but their full-length nature has yet to be determined. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 pseudogene 1

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a dual specificity protein kinase that belongs to the MAP kinase kinase family. This kinase is activated by mitogenic and environmental stress, and participates in the MAP kinase-mediated signaling cascade. It phosphorylates and thus activates MAPK14/p38-MAPK. This kinase can be activated by insulin, and is necessary for the expression of glucose transporter. Expression of RAS oncogene is found to result in the accumulation of the active form of this kinase, which thus leads to the constitutive activation of MAPK14, and confers oncogenic transformation of primary cells. The inhibition of this kinase is involved in the pathogenesis of Yersina pseudotuberculosis. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode distinct isoforms have been reported for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a dual specificity protein kinase that belongs to the MAP kinase kinase family. This kinase is known to play a critical role in mitogen growth factor signal transduction. It phosphorylates and thus activates MAPK1/ERK2 and MAPK2/ERK3. The activation of this kinase itself is dependent on the Ser/Thr phosphorylation by MAP kinase kinase kinases. Mutations in this gene cause cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC syndrome), a disease characterized by heart defects, cognitive disability, and distinctive facial features similar to those found in Noonan syndrome. The inhibition or degradation of this kinase is also found to be involved in the pathogenesis of Yersinia and anthrax. A pseudogene, which is located on chromosome 7, has been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the dual specificity protein kinase family, which acts as a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase. MAP kinases, also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals. This protein kinase lies upstream of MAP kinases and stimulates the enzymatic activity of MAP kinases upon wide variety of extra- and intracellular signals. As an essential component of MAP kinase signal transduction pathway, this kinase is involved in many cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7

The protein encoded by this gene is a dual specificity protein kinase that belongs to the MAP kinase kinase family. This kinase specifically activates MAPK8/JNK1 and MAPK9/JNK2, and this kinase itself is phosphorylated and activated by MAP kinase kinase kinases including MAP3K1/MEKK1, MAP3K2/MEKK2,MAP3K3/MEKK5, and MAP4K2/GCK. This kinase is involved in the signal transduction mediating the cell responses to proinflammatory cytokines, and environmental stresses. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6

This gene encodes a member of the dual specificity protein kinase family, which functions as a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase. MAP kinases, also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals. This protein phosphorylates and activates p38 MAP kinase in response to inflammatory cytokines or environmental stress. As an essential component of p38 MAP kinase mediated signal transduction pathway, this gene is involved in many cellular processes such as stress induced cell cycle arrest, transcription activation and apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5

The protein encoded by this gene is a dual specificity protein kinase that belongs to the MAP kinase kinase family. This kinase specifically interacts with and activates MAPK7/ERK5. This kinase itself can be phosphorylated and activated by MAP3K3/MEKK3, as well as by atypical protein kinase C isoforms (aPKCs). The signal cascade mediated by this kinase is involved in growth factor stimulated cell proliferation and muscle cell differentiation. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4

This gene encodes a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. Members of this family act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation, and development. They form a three-tiered signaling module composed of MAPKKKs, MAPKKs, and MAPKs. This protein is phosphorylated at serine and threonine residues by MAPKKKs and subsequently phosphorylates downstream MAPK targets at threonine and tyrosine residues. A similar protein in mouse has been reported to play a role in liver organogenesis. A pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome X. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

MAP kinase interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 pseudogene 1

mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 pseudogene

mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 5 pseudogene 1

SMG1 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase pseudogene

deoxythymidylate kinase (thymidylate kinase)

Enables ATP binding activity and thymidylate kinase activity. Involved in dTDP biosynthetic process and thymidine biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons 1

Enables phospholipid binding activity. Involved in plasma membrane tubulation. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons 3

This gene is a member of the protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons family. The encoded protein is involved in linking the actin cytoskeleton with vesicle formation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons 2

This gene is a member of the protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons family. The encoded protein is involved in linking the actin cytoskeleton with vesicle formation by regulating tubulin polymerization. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

cyclin-dependent kinase-like 1 (CDC2-related kinase)

This gene product is a member of a large family of CDC2-related serine/threonine protein kinases that accumulates primarily in the nucleus. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2018]

cyclin-dependent kinase-like 2 (CDC2-related kinase)

This gene product is a member of a large family of CDC2-related serine/threonine protein kinases. It accumulates primarily in the cytoplasm, with lower levels in the nucleus. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 pseudogene 1

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 pseudogene

collagen alpha-1(III) chain-like

collagen alpha-2(I) chain-like

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor. Predicted to be involved in steroid biosynthetic process. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 3

Enables propionate-CoA ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in ketone body biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2

This gene encodes a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the activation of acetate for use in lipid synthesis and energy generation. The protein acts as a monomer and produces acetyl-CoA from acetate in a reaction that requires ATP. Expression of this gene is regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, transcription factors that activate genes required for the synthesis of cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2009]

acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 1

This gene encodes a mitochondrial acetyl-CoA synthetase enzyme. A similar protein in mice plays an important role in the tricarboxylic acid cycle by catalyzing the conversion of acetate to acetyl CoA. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

dynein, cytoplasmic 1, intermediate chain 1

Enables spectrin binding activity. Involved in vesicle transport along microtubule. Located in several cellular components, including kinetochore; recycling endosome; and spindle pole. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dynein, cytoplasmic 1, intermediate chain 2

This gene encodes a member of the dynein intermediate chain family. The encoded protein is a non-catalytic component of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex, which acts as a retrograde microtubule motor to transport organelles and vesicles. A pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 10. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

Ig kappa chain V-I region Walker-like

Corticosterone side-chain isomerase

Ig heavy chain V-III region VH26-like

collagen alpha-1(I) chain-like

collagen alpha-2(I) chain-like

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 2

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor. Predicted to be involved in steroid biosynthetic process. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

collagen alpha-1(I) chain-like

single-chain Fv fragment

Ig lambda chain V region 4A-like

serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 1 pseudogene 1

serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 1 pseudogene 2

serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 1 pseudogene 5

serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 1 pseudogene 4

tubulin beta-7 chain-like

fibrinogen gamma chain

The protein encoded by this gene is the gamma component of fibrinogen, a blood-borne glycoprotein comprised of three pairs of nonidentical polypeptide chains. Following vascular injury, fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form fibrin which is the most abundant component of blood clots. In addition, various cleavage products of fibrinogen and fibrin regulate cell adhesion and spreading, display vasoconstrictor and chemotactic activities, and are mitogens for several cell types. Mutations in this gene lead to several disorders, including dysfibrinogenemia, hypofibrinogenemia and thrombophilia. Alternative splicing results in transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

fibrinogen alpha chain

This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the coagulation factor fibrinogen, which is a component of the blood clot. Following vascular injury, the encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed by thrombin during the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Mutations in this gene lead to several disorders, including dysfibrinogenemia, hypofibrinogenemia, afibrinogenemia and renal amyloidosis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes an isoform that undergoes proteolytic processing. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

fibrinogen beta chain

The protein encoded by this gene is the beta component of fibrinogen, a blood-borne glycoprotein comprised of three pairs of nonidentical polypeptide chains. Following vascular injury, fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form fibrin which is the most abundant component of blood clots. In addition, various cleavage products of fibrinogen and fibrin regulate cell adhesion and spreading, display vasoconstrictor and chemotactic activities, and are mitogens for several cell types. Fibrinogen serves key roles in hemostasis and antimicrobial host defense. Mutations in this gene lead to several disorders, including afibrinogenemia, dysfibrinogenemia, hypodysfibrinogenemia and thrombotic tendency. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

collagen alpha-3(IX) chain-like

collagen alpha-1(XXVII) chain-like

collagen alpha-2(I) chain-like

fibril-forming collagen alpha chain-like

alpha-crystallin A chain

collagen alpha-1(XI) chain-like

Ig heavy chain V-III region VH26-like

collagen alpha-1(III) chain-like

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 5 pseudogene 1

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, short/branched chain

Short/branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase(ACADSB) is a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family of enzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA derivatives in the metabolism of fatty acids or branch chained amino acids. Substrate specificity is the primary characteristic used to define members of this gene family. The ACADSB gene product has the greatest activity towards the short branched chain acyl-CoA derivative, (S)-2-methylbutyryl-CoA, but also reacts significantly with other 2-methyl branched chain substrates and with short straight chain acyl-CoAs. The cDNA encodes for a mitochondrial precursor protein which is cleaved upon mitochondrial import and predicted to yield a mature peptide of approximately 43.7-KDa. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

collagen alpha-4(IV) chain-like

collagen alpha-2(VIII) chain-like

collagen alpha-2(I) chain-like

collagen alpha-1(X) chain

collagen alpha-1(I) chain-like

Ig heavy chain V-III region VH26-like

Ig heavy chain V-III region VH26-like

clathrin, heavy chain-like 1

This gene is a member of the clathrin heavy chain family and encodes a major protein of the polyhedral coat of coated pits and vesicles. Chromosomal aberrations involving this gene are associated with meningioma, DiGeorge syndrome, and velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]

DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like

tubulin beta-8 chain-like

dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 14

Dyneins are microtubule-associated motor protein complexes composed of several heavy, light, and intermediate chains. Two major classes of dyneins, axonemal and cytoplasmic, have been identified. DNAH14 is an axonemal dynein heavy chain (DHC) (Vaughan et al., 1996 [PubMed 8812413]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 17

Dyneins are microtubule-associated motor protein complexes composed of several heavy, light, and intermediate chains. DNAH17 is a heavy chain associated with axonemal dynein (Milisav and Affara, 1998 [PubMed 9545504]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 10

Dyneins are microtubule-associated motor protein complexes composed of several heavy, light, and intermediate chains. The axonemal dyneins, found in cilia and flagella, are components of the outer and inner dynein arms attached to the peripheral microtubule doublets. DNAH10 is an inner arm dynein heavy chain (Maiti et al., 2000 [PubMed 11175280]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 12

Predicted to enable several functions, including ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and dynein intermediate chain binding activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule-based movement. Predicted to be located in axoneme and microtubule. Predicted to be part of axonemal dynein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tropomyosin alpha-3 chain-like

acyl-CoA oxidase 2, branched chain

The product of this gene belongs to the acyl-CoA oxidase family. It encodes the branched-chain acyl-CoA oxidase which is involved in the degradation of long branched fatty acids and bile acid intermediates in peroxisomes. Deficiency of this enzyme results in the accumulation of branched fatty acids and bile acid intermediates, and may lead to Zellweger syndrome, severe cognitive disability, and death in children. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

immunglobulin heavy chain variable region

Ig heavy chain V region 5A-like

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, very long chain

The protein encoded by this gene is targeted to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it catalyzes the first step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. This acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase is specific to long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acids. A deficiency in this gene product reduces myocardial fatty acid beta-oxidation and is associated with cardiomyopathy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Ig lambda chain V-I region BL2-like

collagen alpha-2(I) chain-like

collagen alpha-4(IV) chain-like

collagen alpha-1(III) chain-like

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 1

Enables benzoate-CoA ligase activity; decanoate-CoA ligase activity; and long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in acyl-CoA metabolic process and fatty acid biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 3

Enables medium-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in acyl-CoA metabolic process and fatty acid biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrion. Implicated in IgA glomerulonephritis. Biomarker of ulcerative colitis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 5

Predicted to enable fatty acid ligase activity and fatty-acyl-CoA synthase activity. Predicted to be involved in acyl-CoA metabolic process and fatty acid biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 4

Predicted to enable decanoate-CoA ligase activity and fatty-acyl-CoA synthase activity. Predicted to be involved in acyl-CoA metabolic process and fatty acid biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 6

Predicted to enable fatty acid ligase activity and fatty-acyl-CoA synthase activity. Predicted to be involved in acyl-CoA metabolic process and fatty acid biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dynein, cytoplasmic 1, intermediate chain 2 pseudogene 1

Ig kappa chain V-I region Walker-like

Ig heavy chain V region 914-like

serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 2

This gene encodes a long chain base subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase. Serine palmitoyltransferase, which consists of two different subunits, is the key enzyme in sphingolipid biosynthesis. It catalyzes the pyridoxal-5-prime-phosphate-dependent condensation of L-serine and palmitoyl-CoA to 3-oxosphinganine. Mutations in this gene were identified in patients with hereditary sensory neuropathy type I. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 3

This gene encodes a subunit of the serine palmitoyltransferase complex which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in sphingolipid biosynthesis. This subunit metabolizes lauroyl- and myristoyl-CoA and generates C14 and C16-sphingoid bases. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 1

This gene encodes a member of the class-II pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. The encoded protein is the long chain base subunit 1 of serine palmitoyltransferase. Serine palmitoyltransferase converts L-serine and palmitoyl-CoA to 3-oxosphinganine with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and is the key enzyme in sphingolipid biosynthesis. Mutations in this gene were identified in patients with hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1. Alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. Pseudogenes of this gene have been defined on chromosomes 1, 6, 10, and 13. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

clathrin heavy chain linker domain containing 1

fibril-forming collagen alpha chain

collagen alpha-1(I) chain-like

Ig heavy chain V-III region J606-like

Ig lambda chain V-I region BL2-like

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 16C, member 6, pseudogene

dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 1

This gene encodes an inner dynein arm heavy chain that provides structural support between the radial spokes and the outer doublet of the sperm tail. Naturally occurring mutations in this gene are associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia and multiple morphological anomalies of the flagella that result in asthenozoospermia and male infertility. Mice with a homozygous knockout of the orthologous gene are viable but have reduced sperm motility and are infertile. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 6

This gene belongs to the dynein family, whose members encode large proteins that are constituents of the microtubule-associated motor protein complex. This complex is composed of dynein heavy, intermediate and light chains, which can be axonemal or cytoplasmic. This protein is an axonemal dynein heavy chain. It is involved in producing force for ciliary beating by using energy from ATP hydrolysis. Mutations in this gene may cause primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) as well as heterotaxy. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016]

dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 7

DNAH7 is a component of the inner dynein arm of ciliary axonemes (Zhang et al., 2002 [PubMed 11877439]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 5

This gene encodes a dynein protein, which is part of a microtubule-associated motor protein complex consisting of heavy, light, and intermediate chains. This protein is an axonemal heavy chain dynein. It functions as a force-generating protein with ATPase activity, whereby the release of ADP is thought to produce the force-producing power stroke. Mutations in this gene cause primary ciliary dyskinesia type 3, as well as Kartagener syndrome, which are both diseases due to ciliary defects. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 8

The protein encoded by this gene is a heavy chain of an axonemal dynein involved in sperm and respiratory cilia motility. Axonemal dyneins generate force through hydrolysis of ATP and binding to microtubules. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 9

This gene encodes the heavy chain subunit of axonemal dynein, a large multi-subunit molecular motor. Axonemal dynein attaches to microtubules and hydrolyzes ATP to mediate the movement of cilia and flagella. The gene expresses at least two transcript variants; additional variants have been described, but their full length nature has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 2A

This gene encodes a mitochondrial acyl-coenzyme A synthetase that is specific for medium chain fatty acids. These enzymes catalyze fatty acid activation, the first step of fatty acid metabolism, through the transfer of acyl-CoA. These enzymes also participate in the glycine conjugation pathway in the detoxification of xenobiotics such as benzoate and ibuprofen. Expression levels of this gene in the kidney may be correlated with kidney function. This gene and its paralog ACSM2B (Gene ID: 348158), both present on chromosome 16, likely arose from a chromosomal duplication event. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 2B

Enables benzoate-CoA ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in acyl-CoA metabolic process and fatty acid biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

collagen alpha-1(I) chain-like

dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase E2

The branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKD) is an inner-mitochondrial enzyme complex involved in the breakdown of the branched-chain amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine. The BCKD complex is thought to be composed of a core of 24 transacylase (E2) subunits, and associated decarboxylase (E1), dehydrogenase (E3), and regulatory subunits. This gene encodes the transacylase (E2) subunit. Mutations in this gene result in maple syrup urine disease, type 2. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described, but their biological validity has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, C-2 to C-3 short chain

This gene encodes a tetrameric mitochondrial flavoprotein, which is a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. This enzyme catalyzes the initial step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. Mutations in this gene have been associated with short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency. Alternative splicing results in two variants which encode different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, long chain

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, which is a family of mitochondrial flavoenzymes involved in fatty acid and branched chain amino-acid metabolism. This protein is one of the four enzymes that catalyze the initial step of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of straight-chain fatty acid. Defects in this gene are the cause of long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) deficiency, leading to nonketotic hypoglycemia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, C-4 to C-12 straight chain

This gene encodes the medium-chain specific (C4 to C12 straight chain) acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase. The homotetramer enzyme catalyzes the initial step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. Defects in this gene cause medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, a disease characterized by hepatic dysfunction, fasting hypoglycemia, and encephalopathy, which can result in infantile death. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

enoyl CoA hydratase, short chain, 1, mitochondrial

The protein encoded by this gene functions in the second step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. It catalyzes the hydration of 2-trans-enoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) intermediates to L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs. The gene product is a member of the hydratase/isomerase superfamily. It localizes to the mitochondrial matrix. Transcript variants utilizing alternative transcription initiation sites have been described in the literature. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 2

Dyneins are microtubule-associated motor protein complexes composed of several heavy, light, and intermediate chains. The axonemal dyneins, found in cilia and flagella, are components of the outer and inner dynein arms attached to the peripheral microtubule doublets. DNAH2 is an axonemal inner arm dynein heavy chain (Chapelin et al., 1997 [PubMed 9256245]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 11

This gene encodes a ciliary outer dynein arm protein and is a member of the dynein heavy chain family. It is a microtubule-dependent motor ATPase and has been reported to be involved in the movement of respiratory cilia. Mutations in this gene have been implicated in causing Kartagener Syndrome (a combination of situs inversus totalis and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD), also called Immotile Cilia Syndrome 1 (ICS1)) and male sterility. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

Ig lambda chain V-I region BL2-like

dynein heavy chain domain 1

Predicted to enable dynein intermediate chain binding activity; dynein light intermediate chain binding activity; and minus-end-directed microtubule motor activity. Involved in sperm flagellum assembly. Located in sperm flagellum. Implicated in spermatogenic failure 65. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 1

This gene encodes a member of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor family of proteins. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to generate the heavy chain of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor complex, which is secreted by hepatocytes into the blood. The heavy chain also interacts with hyaluronan, and this interaction may play a role in ovulation and fertilization, and has been implicated in multiple inflammatory diseases. This gene is present in a gene cluster on chromosome 3. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 3

This gene encodes the heavy chain subunit of the pre-alpha-trypsin inhibitor complex. This complex may stabilize the extracellular matrix through its ability to bind hyaluronic acid. Polymorphisms of this gene may be associated with increased risk for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. This gene is present in an inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor family gene cluster on chromosome 3. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 2

The inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitors (ITI) are a family of structurally related plasma serine protease inhibitors involved in extracellular matrix stabilization and in prevention of tumor metastasis. The ITI family contains multiple proteins made up of a light chain (see MIM 176870) and a variable number of heavy chains (Salier et al., 1987 [PubMed 2446322]; Himmelfarb et al., 2004 [PubMed 14744536]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2009]

inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain family, member 5

This gene encodes a heavy chain component of one of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) family members. ITI proteins are involved in extracellular matrix stabilization and in the prevention of tumor metastasis. They are also structurally related plasma serine protease inhibitors and are composed of a light chain and varying numbers of heavy chains. This family member is thought to function as a tumor suppressor in breast and thyroid cancers. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain family, member 4

The protein encoded by this gene is secreted into the blood, where it is cleaved by plasma kallikrein into two smaller forms. Expression of this gene has been detected only in liver, and it seems to be upregulated during surgical trauma. This gene is part of a cluster of similar genes on chromosome 3. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain family, member 6

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the interalpha trypsin inhibitor heavy chain (ITIH) family. Interalpha trypsin inhibitor (ITI) is composed of two heavy chains (containing VWA domain) and one light chain. The light chain confers the protease-inhibitor function, while the heavy chains are involved in mediating protein-protein interactions with the components of the extracellular matrix. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 3

This gene belongs to the dynein family, whose members encode large proteins that are constituents of the microtubule-associated motor protein complex. This complex is composed of dynein heavy, intermediate and light chains, which can be axonemal or cytoplasmic. This protein is an axonemal dynein heavy chain. It is involved in producing force for ciliary beating by using energy from ATP hydrolysis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1 pseudogene

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1 pseudogene

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1 pseudogene

immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region

Predicted to enable antigen binding activity. Predicted to be involved in immunoglobulin mediated immune response. Predicted to be located in extracellular region and plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of immunoglobulin complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 10 opposite strand

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 6 pseudogene

joining chain of multimeric IgA and IgM

Enables IgA binding activity and protein homodimerization activity. Contributes to several functions, including immunoglobulin receptor binding activity; peptidoglycan binding activity; and phosphatidylcholine binding activity. Involved in several processes, including glomerular filtration; innate immune response; and positive regulation of respiratory burst. Located in extracellular space. Part of monomeric IgA immunoglobulin complex; pentameric IgM immunoglobulin complex; and secretory dimeric IgA immunoglobulin complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

branched chain amino-acid transaminase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a branched chain aminotransferase found in mitochondria. The encoded protein forms a dimer that catalyzes the first step in the production of the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

branched chain amino-acid transaminase 1, cytosolic

This gene encodes the cytosolic form of the enzyme branched-chain amino acid transaminase. This enzyme catalyzes the reversible transamination of branched-chain alpha-keto acids to branched-chain L-amino acids essential for cell growth. Two different clinical disorders have been attributed to a defect of branched-chain amino acid transamination: hypervalinemia and hyperleucine-isoleucinemia. As there is also a gene encoding a mitochondrial form of this enzyme, mutations in either gene may contribute to these disorders. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

collagen alpha-1(I) chain-like

collagen alpha-2(I) chain-like

dynein, cytoplasmic 2, heavy chain 1

This gene encodes a large cytoplasmic dynein protein that is involved in retrograde transport in the cilium and has a role in intraflagellar transport, a process required for ciliary/flagellar assembly. Mutations in this gene cause a heterogeneous spectrum of conditions related to altered primary cilium function and often involve polydactyly, abnormal skeletogenesis, and polycystic kidneys. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

kinesin heavy chain member 2A

The protein encoded by this gene is a plus end-directed motor required for normal mitotic progression. The encoded protein is required for normal spindle activity during mitosis and is necessary for normal brain development. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

collagen alpha-1(III) chain-like

serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 2 pseudogene

collagen alpha-1(II) chain-like

serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 1 pseudogene 3

complement component 1, q subcomponent, B chain

This gene encodes the B-chain polypeptide of serum complement subcomponent C1q, which associates with C1r and C1s to yield the first component of the serum complement system. C1q is composed of 18 polypeptide chains which include 6 A-chains, 6 B-chains, and 6 C-chains. Each chain contains an N-terminal collagen-like region and a C-terminal C1q globular domain. C1q deficiency is associated with lupus erythematosus and glomerulonephritis. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

CD74 molecule, major histocompatibility complex, class II invariant chain

The protein encoded by this gene associates with class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and is an important chaperone that regulates antigen presentation for immune response. It also serves as cell surface receptor for the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) which, when bound to the encoded protein, initiates survival pathways and cell proliferation. This protein also interacts with amyloid precursor protein (APP) and suppresses the production of amyloid beta (Abeta). Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

Ig heavy chain V-I region V35-like

solute carrier family 3 (amino acid transporter heavy chain), member 2

This gene is a member of the solute carrier family and encodes a cell surface, transmembrane protein. The protein exists as the heavy chain of a heterodimer, covalently bound through di-sulfide bonds to one of several possible light chains. The encoded transporter plays a role in regulation of intracellular calcium levels and transports L-type amino acids. Alternatively spliced transcript variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

solute carrier family 3 (amino acid transporter heavy chain), member 1

This gene encodes a type II membrane glycoprotein which is one of the components of the renal amino acid transporter which transports neutral and basic amino acids in the renal tubule and intestinal tract. Mutations and deletions in this gene are associated with cystinuria. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described, but their biological validity has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like

collagen alpha-2(IV) chain-like

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 4 pseudogene

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1 pseudogene 1

DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like

collagen alpha-3(IX) chain-like

Ig heavy chain V-I region V35-like

collagen alpha-1(III) chain-like

dynein heavy chain -like pseudogene

ig kappa chain V-III region VH-like pseudogene

kinesin heavy chain member 2A pseudogene

DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like

Ig heavy chain V-III region VH26-like

dynein, cytoplasmic 1, heavy chain 1

Dyneins are a group of microtubule-activated ATPases that function as molecular motors. They are divided into two subgroups of axonemal and cytoplasmic dyneins. The cytoplasmic dyneins function in intracellular motility, including retrograde axonal transport, protein sorting, organelle movement, and spindle dynamics. Molecules of conventional cytoplasmic dynein are comprised of 2 heavy chain polypeptides and a number of intermediate and light chains.This gene encodes a member of the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain family. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

collagen alpha-1(I) chain-like

collagen alpha-1(III) chain-like

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 9C, member 7

This gene encodes a protein with similarity to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family but has not been shown to have retinoid or dehydrogenase activities. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

collagen alpha-1(II) chain-like

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3 pseudogene

collagen alpha-1(III) chain-like

collagen alpha-1(I) chain-like

collagen alpha-1(III) chain-like

clathrin, heavy chain (Hc)

Clathrin is a major protein component of the cytoplasmic face of intracellular organelles, called coated vesicles and coated pits. These specialized organelles are involved in the intracellular trafficking of receptors and endocytosis of a variety of macromolecules. The basic subunit of the clathrin coat is composed of three heavy chains and three light chains. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

dynein, axonemal, intermediate chain 1

This gene encodes a member of the dynein intermediate chain family. The encoded protein is part of the dynein complex in respiratory cilia. The inner- and outer-arm dyneins, which bridge between the doublet microtubules in axonemes, are the force-generating proteins responsible for the sliding movement in axonemes. The intermediate and light chains, thought to form the base of the dynein arm, help mediate attachment and may also participate in regulating dynein activity. Mutations in this gene result in abnormal ciliary ultrastructure and function associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia and Kartagener syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

dynein, axonemal, intermediate chain 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the dynein intermediate chain family, and is part of the dynein complex of respiratory cilia and sperm flagella. Mutations in this gene are associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia type 9. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

Ig heavy chain V region 5A-like

Ig kappa chain V-I region Hau-like

Ig kappa chain V-I region Walker-like

collagen alpha-1(I) chain-like

DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1 pseudogene

Ig kappa chain V-I region HK102-like

collagen alpha-2(V) chain-like

branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, beta polypeptide

This gene encodes the E1 beta subunit of branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase, which is a multienzyme complex associated with the inner membrane of mitochondria. This enzyme complex functions in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids. Mutations in this gene have been associated with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), type 1B, a disease characterized by a maple syrup odor to the urine in addition to mental and physical retardation and feeding problems. Alternative splicing at this locus results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, alpha polypeptide

The branched-chain alpha-keto acid (BCAA) dehydrogenase (BCKD) complex is an innter mitochondrial enzyme complex that catalyzes the second major step in the catabolism of the branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. The BCKD complex consists of three catalytic components: a heterotetrameric (alpha2-beta2) branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase (E1), a dihydrolipoyl transacylase (E2), and a dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the decarboxylase (E1) component. Mutations in this gene result in maple syrup urine disease, type IA. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

collagen alpha-2(IV) chain-like

collagen alpha-2(IV) chain-like

collagen alpha-1(X) chain-like

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 16C, member 5

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily of proteins and is involved in the oxidation of retinol to retinaldehyde. The encoded protein is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and is predicted to contain three transmembrane helices, suggesting that it is an integral membrane protein. It recognizes all-trans-retinol and all-trans-retinaldehyde as substrates and exhibits a strong preference for NAD(+)/NADH as cofactors. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB1-7 beta chain

collagen alpha-1(II) chain-like

tubulin beta-8 chain-like

collagen alpha-1(XIII) chain

complement component 1, q subcomponent, C chain

This gene encodes the C-chain polypeptide of serum complement subcomponent C1q, which associates with C1r and C1s to yield the first component of the serum complement system. C1q is composed of 18 polypeptide chains which include 6 A-chains, 6 B-chains, and 6 C-chains. Each chain contains an N-terminal collagen-like region and a C-terminal C1q globular domain. C1q deficiency is associated with lupus erythematosus and glomerulonephritis. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

complement component 1, q subcomponent, A chain

This gene encodes the A-chain polypeptide of serum complement subcomponent C1q, which associates with C1r and C1s to yield the first component of the serum complement system. C1q deficiency is associated with lupus erythematosus and glomerulonephritis. C1q is composed of 18 polypeptide chains which include 6 A-chains, 6 B-chains, and 6 C-chains. Each chain contains an N-terminal collagen-like region and a C-terminal C1q globular domain. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2016]

collagen alpha-2(IV) chain-like

collagen alpha-1(III) chain-like

HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A-69 alpha chain-like

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3

The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of the long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family. Although differing in substrate specificity, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution, all isozymes of this family convert free long-chain fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA esters, and thereby play a key role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. This isozyme is highly expressed in brain, and preferentially utilizes myristate, arachidonate, and eicosapentaenoate as substrates. The amino acid sequence of this isozyme is 92% identical to that of rat homolog. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of the long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family. Although differing in substrate specificity, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution, all isozymes of this family convert free long-chain fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA esters, and thereby play a key role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 6

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the formation of acyl-CoA from fatty acids, ATP, and CoA, using magnesium as a cofactor. The encoded protein plays a major role in fatty acid metabolism in the brain. Translocations with the ETV6 gene are causes of myelodysplastic syndrome with basophilia, acute myelogenous leukemia with eosinophilia, and acute eosinophilic leukemia. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Apr 2011]

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4

The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of the long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family. Although differing in substrate specificity, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution, all isozymes of this family convert free long-chain fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA esters, and thereby play a key role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. This isozyme preferentially utilizes arachidonate as substrate. The absence of this enzyme may contribute to the cognitive disability or Alport syndrome. Alternative splicing of this gene generates multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 5

The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of the long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family. Although differing in substrate specificity, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution, all isozymes of this family convert free long-chain fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA esters, and thereby play a key role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. This isozyme is highly expressed in uterus and spleen, and in trace amounts in normal brain, but has markedly increased levels in malignant gliomas. This gene functions in mediating fatty acid-induced glioma cell growth. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

collagen alpha-1(I) chain-like

collagen alpha-1(III) chain-like

tubulin alpha-1C chain-like

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 39U, member 1

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) superfamily, which includes both classical and extended types. The encoded protein represents an extended type, with similarity to epimerases. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

hydroxyacid oxidase 2 (long chain)

This gene is one of three related genes that have 2-hydroxyacid oxidase activity. The encoded protein localizes to the peroxisome has the highest activity toward the substrate 2-hydroxypalmitate. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

putative short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E member 2

collagen alpha-1(I) chain-like

dynein axonemal intermediate chain 7

Predicted to enable beta-tubulin binding activity and microtubule binding activity. Predicted to be located in cilium and microtubule cytoskeleton. Predicted to be part of axonemal dynein complex. Predicted to be active in axoneme and cytoplasmic microtubule. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dynein 2 intermediate chain 1

This gene encodes a member of the WD repeat protein family. WD repeats are minimally conserved regions of approximately 40 amino acids typically bracketed by gly-his and trp-asp (GH-WD) and may facilitate the formation of heterotrimeric or multiprotein complexes. Members of this family are involved in a variety of cellular processes including cell cycle progression, signal transduction, apoptosis, and gene regulation. The encoded protein contains four WD repeats and may play a role in the formation of cilia. Mutations in this gene have been associated with short-rib polydactyly and Jeune syndromes. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

dynein axonemal intermediate chain 4

Predicted to enable dynein heavy chain binding activity and dynein light chain binding activity. Predicted to be involved in axonemal dynein complex assembly and cilium movement. Predicted to act upstream of or within hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. Predicted to be located in axoneme; dynein axonemal particle; and motile cilium. Predicted to be part of axonemal dynein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dynein 2 intermediate chain 2

This gene encodes a member of the WD repeat protein family. WD repeats are minimally conserved regions of approximately 40 amino acids typically bracketed by gly-his and trp-asp (GH-WD), which may facilitate formation of heterotrimeric or multiprotein complexes. Members of this family are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, signal transduction, apoptosis, and gene regulation. Defects in this gene are a cause of short-rib thoracic dysplasia 11 with or without polydactyly. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

dynein axonemal intermediate chain 3

Enables Arp2/3 complex binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation and negative regulation of cell migration. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

collagen alpha-5(IV) chain-like

collagen alpha-1(III) chain-like

CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 1B

CKS1B protein binds to the catalytic subunit of the cyclin dependent kinases and is essential for their biological function. The CKS1B mRNA is found to be expressed in different patterns through the cell cycle in HeLa cells, which reflects a specialized role for the encoded protein. At least two transcript variants have been identified for this gene, and it appears that only one of them encodes a protein. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2008]

CDC-like kinase 2, pseudogene 1

protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, regulatory, type II, alpha

cAMP is a signaling molecule important for a variety of cellular functions. cAMP exerts its effects by activating the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which transduces the signal through phosphorylation of different target proteins. The inactive kinase holoenzyme is a tetramer composed of two regulatory and two catalytic subunits. cAMP causes the dissociation of the inactive holoenzyme into a dimer of regulatory subunits bound to four cAMP and two free monomeric catalytic subunits. Four different regulatory subunits and three catalytic subunits have been identified in humans. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the regulatory subunits. This subunit can be phosphorylated by the activated catalytic subunit. It may interact with various A-kinase anchoring proteins and determine the subcellular localization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. This subunit has been shown to regulate protein transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus and further to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, regulatory, type II, beta

cAMP is a signaling molecule important for a variety of cellular functions. cAMP exerts its effects by activating the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which transduces the signal through phosphorylation of different target proteins. The inactive kinase holoenzyme is a tetramer composed of two regulatory and two catalytic subunits. cAMP causes the dissociation of the inactive holoenzyme into a dimer of regulatory subunits bound to four cAMP and two free monomeric catalytic subunits. Four different regulatory subunits and three catalytic subunits have been identified in humans. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the regulatory subunits. This subunit can be phosphorylated by the activated catalytic subunit. This subunit has been shown to interact with and suppress the transcriptional activity of the cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) in activated T cells. Knockout studies in mice suggest that this subunit may play an important role in regulating energy balance and adiposity. The studies also suggest that this subunit may mediate the gene induction and cataleptic behavior induced by haloperidol. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

calmodulin 2 (phosphorylase kinase, delta)

This gene is a member of the calmodulin gene family. There are three distinct calmodulin genes dispersed throughout the genome that encode the identical protein, but differ at the nucleotide level. Calmodulin is a calcium binding protein that plays a role in signaling pathways, cell cycle progression and proliferation. Several infants with severe forms of long-QT syndrome (LQTS) who displayed life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias together with delayed neurodevelopment and epilepsy were found to have mutations in either this gene or another member of the calmodulin gene family (PMID:23388215). Mutations in this gene have also been identified in patients with less severe forms of LQTS (PMID:24917665), while mutations in another calmodulin gene family member have been associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)(PMID:23040497), a rare disorder thought to be the cause of a significant fraction of sudden cardiac deaths in young individuals. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 10, 13, and 17. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]

calmodulin 3 (phosphorylase kinase, delta)

This gene encodes a member of a family of proteins that binds calcium and functions as a enzymatic co-factor. Activity of this protein is important in the regulation of the cell cycle and cytokinesis. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed at this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

calmodulin 1 (phosphorylase kinase, delta)

This gene encodes one of three calmodulin proteins which are members of the EF-hand calcium-binding protein family. Calcium-induced activation of calmodulin regulates and modulates the function of cardiac ion channels. Two pseudogenes have been identified on chromosome 7 and X. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.A missense mutation in the CALM1 gene has been associated with ventricular tachycardia.[provided by RefSeq, May 2020]

mitogen-activated protein kinase 7-like

pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is a mitochondrial multienzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and is one of the major enzymes responsible for the regulation of homeostasis of carbohydrate fuels in mammals. The enzymatic activity is regulated by a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle. Phosphorylation of PDH by a specific pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) results in inactivation. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 3

The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial multienzyme complex that catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). It provides the primary link between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and thus is one of the major enzymes responsible for the regulation of glucose metabolism. The enzymatic activity of PDH is regulated by a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle, and phosphorylation results in inactivation of PDH. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the three pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases that inhibits the PDH complex by phosphorylation of the E1 alpha subunit. This gene is predominantly expressed in the heart and skeletal muscles. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 2

This gene encodes a member of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase family. The encoded protein phosphorylates pyruvate dehydrogenase, down-regulating the activity of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Overexpression of this gene may play a role in both cancer and diabetes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4

This gene is a member of the PDK/BCKDK protein kinase family and encodes a mitochondrial protein with a histidine kinase domain. This protein is located in the matrix of the mitrochondria and inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by phosphorylating one of its subunits, thereby contributing to the regulation of glucose metabolism. Expression of this gene is regulated by glucocorticoids, retinoic acid and insulin. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

SH3-domain kinase binding protein 1

This gene encodes an adapter protein that contains one or more N-terminal Src homology domains, a proline rich region and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain. The encoded protein facilitates protein-protein interactions and has been implicated in numerous cellular processes including apoptosis, cytoskeletal rearrangement, cell adhesion and in the regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1 pseudogene

kinase D-interacting substrate, 220kDa

This gene encodes a transmembrane protein that is preferentially expressed in the nervous system where it controls neuronal cell survival, differentiation into exons and dendrites, and synaptic plasticity. The encoded protein interacts with membrane receptors, cytosolic signaling components, and cytoskeletal proteins, serving as a scaffold that mediates crosstalk between the neurotrophin pathway and several other intracellular signaling pathways. Aberrant expression of this gene is associated with the onset of various neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Naturally occurring mutations in this gene are associated with a syndrome characterized by spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, nystagmus and obesity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 pseudogene

casein kinase 1, gamma 1

This gene encodes a member of the casein kinase I gene family. This family is comprised of serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate acidic proteins such as caseins. The encoded kinase plays a role in cell cycle checkpoint arrest in response to stalled replication forks by phosphorylating Claspin. A mutation in this gene may be associated with non-syndromic early-onset epilepsy (NSEOE). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

casein kinase 1, alpha 1-like

Predicted to enable protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway and signal transduction. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1

This gene encodes a member of the receptor-interacting protein (RIP) family of serine/threonine protein kinases. The encoded protein plays a role in inflammation and cell death in response to tissue damage, pathogen recognition, and as part of developmental regulation. RIPK1/RIPK3 kinase-mediated necrosis is referred to as necroptosis. Genetic disruption of this gene in mice results in death shortly after birth. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3

The product of this gene is a member of the receptor-interacting protein (RIP) family of serine/threonine protein kinases, and contains a C-terminal domain unique from other RIP family members. The encoded protein is predominantly localized to the cytoplasm, and can undergo nucleocytoplasmic shuttling dependent on novel nuclear localization and export signals. It is a component of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-I signaling complex, and can induce apoptosis and weakly activate the NF-kappaB transcription factor. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2

This gene encodes a member of the receptor-interacting protein (RIP) family of serine/threonine protein kinases. The encoded protein contains a C-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD), and is a component of signaling complexes in both the innate and adaptive immune pathways. It is a potent activator of NF-kappaB and inducer of apoptosis in response to various stimuli. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 1 pseudogene

SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1

Enables protein kinase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization; regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity; and substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading. Located in actin cytoskeleton and cytoplasm. Is active in glutamatergic synapse. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

aurora kinase A interacting protein 1 pseudogene

pyridoxal (pyridoxine, vitamin B6) kinase

The protein encoded by this gene phosphorylates vitamin B6, a step required for the conversion of vitamin B6 to pyridoxal-5-phosphate, an important cofactor in intermediary metabolism. The encoded protein is cytoplasmic and probably acts as a homodimer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described, but their biological validity has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

STE20-like kinase

Enables protein homodimerization activity and protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Involved in several processes, including cytoplasmic microtubule organization; protein autophosphorylation; and regulation of focal adhesion assembly. Located in perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ROS proto-oncogene 1 , receptor tyrosine kinase

This proto-oncogene, highly-expressed in a variety of tumor cell lines, belongs to the sevenless subfamily of tyrosine kinase insulin receptor genes. The protein encoded by this gene is a type I integral membrane protein with tyrosine kinase activity. The protein may function as a growth or differentiation factor receptor. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 4

This gene encodes a member of the microtubule affinity-regulating kinase family. These protein kinases phosphorylate microtubule-associated proteins and regulate the transition between stable and dynamic microtubules. The encoded protein is associated with the centrosome throughout mitosis and may be involved in cell cycle control. Expression of this gene is a potential marker for cancer, and the encoded protein may also play a role in Alzheimer's disease. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on both the short and long arm of chromosome 3. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 1

Enables several functions, including ATP binding activity; magnesium ion binding activity; and phospholipid binding activity. Involved in intracellular signal transduction; negative regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition; and protein phosphorylation. Located in cytoplasm; dendrite; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 2

This gene encodes a member of the Par-1 family of serine/threonine protein kinases. The protein is an important regulator of cell polarity in epithelial and neuronal cells, and also controls the stability of microtubules through phosphorylation and inactivation of several microtubule-associating proteins. The protein localizes to cell membranes. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2009]

MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 3

The protein encoded by this gene is activated by phosphorylation and in turn is involved in the phosphorylation of tau proteins MAP2 and MAP4. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 binding protein 1

Predicted to enable signaling adaptor activity. Predicted to be involved in canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MOB kinase activator 2

Predicted to enable protein kinase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in signal transduction. Predicted to act upstream of or within actin cytoskeleton organization; positive regulation of neuron projection development; and positive regulation of protein phosphorylation. Located in cytosol; nucleolus; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

deoxycytidine kinase

Deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) is required for the phosphorylation of several deoxyribonucleosides and their nucleoside analogs. Deficiency of DCK is associated with resistance to antiviral and anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. Conversely, increased deoxycytidine kinase activity is associated with increased activation of these compounds to cytotoxic nucleoside triphosphate derivatives. DCK is clinically important because of its relationship to drug resistance and sensitivity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

proline-rich receptor-like protein kinase PERK2

MOK protein kinase

This gene belongs to the MAP kinase superfamily. The gene was found to be regulated by caudal type transcription factor 2 (Cdx2) protein. The encoded protein, which is localized to epithelial cells in the intestinal crypt, may play a role in growth arrest and differentiation of cells of upper crypt and lower villus regions. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

creatine kinase, mitochondrial 2 (sarcomeric)

Mitochondrial creatine kinase (MtCK) is responsible for the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria to the cytosolic carrier, creatine. It belongs to the creatine kinase isoenzyme family. It exists as two isoenzymes, sarcomeric MtCK and ubiquitous MtCK, encoded by separate genes. Mitochondrial creatine kinase occurs in two different oligomeric forms: dimers and octamers, in contrast to the exclusively dimeric cytosolic creatine kinase isoenzymes. Sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase has 80% homology with the coding exons of ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase. This gene contains sequences homologous to several motifs that are shared among some nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins and thus may be essential for the coordinated activation of these genes during mitochondrial biogenesis. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cyclin-dependent kinase 2 associated protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) -associated protein which is thought to negatively regulate CDK2 activity by sequestering monomeric CDK2, and targeting CDK2 for proteolysis. This protein was found to also interact with DNA polymerase alpha/primase and mediate the phosphorylation of the large p180 subunit, which suggests a regulatory role in DNA replication during the S-phase of the cell cycle. This protein also forms a core subunit of the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NURD) complex that epigenetically regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation. This gene thus plays a role in both cell-cycle and epigenetic regulation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

cyclin-dependent kinase 2 associated protein 2

This gene encodes a protein that interacts with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 associated protein 1. Pseudogenes associated with this gene are located on chromosomes 7 and 9. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1A

Mitochondrial creatine (MtCK) kinase is responsible for the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria to the cytosolic carrier, creatine. It belongs to the creatine kinase isoenzyme family. It exists as two isoenzymes, sarcomeric MtCK and ubiquitous MtCK, encoded by separate genes. Mitochondrial creatine kinase occurs in two different oligomeric forms: dimers and octamers, in contrast to the exclusively dimeric cytosolic creatine kinase isoenzymes. Many malignant cancers with poor prognosis have shown overexpression of ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase; this may be related to high energy turnover and failure to eliminate cancer cells via apoptosis. Ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase has 80% homology with the coding exons of sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase. Two genes located near each other on chromosome 15 have been identified which encode identical mitochondrial creatine kinase proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1B

Mitochondrial creatine (MtCK) kinase is responsible for the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria to the cytosolic carrier, creatine. It belongs to the creatine kinase isoenzyme family. It exists as two isoenzymes, sarcomeric MtCK and ubiquitous MtCK, encoded by separate genes. Mitochondrial creatine kinase occurs in two different oligomeric forms: dimers and octamers, in contrast to the exclusively dimeric cytosolic creatine kinase isoenzymes. Many malignant cancers with poor prognosis have shown overexpression of ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase; this may be related to high energy turnover and failure to eliminate cancer cells via apoptosis. Ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase has 80% homology with the coding exons of sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase. Two genes located near each other on chromosome 15 have been identified which encode identical mitochondrial creatine kinase proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

receptor-like tyrosine kinase

The protein encoded by this gene is an atypical member of the family of growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinases, differing from other members at a number of conserved residues in the activation and nucleotide binding domains. This gene product belongs to a subfamily whose members do not appear to be regulated by phosphorylation in the activation segment. It has been suggested that mediation of biological activity by recruitment of a signaling-competent auxiliary protein may occur through an as yet uncharacterized mechanism. The encoded protein has a leucine-rich extracellular domain with a WIF-type Wnt binding region, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. This protein is involved in stimulating Wnt signaling pathways such as the regulation of axon pathfinding. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

NAD kinase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial kinase that catalyzes the phosphorylation of NAD to yield NADP. Mutations in this gene result in 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

TGF-beta activated kinase 1/MAP3K7 binding protein 3 pseudogene 1

glucosamine (UDP-N-acetyl)-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase

The protein encoded by this gene is a bifunctional enzyme that initiates and regulates the biosynthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc), a precursor of sialic acids. It is a rate-limiting enzyme in the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. Sialic acid modification of cell surface molecules is crucial for their function in many biologic processes, including cell adhesion and signal transduction. Differential sialylation of cell surface molecules is also implicated in the tumorigenicity and metastatic behavior of malignant cells. Mutations in this gene are associated with sialuria, autosomal recessive inclusion body myopathy, and Nonaka myopathy. Alternative splicing of this gene results in transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 2, pseudogene

Predicted to enable protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Predicted to be involved in intracellular signal transduction. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

LYN proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase

This gene encodes a tyrosine protein kinase, which maybe involved in the regulation of mast cell degranulation, and erythroid differentiation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 3

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the inositol phosphokinase (IPK) family. This protein is likely responsible for the conversion of inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) to diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (InsP7/PP-InsP5). It may also convert 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (InsP5) to PP-InsP4. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 2

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the inositol phosphokinase (IPK) family. This protein is likely responsible for the conversion of inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) to diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (InsP7/PP-InsP5). It may also convert 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (InsP5) to PP-InsP4 and affect the growth suppressive and apoptotic activities of interferon-beta in some ovarian cancers. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1

This gene encodes a member of the inositol phosphokinase family. The encoded protein may be responsible for the conversion of inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) to diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (InsP7/PP-InsP5). It may also convert 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (InsP5) to PP-InsP4. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

cyclin-dependent kinase 2-associated protein 1 pseudogene

cyclin-dependent kinase 2-associated protein 1 pseudogene

mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 interacting protein 1 pseudogene

serine/threonine kinase receptor associated protein

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium and spliceosomal snRNP assembly. Acts upstream of with a positive effect on negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway. Located in cytosol. Part of SMN complex. Implicated in adenocarcinoma; colorectal carcinoma; large cell carcinoma; lung carcinoma; and squamous cell neoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1

This gene encodes a protein serine/threonine kinase that is activated when bound to the GTP-bound form of Rho. The small GTPase Rho regulates formation of focal adhesions and stress fibers of fibroblasts, as well as adhesion and aggregation of platelets and lymphocytes by shuttling between the inactive GDP-bound form and the active GTP-bound form. Rho is also essential in cytokinesis and plays a role in transcriptional activation by serum response factor. This protein, a downstream effector of Rho, phosphorylates and activates LIM kinase, which in turn, phosphorylates cofilin, inhibiting its actin-depolymerizing activity. A pseudogene, related to this gene, is also located on chromosome 18. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates cytokinesis, smooth muscle contraction, the formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions, and the activation of the c-fos serum response element. This protein, which is an isozyme of ROCK1 is a target for the small GTPase Rho. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 3

This gene encodes a protein belonging to the 'with no lysine' family of serine-threonine protein kinases. These family members lack the catalytic lysine in subdomain II, and instead have a conserved lysine in subdomain I. This family member functions as a positive regulator of the transcellular Ca2+ transport pathway, and it plays a role in the increase of cell survival in a caspase-3-dependent pathway. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

MOB kinase activator 1A

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the Hippo signaling pathway, which controls organ size and tumor growth by enhancing apoptosis. Loss of the encoded protein results in cell proliferation and cancer formation. The encoded protein is also involved in the control of microtubule stability during cytokinesis. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

MOB kinase activator 1B

The protein encoded by this gene is similar to the yeast Mob1 protein. Yeast Mob1 binds Mps1p, a protein kinase essential for spindle pole body duplication and mitotic checkpoint regulation. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

cyclin-dependent kinase 7 pseudogene

acylglycerol kinase pseudogene 1

FGR proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase

This gene is a member of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). The encoded protein contains N-terminal sites for myristylation and palmitylation, a PTK domain, and SH2 and SH3 domains which are involved in mediating protein-protein interactions with phosphotyrosine-containing and proline-rich motifs, respectively. The protein localizes to plasma membrane ruffles, and functions as a negative regulator of cell migration and adhesion triggered by the beta-2 integrin signal transduction pathway. Infection with Epstein-Barr virus results in the overexpression of this gene. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sterile alpha motif and leucine zipper containing kinase AZK

This gene is a member of the MAPKKK family of signal transduction molecules and encodes a protein with an N-terminal kinase catalytic domain, followed by a leucine zipper motif and a sterile-alpha motif (SAM). This magnesium-binding protein forms homodimers and is located in the cytoplasm. The protein mediates gamma radiation signaling leading to cell cycle arrest and activity of this protein plays a role in cell cycle checkpoint regulation in cells. The protein also has pro-apoptotic activity. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nuclear ubiquitous casein and cyclin-dependent kinase substrate 1-like

MOB kinase activator 3C

The protein encoded by this gene is similar to the yeast Mob1 protein. Yeast Mob1 binds Mps1p, a protein kinase essential for spindle pole body duplication and mitotic checkpoint regulation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

leucine-rich repeat kinase 1

This gene encodes a multi-domain protein that is a leucine-rich repeat kinase and a GDP/GTP binding protein. The encoded protein is thought to play a role in the regulation of bone mass. Mice lacking a similar gene showed severe osteopetrosis, increased bone mineralization and decreased bone resorption. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

leucine-rich repeat kinase 2

This gene is a member of the leucine-rich repeat kinase family and encodes a protein with an ankryin repeat region, a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, a kinase domain, a DFG-like motif, a RAS domain, a GTPase domain, a MLK-like domain, and a WD40 domain. The protein is present largely in the cytoplasm but also associates with the mitochondrial outer membrane. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Parkinson disease-8. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acylglycerol kinase pseudogene

choline kinase alpha

The major pathway for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine occurs via the CDP-choline pathway. The protein encoded by this gene is the initial enzyme in the sequence and may play a regulatory role. The encoded protein also catalyzes the phosphorylation of ethanolamine. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

choline kinase beta

Choline kinase (CK) and ethanolamine kinase (EK) catalyze the phosphorylation of choline/ethanolamine to phosphocholine/phosphoethanolamine. This is the first enzyme in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine in all animal cells. The highly purified CKs from mammalian sources and their recombinant gene products have been shown to have EK activity also, indicating that both activities reside on the same protein. The choline kinase-like protein encoded by CHKL belongs to the choline/ethanolamine kinase family; however, its exact function is not known. Read-through transcripts are expressed from this locus that include exons from the downstream CPT1B locus. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]

mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 interacting protein 1-like

ceramide kinase

CERK converts ceramide to ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P), a sphingolipid metabolite. Both CERK and C1P have been implicated in various cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, phagocytosis, and inflammation (Kim et al., 2006 [PubMed 16488390]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ethanolamine kinase 1 pseudogene

cyclin-dependent kinase 20

The protein encoded by this gene contains a kinase domain most closely related to the cyclin-dependent protein kinases. The encoded kinase may activate cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and is involved in cell growth. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2009]

protein kinase (cAMP-dependent, catalytic) inhibitor gamma

This gene encodes a member of the protein kinase inhibitor family. Studies of a similar protein in mice suggest that this protein acts as a potent competitive cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, and is a predominant form of inhibitor in various tissues. The encoded protein may be involved in osteogenesis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

protein kinase (cAMP-dependent, catalytic) inhibitor alpha

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor family. This protein was demonstrated to interact with and inhibit the activities of both C alpha and C beta catalytic subunits of the PKA. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

protein kinase (cAMP-dependent, catalytic) inhibitor beta

This gene encodes a member of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor family. The encoded protein may play a role in the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway by interacting with the catalytic subunit of PKA, and overexpression of this gene may play a role in prostate cancer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

mitogen-activated protein kinase 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases, also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act in a signaling cascade that regulates various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and cell cycle progression in response to a variety of extracellular signals. This kinase is activated by upstream kinases, resulting in its translocation to the nucleus where it phosphorylates nuclear targets. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase 1

This gene encodes a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases, also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. The activation of this kinase requires its phosphorylation by upstream kinases. Upon activation, this kinase translocates to the nucleus of the stimulated cells, where it phosphorylates nuclear targets. One study also suggests that this protein acts as a transcriptional repressor independent of its kinase activity. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein, but differing in the UTRs, have been reported for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

mitogen-activated protein kinase 6

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family, and is most closely related to mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases). MAP kinases also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), are activated through protein phosphorylation cascades and act as integration points for multiple biochemical signals. This kinase is localized in the nucleus, and has been reported to be activated in fibroblasts upon treatment with serum or phorbol esters. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitogen-activated protein kinase 4

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. Tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors activate mitogen-activated protein kinases which then translocate into the nucleus and phosphorylate nuclear targets. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

mitogen-activated protein kinase 8

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. This kinase is activated by various cell stimuli, and targets specific transcription factors, and thus mediates immediate-early gene expression in response to cell stimuli. The activation of this kinase by tumor-necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is found to be required for TNF-alpha induced apoptosis. This kinase is also involved in UV radiation induced apoptosis, which is thought to be related to cytochrom c-mediated cell death pathway. Studies of the mouse counterpart of this gene suggested that this kinase play a key role in T cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

mitogen-activated protein kinase 9

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. This kinase targets specific transcription factors, and thus mediates immediate-early gene expression in response to various cell stimuli. It is most closely related to MAPK8, both of which are involved in UV radiation induced apoptosis, thought to be related to the cytochrome c-mediated cell death pathway. This gene and MAPK8 are also known as c-Jun N-terminal kinases. This kinase blocks the ubiquitination of tumor suppressor p53, and thus it increases the stability of p53 in nonstressed cells. Studies of this gene's mouse counterpart suggest a key role in T-cell differentiation. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2008]

HCK proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Src family of tyrosine kinases. This protein is primarily hemopoietic, particularly in cells of the myeloid and B-lymphoid lineages. It may help couple the Fc receptor to the activation of the respiratory burst. In addition, it may play a role in neutrophil migration and in the degranulation of neutrophils. Multiple isoforms with different subcellular distributions are produced due to both alternative splicing and the use of alternative translation initiation codons, including a non-AUG (CUG) codon. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

BUB1 mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase

This gene encodes a serine/threonine-protein kinase that play a central role in mitosis. The encoded protein functions in part by phosphorylating members of the mitotic checkpoint complex and activating the spindle checkpoint. This protein also plays a role in inhibiting the activation of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome. This protein may also function in the DNA damage response. Mutations in this gene have been associated with aneuploidy and several forms of cancer. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 3

fer (fps/fes related) tyrosine kinase (phosphoprotein NCP94) pseudogene 1

mitogen-activated protein kinase 7-like

cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the dual specificity protein phosphatase family. It was identified as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, and has been shown to interact with, and dephosphorylate CDK2 kinase, thus prevent the activation of CDK2 kinase. This gene was reported to be deleted, mutated, or overexpressed in several kinds of cancers. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

protein serine kinase H2

Predicted to enable protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Predicted to be involved in signal transduction. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protein serine kinase H1

Predicted to enable protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Predicted to be involved in signal transduction. Predicted to act upstream of or within determination of left/right symmetry; heart development; and protein phosphorylation. Located in cytosol and nuclear speck. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 1 pseudogene

CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 2

CKS2 protein binds to the catalytic subunit of the cyclin dependent kinases and is essential for their biological function. The CKS2 mRNA is found to be expressed in different patterns through the cell cycle in HeLa cells, which reflects specialized role for the encoded protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family. This kinase was shown to be activated rapidly during Fas-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat cells. In response to Fas receptor ligation, it phosphorylates TIA1, an apoptosis-promoting nuclear RNA-binding protein. The encoded protein is a strong inducer of lymphocyte apoptosis. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Other variants exist, but their full-length natures have not yet been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phosphoglycerate kinase 2

This gene is intronless, arose via retrotransposition of the phosphoglycerate kinase 1 gene, and is expressed specifically in the testis. Initially assumed to be a pseudogene, the encoded protein is actually a functional phosphoglycerate kinase that catalyzes the reversible conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate, during the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway of glycolysis, in the later stages of spermatogenesis.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

phosphoglycerate kinase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate. The encoded protein may also act as a cofactor for polymerase alpha. Additionally, this protein is secreted by tumor cells where it participates in angiogenesis by functioning to reduce disulfide bonds in the serine protease, plasmin, which consequently leads to the release of the tumor blood vessel inhibitor angiostatin. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. Deficiency of the enzyme is associated with a wide range of clinical phenotypes hemolytic anemia and neurological impairment. Pseudogenes of this gene have been defined on chromosomes 19, 21 and the X chromosome. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

ABL proto-oncogene 1, non-receptor tyrosine kinase

This gene is a protooncogene that encodes a protein tyrosine kinase involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell division, adhesion, differentiation, and response to stress. The activity of the protein is negatively regulated by its SH3 domain, whereby deletion of the region encoding this domain results in an oncogene. The ubiquitously expressed protein has DNA-binding activity that is regulated by CDC2-mediated phosphorylation, suggesting a cell cycle function. This gene has been found fused to a variety of translocation partner genes in various leukemias, most notably the t(9;22) translocation that results in a fusion with the 5' end of the breakpoint cluster region gene (BCR; MIM:151410). Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants, which contain alternative first exons that are spliced to the remaining common exons. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2014]

ABL proto-oncogene 2, non-receptor tyrosine kinase

This gene encodes a member of the Abelson family of nonreceptor tyrosine protein kinases. The protein is highly similar to the c-abl oncogene 1 protein, including the tyrosine kinase, SH2 and SH3 domains, and it plays a role in cytoskeletal rearrangements through its C-terminal F-actin- and microtubule-binding sequences. This gene is expressed in both normal and tumor cells, and is involved in translocation with the ets variant 6 gene in leukemia. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

TNNI3 interacting kinase

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) family of protein kinases. The protein contains ankyrin repeat, protein kinase and serine-rich domains and is thought to play a role in cardiac physiology. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2012]

calmodulin 2 (phosphorylase kinase, delta) pseudogene

homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2

This gene encodes a conserved serine/threonine kinase that is a member of the homeodomain-interacting protein kinase family. The encoded protein interacts with homeodomain transcription factors and many other transcription factors such as p53, and can function as both a corepressor and a coactivator depending on the transcription factor and its subcellular localization. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

carbohydrate kinase domain containing

Enables ATP-dependent NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase activity. Predicted to be involved in metabolite repair. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear ubiquitous casein and cyclin-dependent kinase substrate 1-like

PTEN induced putative kinase 1

This gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that localizes to mitochondria. It is thought to protect cells from stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Mutations in this gene cause one form of autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson disease. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

protein-kinase, interferon-inducible double stranded RNA dependent inhibitor, repressor of (P58 repressor) pseudogene

ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 1

This gene encodes a member of the ribosomal S6 kinase family of serine/threonine kinases. The encoded protein responds to mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling to promote protein synthesis, cell growth, and cell proliferation. Activity of this gene has been associated with human cancer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed. The use of alternative translation start sites results in isoforms with longer or shorter N-termini which may differ in their subcellular localizations. There are two pseudogenes for this gene on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 2

This gene encodes a member of the RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) family of serine/threonine kinases. This kinase contains a kinase catalytic domain and phosphorylates the S6 ribosomal protein and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (eIF4B). Phosphorylation of S6 leads to an increase in protein synthesis and cell proliferation. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

cyclin-dependent kinase 11A

This gene encodes a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family. Members of this kinase family are known to be essential for eukaryotic cell cycle control. Due to a segmental duplication, this gene shares very high sequence identity with a neighboring gene. These two genes are frequently deleted or altered in neuroblastoma. The protein kinase encoded by this gene can be cleaved by caspases and may play a role in cell apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

cyclin-dependent kinase 11B

This gene encodes a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family. Members of this kinase family are known to be essential for eukaryotic cell cycle control. Due to a segmental duplication, this gene shares very high sequence identity with a neighboring gene. These two genes are frequently deleted or altered in neuroblastoma. The protein kinase encoded by this gene can be cleaved by caspases and may play a role in cell apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

cytidine monophosphate (UMP-CMP) kinase 1, cytosolic pseudogene

phosphorylase kinase, gamma 1 pseudogene 2

calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta

The product of this gene belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family and to the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. Calcium signaling is crucial for several aspects of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. In mammalian cells, the enzyme is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The product of this gene is a delta chain. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Distinct isoforms of this chain have different expression patterns.[provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II gamma

The product of this gene is one of the four subunits of an enzyme which belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family, and to the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. Calcium signaling is crucial for several aspects of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. In mammalian cells the enzyme is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The product of this gene is a gamma chain. Many alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described but the full-length nature of all the variants has not been determined.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha

The product of this gene belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinases family, and to the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases subfamily. Calcium signaling is crucial for several aspects of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. This calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The alpha chain encoded by this gene is required for hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial learning. In addition to its calcium-calmodulin (CaM)-dependent activity, this protein can undergo autophosphorylation, resulting in CaM-independent activity. Several transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2018]

calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II beta

The product of this gene belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family and to the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. Calcium signaling is crucial for several aspects of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. In mammalian cells, the enzyme is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The product of this gene is a beta chain. It is possible that distinct isoforms of this chain have different cellular localizations and interact differently with calmodulin. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

Janus kinase 2

This gene encodes a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a central role in cytokine and growth factor signalling. The primary isoform of this protein has an N-terminal FERM domain that is required for erythropoietin receptor association, an SH2 domain that binds STAT transcription factors, a pseudokinase domain and a C-terminal tyrosine kinase domain. Cytokine binding induces autophosphorylation and activation of this kinase. This kinase then recruits and phosphorylates signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. Growth factors like TGF-beta 1 also induce phosphorylation and activation of this kinase and translocation of downstream STAT proteins to the nucleus where they influence gene transcription. Mutations in this gene are associated with numerous inflammatory diseases and malignancies. This gene is a downstream target of the pleiotropic cytokine IL6 that is produced by B cells, T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages to produce an immune response or inflammation. Disregulation of the IL6/JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathways produces increased cellular proliferation and myeloproliferative neoplasms of hematopoietic stem cells. A nonsynonymous mutation in the pseudokinase domain of this gene disrupts the domains inhibitory effect and results in constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation activity and hypersensitivity to cytokine signalling. This gene and the IL6/JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway is a therapeutic target for the treatment of excessive inflammatory responses to viral infections. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020]

Janus kinase 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases involved in cytokine receptor-mediated intracellular signal transduction. It is predominantly expressed in immune cells and transduces a signal in response to its activation via tyrosine phosphorylation by interleukin receptors. Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency disease). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Janus kinase 1

This gene encodes a membrane protein that is a member of a class of protein-tyrosine kinases (PTK) characterized by the presence of a second phosphotransferase-related domain immediately N-terminal to the PTK domain. The encoded kinase phosphorylates STAT proteins (signal transducers and activators of transcription) and plays a key role in interferon-alpha/beta, interferon-gamma, and cytokine signal transduction. This gene plays a crucial role in effecting the expression of genes that mediate inflammation, epithelial remodeling, and metastatic cancer progression. This gene is a key component of the interleukin-6 (IL-6)/JAK1/STAT3 immune and inflammation response and is a therapeutic target for alleviating cytokine storms. The kinase activity of this gene is directly inhibited by the suppressor of cytokine signalling 1 (SOCS1) protein. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020]

protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic polypeptide

This gene encodes the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). It functions with the Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer protein in DNA double strand break repair and recombination. The protein encoded is a member of the PI3/PI4-kinase family.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, regulatory, type I, alpha pseudogene

PDZ binding kinase

This gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase related to the dual specific mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) family. Evidence suggests that mitotic phosphorylation is required for its catalytic activity. The encoded protein may be involved in the activation of lymphoid cells and support testicular functions, with a suggested role in the process of spermatogenesis. Overexpression of this gene has been implicated in tumorigenesis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

protein kinase D1

The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in many cellular processes, including Golgi body membrane integrity and transport, cell migration and differentiation, MAPK8/JNK1 and Ras pathway signaling, MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) pathway signaling, cell survival, and regulation of cell shape and adhesion. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

protein kinase D2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the protein kinase D (PKD) family of serine/threonine protein kinases. This kinase can be activated by phorbol esters as well as by gastrin via the cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR) in gastric cancer cells. It can bind to diacylglycerol (DAG) in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and may regulate basolateral membrane protein exit from TGN. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

protein kinase D3

This gene belongs to the multigene protein kinase D family of serine/threonine kinases, which bind diacylglycerol and phorbol esters. Members of this family are characterized by an N-terminal regulatory domain comprised of a tandem repeat of cysteine-rich zinc-finger motifs and a pleckstrin domain. The C-terminal region contains the catalytic domain and is distantly related to calcium-regulated kinases. Catalytic activity of this enzyme promotes its nuclear localization. This protein has been implicated in a variety of functions including negative regulation of human airway epithelial barrier formation, growth regulation of breast and prostate cancer cells, and vesicle trafficking. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

Janus kinase and microtubule interacting protein 3

Predicted to enable kinase binding activity and microtubule binding activity. Predicted to be located in Golgi apparatus and membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

janus kinase and microtubule interacting protein 2

The protein encoded by this gene is reported to be a component of the Golgi matrix. It may act as a golgin protein by negatively regulating transit of secretory cargo and by acting as a structural scaffold of the Golgi. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

janus kinase and microtubule interacting protein 1

Enables GABA receptor binding activity and RNA binding activity. Involved in cognition. Located in membrane. Part of ribonucleoprotein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Nik related kinase

The mouse ortholog of this gene encodes a protein kinase required for JNK activation. The encoded protein may be involved in the induction of actin polymerization in late embryogenesis.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

pantothenate kinase 3 pseudogene

aurora kinase A interacting protein 1 pseudogene

cyclin-dependent kinase 2 associated protein 2 pseudogene 1

cyclin-dependent kinase 2 associated protein 2 pseudogene 3

doublecortin-like kinase 1

This gene encodes a member of the protein kinase superfamily and the doublecortin family. The protein encoded by this gene contains two N-terminal doublecortin domains, which bind microtubules and regulate microtubule polymerization, a C-terminal serine/threonine protein kinase domain, which shows substantial homology to Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and a serine/proline-rich domain in between the doublecortin and the protein kinase domains, which mediates multiple protein-protein interactions. The microtubule-polymerizing activity of the encoded protein is independent of its protein kinase activity. The encoded protein is involved in several different cellular processes, including neuronal migration, retrograde transport, neuronal apoptosis and neurogenesis. This gene is up-regulated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor and associated with memory and general cognitive abilities. Multiple transcript variants generated by two alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing have been reported, but the full-length nature and biological validity of some variants have not been defined. These variants encode different isoforms, which are differentially expressed and have different kinase activities.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

doublecortin-like kinase 3

Predicted to enable protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Predicted to be involved in protein localization to nucleus. Predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation of protein localization to nucleus and peptidyl-serine phosphorylation. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

doublecortin-like kinase 2

This gene encodes a member of the protein kinase superfamily and the doublecortin family. The protein encoded by this gene contains two N-terminal doublecortin domains, which bind microtubules and regulate microtubule polymerization, a C-terminal serine/threonine protein kinase domain, which shows substantial homology to Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and a serine/proline-rich domain in between the doublecortin and the protein kinase domains, which mediates multiple protein-protein interactions. The microtubule-polymerizing activity of the encoded protein is independent of its protein kinase activity. Mouse studies show that the DCX gene, another family member, and this gene share function in the establishment of hippocampal organization and that their absence results in a severe epileptic phenotype and lethality, as described in human patients with lissencephaly. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of Ras 1

This gene encodes a protein containing several motifs involved in protein-protein interaction, including PDZ, PH (Pleckstrin homology), and SAM (sterile alpha motif) domains. The encoded protein acts as a scaffold component for receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and may mediate crosstalk between different signaling pathways. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of Ras 2

This gene encodes a multidomain protein that functions as a scaffold protein to mediate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways downstream from Ras. This gene product is induced by vitamin D and inhibits apoptosis in certain cancer cells. It may also play a role in ternary complex assembly of synaptic proteins at the postsynaptic membrane and coupling of signal transduction to membrane/cytoskeletal remodeling. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2009]

phosphorylase kinase, gamma 1 pseudogene 4

serine/threonine kinase 38 like

Enables ATP binding activity; magnesium ion binding activity; and protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Involved in intracellular signal transduction and negative regulation of autophagy. Acts upstream of or within protein phosphorylation. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

phosphorylase kinase, gamma 1 pseudogene 1

phosphorylase kinase, gamma 1 pseudogene 3

protein kinase, interferon-inducible double stranded RNA dependent activator pseudogene 1

mitogen-activated protein kinase binding protein 1

This gene encodes a scaffold protein that regulates the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2) signaling pathways. The encoded protein interacts with another related JNK pathway scaffold protein, WDR62, via a conserved dimerization domain, and enhances JNK signaling. This protein may play a role in bacterial immunity by binding to the NOD2 receptor and negatively regulating downstream antibacterial and pro-inflammatory signaling. Mutations in this gene that impair cellular localization of the encoded protein cause a form of nephronophthisis, an autosomal-recessive kidney disorder, in human patients. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6

This gene encodes a member of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor kinase subfamily of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. The protein phosphorylates the activated forms of G protein-coupled receptors thus initiating their deactivation. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

G protein-coupled receptor kinase 7

This gene encodes a member of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor kinase subfamily of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. It is specifically expressed in the retina and the encoded protein has been shown to phosphorylate cone opsins and initiate their deactivation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4

This gene encodes a member of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor kinase subfamily of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. The protein phosphorylates the activated forms of G protein-coupled receptors thus initiating its deactivation. This gene has been linked to both genetic and acquired hypertension. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5

This gene encodes a member of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor kinase subfamily of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. The protein phosphorylates the activated forms of G protein-coupled receptors thus initiating their deactivation. It has also been shown to play a role in regulating the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1

This gene encodes a member of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor kinase subfamily of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. The protein phosphorylates rhodopsin and initiates its deactivation. Defects in GRK1 are known to cause Oguchi disease 2 (also known as stationary night blindness Oguchi type-2). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

death-associated protein kinase 3

Death-associated protein kinase 3 (DAPK3) induces morphological changes in apoptosis when overexpressed in mammalian cells. These results suggest that DAPK3 may play a role in the induction of apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

death-associated protein kinase 2

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family. This protein contains a N-terminal protein kinase domain followed by a conserved calmodulin-binding domain with significant similarity to that of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), a positive regulator of programmed cell death. Overexpression of this gene was shown to induce cell apoptosis. It uses multiple polyadenylation sites. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

death-associated protein kinase 1

Death-associated protein kinase 1 is a positive mediator of gamma-interferon induced programmed cell death. DAPK1 encodes a structurally unique 160-kD calmodulin dependent serine-threonine kinase that carries 8 ankyrin repeats and 2 putative P-loop consensus sites. It is a tumor suppressor candidate. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 2

This gene encodes a protein that is similar to a serine/threonine kinase in C. elegans which is involved in axonal elongation. The structure of this protein is similar to the C. elegans protein in that both proteins have an N-terminal kinase domain, a central proline/serine rich (PS) domain, and a C-terminal (C) domain. The gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

unc-51 like kinase 3

Enables protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Involved in several processes, including fibroblast activation; protein autophosphorylation; and regulation of smoothened signaling pathway. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1

Enables identical protein binding activity; protein serine/threonine kinase activity; and small GTPase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including protein phosphorylation; regulation of autophagy; and regulation of protein lipidation. Located in bounding membrane of organelle; cytosol; and phagophore assembly site membrane. Part of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex and phagophore assembly site. Is active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

unc-51 like kinase 4

This gene encodes a member of the unc-51-like serine/threonine kinase (STK) family. Members of this protein family play a role in neuronal growth and endocytosis. The encoded protein is likely involved in neurite branching, neurite elongation and neuronal migration. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) indicate an association of variations in this gene with blood pressure and hypertension. Sequence variations in this gene may also be be associated with psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Pseudogenes associated with this gene have been identified and are located on chromosome 15. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

serine/threonine kinase 19

This gene encodes a serine/threonine kinase which localizes predominantly to the nucleus. Its specific function is unknown; it is possible that phosphorylation of this protein is involved in transcriptional regulation. This gene localizes to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6 and expresses two transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

serine/threonine kinase 10

This gene encodes a member of the Ste20 family of serine/threonine protein kinases, and is similar to several known polo-like kinase kinases. The protein can associate with and phosphorylate polo-like kinase 1, and overexpression of a kinase-dead version of the protein interferes with normal cell cycle progression. The kinase can also negatively regulate interleukin 2 expression in T-cells via the mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1 pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

serine/threonine kinase 11

The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates cell polarity and energy metabolism and functions as a tumor suppressor. Mutations in this gene have been associated with the autosomal dominant Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, as well as with skin, pancreatic, and testicular cancers. [provided by RefSeq, May 2022]

serine/threonine kinase 16

Predicted to enable protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Involved in protein autophosphorylation. Located in cytosol; nucleoplasm; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NAD kinase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

protein kinase C substrate 80K-H

This gene encodes the beta-subunit of glucosidase II, an N-linked glycan-processing enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum. The encoded protein is an acidic phosphoprotein known to be a substrate for protein kinase C. Mutations in this gene have been associated with the autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

ceramide kinase-like

This gene was initially identified as a locus (RP26) associated with an autosomal recessive form of retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) disease. This gene encodes a protein with ceramide kinase-like domains, however, the protein does not phosphorylate ceramide and its target substrate is currently unknown. This protein may be a negative regulator of apoptosis in photoreceptor cells. Mutations in this gene cause a form of retinitis pigmentosa characterized by autosomal recessive cone and rod dystrophy (arCRD). Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms and non-coding transcripts.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

inositol hexakisphosphate and diphosphoinositol-pentakisphosphate kinase 1-like

mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 interacting protein, pseudogene

phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, catalytic, alpha pseudogene 2

Predicted to enable kinase activity. Predicted to be involved in phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

phosphorylase kinase, beta

Phosphorylase kinase is a polymer of 16 subunits, four each of alpha, beta, gamma and delta. The alpha subunit includes the skeletal muscle and hepatic isoforms, encoded by two different genes. The beta subunit is the same in both the muscle and hepatic isoforms, encoded by this gene, which is a member of the phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit family. The gamma subunit also includes the skeletal muscle and hepatic isoforms, encoded by two different genes. The delta subunit is a calmodulin and can be encoded by three different genes. The gamma subunits contain the active site of the enzyme, whereas the alpha and beta subunits have regulatory functions controlled by phosphorylation. The delta subunit mediates the dependence of the enzyme on calcium concentration. Mutations in this gene cause glycogen storage disease type 9B, also known as phosphorylase kinase deficiency of liver and muscle. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified in this gene. Two pseudogenes have been found on chromosomes 14 and 20, respectively.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinase 2 pseudogene

phosphoinositide-3-kinase interacting protein 1

Enables phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor activity. Involved in negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 2 pseudogene

NIM1 serine/threonine protein kinase

Enables ATP binding activity; magnesium ion binding activity; and protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Involved in protein phosphorylation. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

casein kinase 1, gamma 2

Enables protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Predicted to be involved in endocytosis; positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway; and signal transduction. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

casein kinase 1, gamma 3

This gene encodes a member of a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that phosphorylate caseins and other acidic proteins. A related protein in the African clawed frog participates in the transmission of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, gamma

Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) consists of two catalytic subunits and a regulatory subunit dimer. This gene encodes the gamma form of its catalytic subunit. The gene is intronless and is thought to be a retrotransposon derived from the gene for the alpha form of the PKA catalytic subunit. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, alpha

This gene encodes one of the catalytic subunits of protein kinase A, which exists as a tetrameric holoenzyme with two regulatory subunits and two catalytic subunits, in its inactive form. cAMP causes the dissociation of the inactive holoenzyme into a dimer of regulatory subunits bound to four cAMP and two free monomeric catalytic subunits. Four different regulatory subunits and three catalytic subunits have been identified in humans. cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinase A is important to many cellular processes, including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Constitutive activation of this gene caused either by somatic mutations, or genomic duplications of regions that include this gene, have been associated with hyperplasias and adenomas of the adrenal cortex and are linked to corticotropin-independent Cushing's syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Tissue-specific isoforms that differ at the N-terminus have been described, and these isoforms may differ in the post-translational modifications that occur at the N-terminus of some isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, beta

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family. The encoded protein is a catalytic subunit of cAMP (cyclic AMP)-dependent protein kinase, which mediates signalling though cAMP. cAMP signaling is important to a number of processes, including cell proliferaton and differentiation. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

protein kinase, interferon-inducible double stranded RNA dependent activator pseudogene

protein kinase, interferon-inducible double stranded RNA dependent activator pseudogene

alpha-kinase 1

This gene encodes an alpha kinase. Mice which were homozygous for disrupted copies of this gene exhibited coordination defects (PMID: 21208416). Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

alpha-kinase 3

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity; protein serine kinase activity; and protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Predicted to be involved in cardiac muscle cell development. Predicted to be active in nucleus. Implicated in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

casein kinase 1, alpha 1

Enables protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Involved in several processes, including peptidyl-serine phosphorylation; positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and regulation of signal transduction. Located in cytoskeleton; cytosol; and nucleus. Part of beta-catenin destruction complex. Biomarker of Alzheimer's disease and inclusion body myositis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protein kinase C, delta binding protein

The protein encoded by this gene was identified as a binding protein of the protein kinase C, delta (PRKCD). The expression of this gene in cultured cell lines is strongly induced by serum starvation. The expression of this protein was found to be down-regulated in various cancer cell lines, suggesting the possible tumor suppressor function of this protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 pseudogene 3

S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 pseudogene 2

cyclin-dependent kinase 2 associated protein 2 pseudogene

myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate

The protein encoded by this gene is a substrate for protein kinase C. It is localized to the plasma membrane and is an actin filament crosslinking protein. Phosphorylation by protein kinase C or binding to calcium-calmodulin inhibits its association with actin and with the plasma membrane, leading to its presence in the cytoplasm. The protein is thought to be involved in cell motility, phagocytosis, membrane trafficking and mitogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

CDC-like kinase 3 pseudogene 1

adrenergic, beta, receptor kinase 1

This gene encodes a member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase family of proteins. The encoded protein phosphorylates the beta-adrenergic receptor as well as a wide range of other substrates including non-GPCR cell surface receptors, and cytoskeletal, mitochondrial, and transcription factor proteins. Data from rodent models supports a role for this gene in embryonic development, heart function and metabolism. Elevated expression of this gene has been observed in human patients with heart failure and Alzheimer's disease. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2017]

adrenergic, beta, receptor kinase 2

The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase specifically phosphorylates the agonist-occupied form of the beta-adrenergic and related G protein-coupled receptors. Overall, the beta adrenergic receptor kinase 2 has 85% amino acid similarity with beta adrenergic receptor kinase 1, with the protein kinase catalytic domain having 95% similarity. These data suggest the existence of a family of receptor kinases which may serve broadly to regulate receptor function. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

protein-kinase, interferon-inducible double stranded RNA dependent inhibitor, repressor of (P58 repressor)

Predicted to enable several functions, including DNA binding activity; metal ion binding activity; and protein dimerization activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of cell population proliferation and signal transduction. Predicted to be located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

casein kinase 1, alpha 1 pseudogene 3

casein kinase 1, alpha 1 pseudogene 2

casein kinase 1, alpha 1 pseudogene 1

riboflavin kinase pseudogene

tau tubulin kinase 2

This gene encodes a serine-threonine kinase that putatively phosphorylates tau and tubulin proteins. Mutations in this gene cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 11 (SCA11); a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive ataxia and atrophy of the cerebellum and brainstem. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2009]

tau tubulin kinase 1

Summary:This gene belongs to the casein kinase 1 superfamily. The encoded protein is a neuron-specific, serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase, which regulates phosphorylation of tau, a protein that associates with microtubule assemblies and stabilizes them. Genetic variants in this gene are associated with Alzheimer's disease. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

NIMA-related kinase 6

The protein encoded by this gene is a kinase required for progression through the metaphase portion of mitosis. Inhibition of the encoded protein can lead to apoptosis. This protein also can enhance tumorigenesis by suppressing tumor cell senescence. Several transcript variants encoding a few different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

NIMA-related kinase 7

NIMA-related kinases share high amino acid sequence identity with the gene product of the Aspergillus nidulans 'never in mitosis A' gene, which controls initiation of mitosis.[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2002]

NIMA-related kinase 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine protein kinase required for normal entry into replicative senescence. The encoded protein also is involved in cell cycle arrest in response to double-stranded DNA damage. Finally, this protein plays a role in maintaining cilium integrity, and defects in this gene have been associated with ciliopathies. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

NIMA-related kinase 5

Predicted to enable protein kinase activity. Predicted to be involved in chromatin remodeling. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity and positive regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NIMA-related kinase 2

This gene encodes a serine/threonine-protein kinase that is involved in mitotic regulation. This protein is localized to the centrosome, and undetectable during G1 phase, but accumulates progressively throughout the S phase, reaching maximal levels in late G2 phase. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms with distinct C-termini have been noted for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

NIMA-related kinase 3

This gene encodes a member of the NimA (never in mitosis A) family of serine/threonine protein kinases. The encoded protein differs from other NimA family members in that it is not cell cycle regulated and is found primarily in the cytoplasm. The kinase is activated by prolactin stimulation, leading to phosphorylation of VAV2 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, paxillin, and activation of the RAC1 GTPase. Two functional alleles for this gene have been identified in humans. The reference genome assembly (GRCh38) represents a functional allele that is associated with the inclusion of an additional coding exon in protein-coding transcripts, compared to an alternate functional allele that lacks the exon. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2019]

NIMA-related kinase 8

This gene encodes a member of the serine/threionine protein kinase family related to NIMA (never in mitosis, gene A) of Aspergillus nidulans. The encoded protein may play a role in cell cycle progression from G2 to M phase. Mutations in the related mouse gene are associated with a disease phenotype that closely parallels the juvenile autosomal recessive form of polycystic kidney disease in humans. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NIMA-related kinase 9

This gene encodes a member of the NimA (never in mitosis A) family of serine/threonine protein kinases. The encoded protein is activated in mitosis and, in turn, activates other family members during mitosis. This protein also mediates cellular processes that are essential for interphase progression. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

BMX non-receptor tyrosine kinase

This gene encodes a non-receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the Tec kinase family. The protein contains a PH-like domain, which mediates membrane targeting by binding to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3), and a SH2 domain that binds to tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and functions in signal transduction. The protein is implicated in several signal transduction pathways including the Stat pathway, and regulates differentiation and tumorigenicity of several types of cancer cells. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

adenylate kinase 2 pseudogene 2

aurora kinase A

The protein encoded by this gene is a cell cycle-regulated kinase that appears to be involved in microtubule formation and/or stabilization at the spindle pole during chromosome segregation. The encoded protein is found at the centrosome in interphase cells and at the spindle poles in mitosis. This gene may play a role in tumor development and progression. A processed pseudogene of this gene has been found on chromosome 1, and an unprocessed pseudogene has been found on chromosome 10. Multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

aurora kinase B

This gene encodes a member of the aurora kinase subfamily of serine/threonine kinases. The genes encoding the other two members of this subfamily are located on chromosomes 19 and 20. These kinases participate in the regulation of alignment and segregation of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis through association with microtubules. A pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 8. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

aurora kinase C

This gene encodes a member of the Aurora subfamily of serine/threonine protein kinases. The encoded protein is a chromosomal passenger protein that forms complexes with Aurora-B and inner centromere proteins and may play a role in organizing microtubules in relation to centrosome/spindle function during mitosis. This gene is overexpressed in several cancer cell lines, suggesting an involvement in oncogenic signal transduction. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

AXL receptor tyrosine kinase

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Tyro3-Axl-Mer (TAM) receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily. The encoded protein possesses an extracellular domain which is composed of two immunoglobulin-like motifs at the N-terminal, followed by two fibronectin type-III motifs. It transduces signals from the extracellular matrix into the cytoplasm by binding to the vitamin K-dependent protein growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6). This gene may be involved in several cellular functions including growth, migration, aggregation and anti-inflammation in multiple cell types. The encoded protein acts as a host cell receptor for multiple viruses, including Marburg, Ebola and Lassa viruses and is a candidate receptor for the SARS-CoV2 virus. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2021]

src kinase associated phosphoprotein 2

The protein encoded by this gene shares homology with Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 1, and is a substrate of Src family kinases. It is an adaptor protein that is thought to play an essential role in the Src signaling pathway, and in regulating proper activation of the immune system. This protein contains an amino terminal coiled-coil domain for self-dimerization, a plecskstrin homology (PH) domain required for interactions with lipids at the membrane, and a Src homology (SH3) domain at the carboxy terminus. Some reports indicate that this protein inhibits actin polymerization through interactions with actin assembly factors, and might negatively regulate the invasiveness of tumors by modulating actin assembly. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

src kinase associated phosphoprotein 1

This gene encodes a T cell adaptor protein, a class of intracellular molecules with modular domains capable of recruiting additional proteins but that exhibit no intrinsic enzymatic activity. The encoded protein contains a unique N-terminal region followed by a PH domain and C-terminal SH3 domain. Along with the adhesion and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein, the encoded protein plays a critical role in inside-out signaling by coupling T-cell antigen receptor stimulation to the activation of integrins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

serine/threonine kinase 11 interacting protein

Enables protein kinase binding activity. Involved in protein localization. Located in cytoplasm and intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TANK-binding kinase 1

The NF-kappa-B (NFKB) complex of proteins is inhibited by I-kappa-B (IKB) proteins, which inactivate NFKB by trapping it in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of serine residues on the IKB proteins by IKB kinases marks them for destruction via the ubiquitination pathway, thereby allowing activation and nuclear translocation of the NFKB complex. The protein encoded by this gene is similar to IKB kinases and can mediate NFKB activation in response to certain growth factors. The protein is also an important kinase for antiviral innate immunity response. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2021]

MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase

This gene encodes a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family of proteins and the product of the proto-oncogene MET. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate alpha and beta subunits that are linked via disulfide bonds to form the mature receptor. Further processing of the beta subunit results in the formation of the M10 peptide, which has been shown to reduce lung fibrosis. Binding of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor, induces dimerization and activation of the receptor, which plays a role in cellular survival, embryogenesis, and cellular migration and invasion. Mutations in this gene are associated with papillary renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and various head and neck cancers. Amplification and overexpression of this gene are also associated with multiple human cancers. [provided by RefSeq, May 2016]

lemur tyrosine kinase 3

Predicted to enable protein kinase activity. Predicted to be involved in chromatin remodeling. Predicted to be located in Golgi membrane; axon; and dendrite. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lemur tyrosine kinase 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the protein kinase superfamily and the protein tyrosine kinase family. It contains N-terminal transmembrane helices and a long C-terminal cytoplasmic tail with serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity. This protein interacts with several other proteins, such as Inhibitor-2 (Inh2), protein phosphatase-1 (PP1C), p35, and myosin VI. It phosporylates other proteins, and is itself also phosporylated when interacting with cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5)/p35 complex. This protein involves in nerve growth factor (NGF)-TrkA signalling, and also plays a critical role in endosomal membrane trafficking. Mouse studies suggested an essential role of this protein in spermatogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

pyruvate kinase, liver and RBC

The protein encoded by this gene is a pyruvate kinase that catalyzes the transphosphorylation of phohsphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate and ATP, which is the rate-limiting step of glycolysis. Defects in this enzyme, due to gene mutations or genetic variations, are the common cause of chronic hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia (CNSHA or HNSHA). Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tousled-like kinase 2 pseudogene 1

CDC-like kinase 1

This gene encodes a member of the CDC2-like (or LAMMER) family of dual specificity protein kinases. In the nucleus, the encoded protein phosphorylates serine/arginine-rich proteins involved in pre-mRNA processing, releasing them into the nucleoplasm. The choice of splice sites during pre-mRNA processing may be regulated by the concentration of transacting factors, including serine/arginine rich proteins. Therefore, the encoded protein may play an indirect role in governing splice site selection. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]