Harmonizome 3.0

From ChIP-X Enrichment Analysis

Transcription factor binding site profiles from published ChIP-chip, ChIP-seq, and other transcription factor functional studies

From ChIP-X Enrichment Analysis

Target genes of transcription factors from published ChIP-chip, ChIP-seq, and other transcription factor binding site profiling studies

From Encyclopedia of DNA Elements

Transcription factor binding site profiles for cell lines

From Encyclopedia of DNA Elements

Target genes of transcription factors from transcription factor binding site profiles

From Gene Expression Omnibus

mRNA expression profiles for cell lines or tissues following transcription factor perturbation (inhibition, activation, knockdown, knockout, over-expression, mutation)

From Jaspar PWMs

Target genes of transcription factors predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs

From MotifMap

Target genes of transcription factors predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs

From knockTF

Gene expression profiles for cell lines or tissues following transcription factor perturbation (knockdown/knockout)

From ChIP-X Enrichment Analysis

Target genes of transcription factors from published ChIP-chip, ChIP-seq, and other transcription factor binding site profiling studies

From Jaspar PWMs

Target genes of human transcription factors predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs

From Jaspar PWMs

Target genes of mouse transcription factors predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs

From Rummagene

Sets of genes regulated by transcription factors by mining supplemental materials

From Achilles

Fitness scores for cell lines following single gene knockdowns

From BioGPS

mRNA expression profiles for the NCI-60 panel of cancer cell lines

From BioGPS

mRNA expression profiles for human tissues and cell types

From BioGPS

mRNA expression profiles for mouse tissues and cell types

From Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia

Gene-level copy number variation profiles for cancer cell lines

From Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia

mRNA microarray expression profiles for cancer cell lines

From Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia

Gene-level mutation profiles for cancer cell lines

From Catalogue of Somatic Mutations In Cancer

Gene-level copy number variation profiles for cancer cell lines

From Catalogue of Somatic Mutations In Cancer

Gene mutations in cancer cell lines from low-throughput or high-throughput studies

From Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer

mRNA microarray expression profiles for cancer cell lines

From Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011

mRNA expression profiles for breast cancer cell lines measured by microarray

From Human Protein Atlas

RNA-seq gene expression profiles for cell lines from HPA

From Human Proteome Map

Protein expression profiles for tissues and cell types

From Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015

Gene-level copy number variation profiles for cancer cell lines

From Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015

RNA-seq gene expression profiles for cancer cell lines

From Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015

SNP gene mutations in cancer cell lines identified by microarray

From Proteomics Database

Protein expression profiles for tissues and cell types reprocessed from many proteomics datasets

From Roadmap Epigenomics

DNA methylation profiles for primary cell types and tissues

From Roadmap Epigenomics

mRNA expression profiles for primary cell types and tissues

From Sanger Cancer Dependency Map

Protein intensity values acquired using data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS).

From Tabula Sapiens

Gene expression data from Tabula Sapiens scRNA-seq counts

From Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia

Protein intensity values acquired using mass spectrometry across human cancerous cell lines

From The Human BioMolecular Atlas Program

Gene-cell type annotations from integrated reference scRNA-seq gene expression profiles

From CellMarker

Cell type markers across various tissues from human and mouse scRNA-seq

From Replogle et al., Cell, 2022

Gene expression profiles in the K562 cell line following CRISPRi genetic perturbation

From Replogle et al., Cell, 2022

Gene expression profiles in the K562 cell line following CRISPRi genetic perturbation of essential genes

From Replogle et al., Cell, 2022

Gene expression profiles in the RPE1 cell line following CRISPRi genetic perturbation of essential genes

From Cell Maps for AI

Protein localization assemblies constructed from integrating AP-MS biomolecular interaction and IF imaging data

From Cell Maps for AI

Gene expression profiles in the KOLF2.1J cell line following CRISPRi genetic perturbation

host cell factor C1 regulator 1 (XPO1 dependent)

Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

host cell factor C2 pseudogene 1

host cell factor C2

This gene encodes one of two proteins which interact with VP16, a herpes simplex virus protein that initiates virus infection. Both the encoded protein and the original Herpes host cell factor interact with VP16 through a beta-propeller domain. The original Herpes host cell factor, however, is effective at initiating viral infection while the encoded protein is not. Transcripts of varying length due to alternative polyadenylation signals have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

host cell factor C1

This gene is a member of the host cell factor family and encodes a protein with five Kelch repeats, a fibronectin-like motif, and six HCF repeats, each of which contains a highly specific cleavage signal. This nuclear coactivator is proteolytically cleaved at one of the six possible sites, resulting in the creation of an N-terminal chain and the corresponding C-terminal chain. The final form of this protein consists of noncovalently bound N- and C-terminal chains. The protein is involved in control of the cell cycle and transcriptional regulation during herpes simplex virus infection. Alternatively spliced variants which encode different protein isoforms have been described; however, not all variants have been fully characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

MIR181A1 host gene

MIR325 host gene

MIR4435-2 host gene

MIR4697 host gene

MIR22 host gene

Predicted to act upstream of or within response to wounding. Predicted to be part of RISC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MIR2052 host gene

MIR762 host gene

MIR143 host gene

Predicted to be involved in regulation of gene expression. Predicted to be part of RISC complex. Biomarker of atherosclerosis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MIR381 host gene

MIR181A2 host gene

MIR646 host gene

MIR202 host gene

MIRLET7B host gene

Predicted to be involved in miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. Predicted to be part of RISC complex. Implicated in lung cancer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small nucleolar RNA host gene 5

This gene represent a snoRNA host gene and produces a long non-coding RNA. This RNA may regulate gene expression by acting as a sponge for microRNAs. This transcript may also stabilize mRNAs by blocking degradation by staufen double-stranded RNA binding protein 1. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2017]

small nucleolar RNA host gene 4

small nucleolar RNA host gene 7

Predicted to be involved in RNA processing. Predicted to be located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small nucleolar RNA host gene 6

small nucleolar RNA host gene 1

This locus represents a small nucleolar RNA host gene that produces multiple alternatively spliced long non-coding RNAs. This gene is upregulated in cancers and is thought to act as promoter of cell proliferation. This transcript negatively regulates tumor suppressor genes such as tumor protein p53. Expression of this locus may be a marker of tumor progression. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2017]

small nucleolar RNA host gene 8

MIR210 host gene

MIR217 host gene

small nucleolar RNA host gene 15

This gene represents a snoRNA host gene that produces a short-lived long non-coding RNA. This non-coding RNA is upregulated in tumor cells and may contribute to cell proliferation by acting as a sponge for microRNAs. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2017]

small nucleolar RNA host gene 14

This gene is located within the Prader-Willi critical region and produces a long, spliced paternally-imprinted RNA that initiates within a common upstream promoter region shared by the SNRPN (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N) and SNURF genes. This transcript serves as a host RNA for the small nucleolar RNA, C/D box 115 and 116 clusters. This RNA extends in antisense into the region of the ubiquitin protein ligase E3A gene (UBE3A), and is thought to regulate imprinted expression of UBE3A in the brain. This transcript undergoes extensive alternative splicing, and may initiate and terminate at multiple locations within this genomic region. The full-length structure of all splice forms is not determined. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

small nucleolar RNA host gene 17

small nucleolar RNA host gene 16

small nucleolar RNA host gene 11

This gene is a member of the non-protein-coding multiple snoRNA host gene family. Two snoRNAs are derived from the introns of this host gene. Although many alternative splice variants have been observed, the gene is thought to have no protein-coding potential. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

small nucleolar RNA host gene 12

This gene produces a long RNA that is overexpressed in tumor cells. This RNA may promote tumorigenesis by acting as a sponge for microRNAs. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2017]

small nucleolar RNA host gene 19

small nucleolar RNA host gene 18

MIR31 host gene

This gene produces a long non-coding RNA that acts as a host gene for miR-31. This transcript may be involved in cellular pluripotency and regulate the differentiation of myoblasts and other tissues. This RNA was found to interact with Polycomb repressive proteins to repression transcription of genes involves in cell senescence. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2017]

small nucleolar RNA host gene 3

Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small nucleolar RNA host gene 9

MIR205 host gene

Predicted to be involved in several processes, including hormone biosynthetic process; prolactin metabolic process; and regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MIR137 host gene

Predicted to be involved in miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. Predicted to be part of RISC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MIR4500 host gene

MIRLET7D host gene

MIR155 host gene

This gene represents a microRNA host gene. The long RNA transcribed from this gene is expressed at high levels in lymphoma and may function as an oncogene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2017]

MIR3976 host gene

MIR600 host gene

miR-17-92 cluster host gene

This gene is the host gene for the MIR17-92 cluster, a group of at least six microRNAs (miRNAs) that may be involved in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis. Amplification of this gene has been found in several lymphomas and solid tumors. Two non-protein coding transcript variants have been found for this host gene, but only the longest is a polycistronic transcript containing the MIR17-92 cluster. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

MIR1-1 host gene

mir-99a-let-7c cluster host gene

MIR3663 host gene

MIR670 host gene

mir-100-let-7a-2 cluster host gene

This gene produces long non-coding RNAs that act as regulators of cell proliferation. Alternative promoter usage and splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Some transcript variants may promote growth, while others may act to negatively regulate cell division. [provided by RefSeq, May 2016]

small nucleolar RNA host gene 10

This gene is small nucleolar RNA host gene 10 and represents a non-protein coding RNA. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

MIR124-2 host gene

MIR663A host gene

MIR4458 host gene

MIR7-3 host gene

small nucleolar RNA host gene 20

Predicted to be involved in several processes, including cellular response to fatty acid; macrophage activation; and tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein. Implicated in lung non-small cell carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small nucleolar RNA host gene 21

small nucleolar RNA host gene 22

small nucleolar RNA host gene 23

small nucleolar RNA host gene 24

MIR133A1 host gene (non-protein coding)

Predicted to be involved in miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. Predicted to be part of RISC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MIR503 host gene

mir-497-195 cluster host gene

MIR222 host gene

Predicted to be part of RISC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MIR7515 host gene

small nucleolar RNA host gene 32

Predicted to enable double-stranded RNA binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MIR124-1 host gene

Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including long-term synaptic potentiation; miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing; and sensory perception of sound. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MIR9-1 host gene

Involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MIR34A host gene

Predicted to be involved in miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MIR3142 host gene

Predicted to be involved in miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. Predicted to be part of RISC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MIR3667 host gene

MIR9-3 host gene

small nucleolar RNA host gene 25

MIR194-2 host gene

MIR4453 host gene

small nucleolar RNA host gene 28

Enables RNA binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small nucleolar RNA host gene 29

Predicted to be involved in RNA processing. Predicted to be located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MIR193b-365a host gene

MIR3945 host gene

small nucleolar RNA host gene 30

MIR1915 host gene

MIR200C and MIR141 host gene

MIR4422 host gene

MIR29B2 and MIR29C host gene

Predicted to be involved in miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. Predicted to be part of RISC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MIR142 host genes

Predicted to be involved in miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. Predicted to be part of RISC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MIR3936 host gene

MIR9-2 host gene

This is an evolutionarily conserved gene that produces alternatively spliced long non-coding RNAs that may be expressed predominantly in the brain and visual cortex. These transcripts may be involved in tumorigenesis, as depletion by siRNA suppressed glioma cell division. Transcripts may also bind to and regulate the activity of miR-411-5p and argonaut 2, thereby altering the expression of genes involved in tumor growth. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2017]

MIR3677 and MIR940 host gene

Predicted to be involved in miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. Predicted to be part of RISC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small nucleolar RNA host gene 26

MIRLET7I host gene

stromal cell-derived factor 2-like 1

Enables misfolded protein binding activity. Involved in chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding. Located in endoplasmic reticulum. Part of protein folding chaperone complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

early B-cell factor 4

EBF4 belongs to the conserved Olf/EBF family of helix-loop-helix transcription factors, members of which play important roles in neural development and B-cell maturation (Wang et al., 2002 [PubMed 12139918]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

early B-cell factor 3

This gene encodes a member of the early B-cell factor (EBF) family of DNA binding transcription factors. EBF proteins are involved in B-cell differentiation, bone development and neurogenesis, and may also function as tumor suppressors. The encoded protein inhibits cell survival through the regulation of genes involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and aberrant methylation or deletion of this gene may play a role in multiple malignancies including glioblastoma multiforme and gastric carcinoma. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

early B-cell factor 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the COE (Collier/Olf/EBF) family of non-basic, helix-loop-helix transcription factors that have a well conserved DNA binding domain. The COE family proteins play an important role in variety of developmental processes. Studies in mouse suggest that this gene may be involved in the differentiation of osteoblasts. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

early B-cell factor 1

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to be located in chromatin. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pancreatic progenitor cell differentiation and proliferation factor

Predicted to be involved in cell differentiation. Predicted to act upstream of or within TORC1 signaling and liver development. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transcription factor 7 (T-cell specific, HMG-box)

This gene encodes a member of the T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor family of high mobility group (HMG) box transcriptional activators. This gene is expressed predominantly in T-cells and plays a critical role in natural killer cell and innate lymphoid cell development. The encoded protein forms a complex with beta-catenin and activates transcription through a Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Mice with a knockout of this gene are viable and fertile, but display a block in T-lymphocyte differentiation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Naturally-occurring isoforms lacking the N-terminal beta-catenin interaction domain may act as dominant negative regulators of Wnt signaling. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

stromal cell-derived factor 2 pseudogene

stromal cell derived factor 4

This gene encodes a stromal cell derived factor that is a member of the CREC protein family. The encoded protein contains six EF-hand motifs and calcium-binding motifs. This protein localizes to the Golgi lumen and may be involved in regulating calcium dependent cellular activities. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

stromal cell-derived factor 2

The protein encoded by this gene is believed to be a secretory protein. It has regions of similarity to hydrophilic segments of yeast mannosyltransferases. Its expression is ubiquitous and the gene appears to be relatively conserved among mammals. Alternate splicing results in both coding and non-coding variants. A pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 15. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

glial cell derived neurotrophic factor

This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the disulfide-linked homodimer. The recombinant form of this protein, a highly conserved neurotrophic factor, was shown to promote the survival and differentiation of dopaminergic neurons in culture, and was able to prevent apoptosis of motor neurons induced by axotomy. This protein is a ligand for the product of the RET (rearranged during transfection) protooncogene. Mutations in this gene may be associated with Hirschsprung disease and Tourette syndrome. This gene encodes multiple protein isoforms that may undergo similar proteolytic processing. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

transcription factor 7-like 1 (T-cell specific, HMG-box)

This gene encodes a member of the T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor family of transcription factors. These transcription factors are activated by beta catenin, mediate the Wnt signaling pathway and are antagonized by the transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway. The encoded protein contains a high mobility group-box DNA binding domain and participates in the regulation of cell cycle genes and cellular senescence. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

transcription factor 7-like 2 (T-cell specific, HMG-box)

This gene encodes a high mobility group (HMG) box-containing transcription factor that plays a key role in the Wnt signaling pathway. The protein has been implicated in blood glucose homeostasis. Genetic variants of this gene are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Several transcript variants encoding multiple different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

undifferentiated embryonic cell transcription factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a leucine zipper-containing transcriptional coactivator that may link the upstream activator ATF2 with the basal transcription complex. The encoded protein is closely associated with chromatin and is required for the proper differentiation of embryonic carcinoma and embryonic stem cells. Found nearly exclusively in pluripotent cells, this protein can also serve as a transcriptional repressor. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

pancreatic progenitor cell differentiation and proliferation factor like

Predicted to be involved in cell differentiation. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

coagulation factor XII (Hageman factor)

This gene encodes coagulation factor XII which circulates in blood as a zymogen. This single chain zymogen is converted to a two-chain serine protease with an heavy chain (alpha-factor XIIa) and a light chain. The heavy chain contains two fibronectin-type domains, two epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, a kringle domain and a proline-rich domain, whereas the light chain contains only a catalytic domain. On activation, further cleavages takes place in the heavy chain, resulting in the production of beta-factor XIIa light chain and the alpha-factor XIIa light chain becomes beta-factor XIIa heavy chain. Prekallikrein is cleaved by factor XII to form kallikrein, which then cleaves factor XII first to alpha-factor XIIa and then to beta-factor XIIa. The active factor XIIa participates in the initiation of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and the generation of bradykinin and angiotensin. It activates coagulation factors VII and XI. Defects in this gene do not cause any clinical symptoms and the sole effect is that whole-blood clotting time is prolonged. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor) pseudogene 1

ADP-ribosylation factor guanine nucleotide-exchange factor 1 (brefeldin A-inhibited)

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) play an important role in intracellular vesicular trafficking. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the activation of ARFs by accelerating replacement of bound GDP with GTP. It contains a Sec7 domain, which may be responsible for guanine-nucleotide exchange activity and also brefeldin A inhibition. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

ADP-ribosylation factor guanine nucleotide-exchange factor 2 (brefeldin A-inhibited)

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) play an important role in intracellular vesicular trafficking. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the activation of ARFs by accelerating replacement of bound GDP with GTP and is involved in Golgi transport. It contains a Sec7 domain, which may be responsible for its guanine-nucleotide exchange activity and also brefeldin A inhibition. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E nuclear import factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein for the translation initiation factor eIF4E. This shuttle protein interacts with the importin alpha-beta complex to mediate nuclear import of eIF4E. It is predominantly cytoplasmic; its own nuclear import is regulated by a nuclear localization signal and nuclear export signals. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2009]

TAF5-like RNA polymerase II, p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF)-associated factor, 65kDa

The product of this gene belongs to the WD-repeat TAF5 family of proteins. This gene encodes a protein that is a component of the PCAF histone acetylase complex. The PCAF histone acetylase complex, which is composed of more than 20 polypeptides some of which are TAFs, is required for myogenic transcription and differentiation. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. The encoded protein is structurally similar to one of the histone-like TAFs, TAF5. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

coagulation factor III (thromboplastin, tissue factor) pseudogene

nuclear transport factor 2-like export factor 2

The protein encoded by this gene contains a nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2) domain, which plays an important role in the trafficking of macromolecules, ions, and small molecules between the cytoplasm and nucleus. This protein may also have a role in mRNA nuclear export. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

nuclear transport factor 2-like export factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is located in the nuclear envelope. It has protein similarity to nuclear transport factor 2. This protein functions as a nuclear export factor in both RAN (Ras-related nuclear protein)- and CRM1 (required for chromosome region maintenance)-dependent pathways. It is found to stimulate the export of U1 snRNA in RAN- and CRM1-dependent pathways and the export of tRNA and mRNA in a CRM1-independent pathway. The encoded protein heterodimerizes with Tap protein and may regulate the ability of Tap protein to mediate nuclear mRNA export. The use of alternate polyadenylation sites has been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)

This gene encodes the alpha subunit of transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which is a heterodimer composed of an alpha and a beta subunit. HIF-1 functions as a master regulator of cellular and systemic homeostatic response to hypoxia by activating transcription of many genes, including those involved in energy metabolism, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and other genes whose protein products increase oxygen delivery or facilitate metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. HIF-1 thus plays an essential role in embryonic vascularization, tumor angiogenesis and pathophysiology of ischemic disease. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

hepatocyte growth factor (hepapoietin A; scatter factor)

This gene encodes a protein that binds to the hepatocyte growth factor receptor to regulate cell growth, cell motility and morphogenesis in numerous cell and tissue types. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to generate alpha and beta chains, which form the mature heterodimer. This protein is secreted by mesenchymal cells and acts as a multi-functional cytokine on cells of mainly epithelial origin. This protein also plays a role in angiogenesis, tumorogenesis, and tissue regeneration. Although the encoded protein is a member of the peptidase S1 family of serine proteases, it lacks peptidase activity. Mutations in this gene are associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

E74-like factor 1 (ets domain transcription factor)

This gene encodes an E26 transformation-specific related transcription factor. The encoded protein is primarily expressed in lymphoid cells and acts as both an enhancer and a repressor to regulate transcription of various genes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]

E74-like factor 3 (ets domain transcription factor, epithelial-specific )

Enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding activity. Involved in inflammatory response; negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription; and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in Golgi apparatus; cytosol; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

E74-like factor 2 (ets domain transcription factor)

Enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription; positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription; and regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in cytosol and nuclear body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

E74-like factor 5 (ets domain transcription factor)

This gene encodes an epithelium-specific ETS family transcription factor. In addition to its role in regulating the later stages of terminal differentiation of keratinocytes, it appears to regulate a number of epithelium-specific genes found in tissues containing glandular epithelium such as salivary gland and prostate. It has very low affinity to DNA due to its negative regulatory domain at the amino terminus. This gene has been implicated as a tumor suppressive transcription factor in breast cancer. [provided by RefSeq, May 2022]

E74-like factor 4 (ets domain transcription factor)

The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional activator that binds and activates the promoters of the CSF2, IL3, IL8, and PRF1 genes. The encoded protein is involved in natural killer cell development and function, innate immunity, and induction of cell cycle arrest in naive CD8+ cells. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

serum response factor (c-fos serum response element-binding transcription factor)

This gene encodes a ubiquitous nuclear protein that stimulates both cell proliferation and differentiation. It is a member of the MADS (MCM1, Agamous, Deficiens, and SRF) box superfamily of transcription factors. This protein binds to the serum response element (SRE) in the promoter region of target genes. This protein regulates the activity of many immediate-early genes, for example c-fos, and thereby participates in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell growth, and cell differentiation. This gene is the downstream target of many pathways; for example, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK) that acts through the ternary complex factors (TCFs). Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor-like

Predicted to enable zinc ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of cytokine production. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in cytoplasmic side of late endosome membrane; cytoplasmic side of lysosomal membrane; and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

c-fos induced growth factor (vascular endothelial growth factor D)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (PDGF/VEGF) family and is active in angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and endothelial cell growth. This secreted protein undergoes a complex proteolytic maturation, generating multiple processed forms which bind and activate VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 receptors. This protein is structurally and functionally similar to vascular endothelial growth factor C. Read-through transcription has been observed between this locus and the upstream PIR (GeneID 8544) locus. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

TAF6-like RNA polymerase II, p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF)-associated factor, 65kDa

Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes a protein that is a component of the PCAF histone acetylase complex and structurally similar to one of the histone-like TAFs, TAF6. The PCAF histone acetylase complex, which is composed of more than 20 polypeptides some of which are TAFs, is required for myogenic transcription and differentiation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

macrophage migration inhibitory factor (glycosylation-inhibiting factor)

This gene encodes a lymphokine involved in cell-mediated immunity, immunoregulation, and inflammation. It plays a role in the regulation of macrophage function in host defense through the suppression of anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. This lymphokine and the JAB1 protein form a complex in the cytosol near the peripheral plasma membrane, which may indicate an additional role in integrin signaling pathways. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

TAF5-like RNA polymerase II, p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF)-associated factor, 65kDa pseudogene 1

coagulation factor III (thromboplastin, tissue factor)

This gene encodes coagulation factor III which is a cell surface glycoprotein. This factor enables cells to initiate the blood coagulation cascades, and it functions as the high-affinity receptor for the coagulation factor VII. The resulting complex provides a catalytic event that is responsible for initiation of the coagulation protease cascades by specific limited proteolysis. Unlike the other cofactors of these protease cascades, which circulate as nonfunctional precursors, this factor is a potent initiator that is fully functional when expressed on cell surfaces, for example, on monocytes. There are 3 distinct domains of this factor: extracellular, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic. Platelets and monocytes have been shown to express this coagulation factor under procoagulatory and proinflammatory stimuli, and a major role in HIV-associated coagulopathy has been described. Platelet-dependent monocyte expression of coagulation factor III has been described to be associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and mortality. This protein is the only one in the coagulation pathway for which a congenital deficiency has not been described. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

coagulation factor V (proaccelerin, labile factor)

This gene encodes an essential cofactor of the blood coagulation cascade. This factor circulates in plasma, and is converted to the active form by the release of the activation peptide by thrombin during coagulation. This generates a heavy chain and a light chain which are held together by calcium ions. The activated protein is a cofactor that participates with activated coagulation factor X to activate prothrombin to thrombin. Defects in this gene result in either an autosomal recessive hemorrhagic diathesis or an autosomal dominant form of thrombophilia, which is known as activated protein C resistance. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

nuclear factor I/C (CCAAT-binding transcription factor)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the CTF/NF-I family. These are dimeric DNA-binding proteins, and function as cellular transcription factors and as replication factors for adenovirus DNA replication. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

nuclear factor I/X (CCAAT-binding transcription factor)

The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor that binds the palindromic sequence 5'-TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA-3 in viral and cellular promoters. The encoded protein can also stimulate adenovirus replication in vitro. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

cytotoxic and regulatory T cell molecule

The CRTAM gene is upregulated in CD4 (see MIM 186940)-positive and CD8 (see CD8A; MIM 186910)-positive T cells and encodes a type I transmembrane protein with V and C1-like Ig domains (Yeh et al., 2008 [PubMed 18329370]).[supplied by OMIM, Feb 2009]

marginal zone B and B1 cell-specific protein

Involved in positive regulation of cell population proliferation. Located in cytoplasm and extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member E12, pseudogene

Predicted to enable protein kinase binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation protein 1-like

cell division cycle 27 pseudogene 10

cell division cycle 27 pseudogene 11

cell division cycle associated 8 pseudogene

B-cell translocation gene 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the BTG/Tob family. This family has structurally related proteins that appear to have antiproliferative properties. This encoded protein can induce G1 arrest in the cell cycle. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

B-cell translocation gene 1, anti-proliferative

This gene is a member of an anti-proliferative gene family that regulates cell growth and differentiation. Expression of this gene is highest in the G0/G1 phases of the cell cycle and downregulated when cells progressed through G1. The encoded protein interacts with several nuclear receptors, and functions as a coactivator of cell differentiation. This locus has been shown to be involved in a t(8;12)(q24;q22) chromosomal translocation in a case of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

T cell receptor alpha variable 23/delta variable 6

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

putative glycine-rich cell wall structural protein 1

mediator of cell motility 1 pseudogene 4

mediator of cell motility 1 pseudogene 2

mediator of cell motility 1 pseudogene 3

programmed cell death 6 pseudogene

myeloid cell leukemia 1

This gene encodes an anti-apoptotic protein, which is a member of the Bcl-2 family. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. The longest gene product (isoform 1) enhances cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis while the alternatively spliced shorter gene products (isoform 2 and isoform 3) promote apoptosis and are death-inducing. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

T cell receptor beta joining 2-4

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta joining 2-5

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta joining 2-6

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta joining 2-7

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta joining 2-1

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta joining 2-2

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta joining 2-3

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a neuron-specific protein. The similar protein in pig enhances neuroblastoma cell differentiation in vitro and may be involved in neuronal differentiation in vivo. Multiple pseudogenes have been reported for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

proliferating cell nuclear antigen

The protein encoded by this gene is found in the nucleus and is a cofactor of DNA polymerase delta. The encoded protein acts as a homotrimer and helps increase the processivity of leading strand synthesis during DNA replication. In response to DNA damage, this protein is ubiquitinated and is involved in the RAD6-dependent DNA repair pathway. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. Pseudogenes of this gene have been described on chromosome 4 and on the X chromosome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

BOC cell adhesion associated, oncogene regulated

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the immunoglobulin/fibronectin type III repeat family. It is a component of a cell-surface receptor complex that mediates cell-cell interactions between muscle precursor cells, and promotes myogenic differentiation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2014]

T cell receptor beta variable 20-1

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell adhesion associated, oncogene regulated pseudogene

cell division cycle 34

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. This protein is a part of the large multiprotein complex, which is required for ubiquitin-mediated degradation of cell cycle G1 regulators, and for the initiation of DNA replication. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cell division cycle 37

The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to Cdc 37, a cell division cycle control protein of Sacchromyces cerevisiae. This protein is a molecular chaperone with specific function in cell signal transduction. It has been shown to form complex with Hsp90 and a variety of protein kinases including CDK4, CDK6, SRC, RAF-1, MOK, as well as eIF2 alpha kinases. It is thought to play a critical role in directing Hsp90 to its target kinases. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

B-cell CLL/lymphoma 9

BCL9 is associated with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It may be a target of translocation in B-cell malignancies with abnormalities of 1q21. Its function is unknown. The overexpression of BCL9 may be of pathogenic significance in B-cell malignancies. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

B-cell CLL/lymphoma 5

B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6

The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger transcription factor and contains an N-terminal POZ domain. This protein acts as a sequence-specific repressor of transcription, and has been shown to modulate the transcription of STAT-dependent IL-4 responses of B cells. This protein can interact with a variety of POZ-containing proteins that function as transcription corepressors. This gene is found to be frequently translocated and hypermutated in diffuse large-cell lymphoma (DLCL), and may be involved in the pathogenesis of DLCL. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

B-cell CLL/lymphoma 3

This gene is a proto-oncogene candidate. It is identified by its translocation into the immunoglobulin alpha-locus in some cases of B-cell leukemia. The protein encoded by this gene contains seven ankyrin repeats, which are most closely related to those found in I kappa B proteins. This protein functions as a transcriptional co-activator that activates through its association with NF-kappa B homodimers. The expression of this gene can be induced by NF-kappa B, which forms a part of the autoregulatory loop that controls the nuclear residence of p50 NF-kappa B. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2

This gene encodes an integral outer mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks the apoptotic death of some cells such as lymphocytes. Constitutive expression of BCL2, such as in the case of translocation of BCL2 to Ig heavy chain locus, is thought to be the cause of follicular lymphoma. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

histone cell cycle regulator

This gene encodes a histone chaperone that preferentially places the variant histone H3.3 in nucleosomes. Orthologs of this gene in yeast, flies, and plants are necessary for the formation of transcriptionally silent heterochomatin. This gene plays an important role in the formation of the senescence-associated heterochromatin foci. These foci likely mediate the irreversible cell cycle changes that occur in senescent cells. It is considered the primary candidate gene in some haploinsufficiency syndromes such as DiGeorge syndrome, and insufficient production of the gene may disrupt normal embryonic development. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

T cell receptor alpha joining 32

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

insulin-like 3 (Leydig cell)

This gene encodes a member of the insulin-like hormone superfamily. The encoded protein is mainly produced in gonadal tissues. Studies of the mouse counterpart suggest that this gene may be involved in the development of urogenital tract and female fertility. This protein may also act as a hormone to regulate growth and differentiation of gubernaculum, and thus mediating intra-abdominal testicular descent. Mutations in this gene may lead to cryptorchidism. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL1

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, three domains, X1

Predicted to be involved in immune response-regulating signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen

The myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) is detected only in nuclei of cells of the granulocyte-monocyte lineage. A 200-amino acid region of human MNDA is strikingly similar to a region in the proteins encoded by a family of interferon-inducible mouse genes, designated Ifi-201, Ifi-202, and Ifi-203, that are not regulated in a cell- or tissue-specific fashion. The 1.8-kb MNDA mRNA, which contains an interferon-stimulated response element in the 5-prime untranslated region, was significantly upregulated in human monocytes exposed to interferon alpha. MNDA is located within 2,200 kb of FCER1A, APCS, CRP, and SPTA1. In its pattern of expression and/or regulation, MNDA resembles IFI16, suggesting that these genes participate in blood cell-specific responses to interferons. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

T cell receptor gamma joining 2

T cell receptor gamma joining 1

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor gamma joining P

T cell receptor beta variable 6-8

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 6-9

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 6-5

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 6-6

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 6-7 (non-functional)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 6-2 (gene/pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 6-3

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proliferating cell nuclear antigen pseudogene 1

proliferating cell nuclear antigen pseudogene 4

T cell receptor beta constant 1

Predicted to be involved in T cell receptor signaling pathway; adaptive immune response; and alpha-beta T cell activation. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be part of alpha-beta T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta constant 2

Predicted to be involved in T cell receptor signaling pathway; adaptive immune response; and alpha-beta T cell activation. Part of alpha-beta T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 21-1 (pseudogene)

cell death-inducing p53 target 1

Predicted to enable zinc ion binding activity. Acts upstream of or within intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator. Located in cytoplasmic side of late endosome membrane; cytoplasmic side of lysosomal membrane; and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell division cycle associated 8 pseudogene

scribbled planar cell polarity protein

This gene encodes a protein that was identified as being similar to the Drosophila scribble protein. The mammalian protein is involved in tumor suppression pathways. As a scaffold protein involved in cell polarization processes, this protein binds to many other proteins. The encoded protein binds to papillomavirus E6 protein via its PDZ domain and the C-terminus of E6. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

T-cell activation RhoGTPase activating protein

This gene encodes a member of the Rho GTPase-activator protein superfamily. The encoded protein may function as a Rho GTPase-activating protein. Alterations in this gene may be associated with several diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, and multiple sclerosis. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

neuronal cell adhesion molecule

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily. This gene encodes a neuronal cell adhesion molecule with multiple immunoglobulin-like C2-type domains and fibronectin type-III domains. This ankyrin-binding protein is involved in neuron-neuron adhesion and promotes directional signaling during axonal cone growth. This gene is also expressed in non-neural tissues and may play a general role in cell-cell communication via signaling from its intracellular domain to the actin cytoskeleton during directional cell migration. Allelic variants of this gene have been associated with autism and addiction vulnerability. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mediator of cell motility 1 pseudogene 1

defensin, alpha 6, Paneth cell-specific

Defensins are a family of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides thought to be involved in host defense. They are abundant in the granules of neutrophils and also found in the epithelia of mucosal surfaces such as those of the intestine, respiratory tract, urinary tract, and vagina. Members of the defensin family are highly similar in protein sequence and distinguished by a conserved cysteine motif. Several alpha defensin genes appear to be clustered on chromosome 8. The protein encoded by this gene, defensin, alpha 6, is highly expressed in the secretory granules of Paneth cells of the small intestine, and likely plays a role in host defense of human bowel. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

defensin, alpha 5, Paneth cell-specific

Defensins are a family of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides thought to be involved in host defense. They are abundant in the granules of neutrophils and also found in the epithelia of mucosal surfaces such as those of the intestine, respiratory tract, urinary tract, and vagina. Members of the defensin family are highly similar in protein sequence and distinguished by a conserved cysteine motif. Several of the alpha defensin genes appear to be clustered on chromosome 8. The protein encoded by this gene, defensin, alpha 5, is highly expressed in the secretory granules of Paneth cells of the ileum. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

T cell receptor beta variable 23/OR9-2 (non-functional)

programmed cell death 1 ligand 2

Involved in negative regulation of activated T cell proliferation; negative regulation of interleukin-10 production; and negative regulation of type II interferon production. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in external side of plasma membrane. Biomarker of pulmonary tuberculosis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

downregulated RNA in cancer, inhibitor of cell invasion and migration

T cell receptor beta variable 30 (gene/pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T-cell leukemia translocation altered

Involved in negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation and osteoclast fusion. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Sertoli cell-only syndrome, Y-linked

carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (biliary glycoprotein) pseudogene

zyg-11 family member B, cell cycle regulator

Involved in positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process and protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins. Part of Cul2-RING ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

zyg-11 family member A, cell cycle regulator

Predicted to be part of Cul2-RING ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 3-1

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 7-9

Predicted to enable MHC protein binding activity and peptide antigen binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 7-8

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 7-1 (non-functional)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 7-3

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 7-2

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 7-5 (pseudogene)

T cell receptor beta variable 7-4 (gene/pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 7-7

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 7-6

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hexokinase 3 (white cell)

Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways. This gene encodes hexokinase 3. Similar to hexokinases 1 and 2, this allosteric enzyme is inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]

cell wall biogenesis 43 C-terminal homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to be involved in GPI anchor biosynthetic process. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including cerebrospinal fluid circulation; establishment of protein localization; and protein N-linked glycosylation. Predicted to be located in extracellular region and membrane. Predicted to be active in endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mature T-cell proliferation 1

This gene was identified by involvement in some t(X;14) translocations associated with mature T-cell proliferations. This region has a complex gene structure, with a common promoter and 5' exon spliced to two different sets of 3' exons that encode two different proteins. This gene represents the upstream 13 kDa protein that is a member of the TCL1 family. This protein may be involved in leukemogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

cell division cycle associated 2

This gene encodes a targeting subunit of the cell-cycle associated protein, protein phosphatase 1, with a role in targeting this protein to chromatin during anaphase. These two proteins comprise a phosphatase complex that is involved in nuclear envelope reformation and regulation of the DNA damage response. The encoded protein may also play a role in cancer progression. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

cell division cycle associated 3

Predicted to be involved in cell division and protein ubiquitination. Located in adherens junction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell division cycle associated 7

This gene was identified as a c-Myc responsive gene, and behaves as a direct c-Myc target gene. Overexpression of this gene is found to enhance the transformation of lymphoblastoid cells, and it complements a transformation-defective Myc Box II mutant, suggesting its involvement in c-Myc-mediated cell transformation. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cell division cycle associated 4

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the E2F family of transcription factors. This protein regulates E2F-dependent transcriptional activation and cell proliferation, mainly through the E2F/retinoblastoma protein pathway. It also functions in the regulation of JUN oncogene expression. This protein shows distinctive nuclear-mitotic apparatus distribution, it is involved in spindle organization from prometaphase, and may also play a role as a midzone factor involved in chromosome segregation or cytokinesis. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been noted for this gene. Two pseudogenes have also been identified on chromosome 1. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

cell division cycle associated 5

Predicted to enable chromatin binding activity. Involved in chromosome organization; double-strand break repair; and positive regulation of exit from mitosis. Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell division cycle associated 8

This gene encodes a component of the chromosomal passenger complex. This complex is an essential regulator of mitosis and cell division. This protein is cell-cycle regulated and is required for chromatin-induced microtubule stabilization and spindle formation. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudgenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 7, 8 and 16. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2013]

mucin 4, cell surface associated

The major constituents of mucus, the viscous secretion that covers epithelial surfaces such as those in the trachea, colon, and cervix, are highly glycosylated proteins called mucins. These glycoproteins play important roles in the protection of the epithelial cells and have been implicated in epithelial renewal and differentiation. This gene encodes an integral membrane glycoprotein found on the cell surface, although secreted isoforms may exist. At least two dozen transcript variants of this gene have been found, although for many of them the full-length transcript has not been determined or they are found only in tumor tissues. This gene contains a region in the coding sequence which has a variable number (>100) of 48 nt tandem repeats. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

natural killer cell susceptibility 1

cell migration inducing protein, hyaluronan binding

Enables several functions, including clathrin heavy chain binding activity; hyaluronic acid binding activity; and hyalurononglucosaminidase activity. Involved in several processes, including hyaluronan catabolic process; positive regulation of protein phosphorylation; and positive regulation of protein targeting to membrane. Located in several cellular components, including clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle; endoplasmic reticulum; and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

epithelial cell adhesion molecule

This gene encodes a carcinoma-associated antigen and is a member of a family that includes at least two type I membrane proteins. This antigen is expressed on most normal epithelial cells and gastrointestinal carcinomas and functions as a homotypic calcium-independent cell adhesion molecule. The antigen is being used as a target for immunotherapy treatment of human carcinomas. Mutations in this gene result in congenital tufting enteropathy. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

T cell receptor alpha joining 29

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 28

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 27

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 26

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 25 (non-functional)

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 24

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 23

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 22

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 21

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 20

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 5

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

regulator of cell cycle

This gene is thought to regulate cell cycle progression. It is induced by p53 in response to DNA damage, or by sublytic levels of complement system proteins that result in activation of the cell cycle. The encoded protein localizes to the cytoplasm during interphase and to centrosomes during mitosis. The protein forms a complex with polo-like kinase 1. The protein also translocates to the nucleus in response to treatment with complement system proteins, and can associate with and increase the kinase activity of cell division cycle 2 protein. In different assays and cell types, overexpression of this protein has been shown to activate or suppress cell cycle progression. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 6 (non-protein coding)

T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 4

5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) binding, ES cell-specific

Enables DNA-(abasic site) binding activity; protein-DNA covalent cross-linking activity; and single-stranded DNA binding activity. Involved in interstrand cross-link repair; protein-DNA covalent cross-linking repair; and somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. Is active in replication fork. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor alpha variable 29/delta variable 5 (gene/pseudogene)

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

mucin 17, cell surface associated

The protein encoded by this gene is a membrane-bound mucin that provides protection to gut epithelial cells. The encoded protein contains about 60 tandem repeats, with each repeat being around 60 aa. N-glycosylation enables the encoded protein to localize on the cell surface, while the C-terminus interacts with the scaffold protein PDZ domain containing 1 (PDZK1). Two transcript variants, one protein-coding and the other non-protein coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

mucin 16, cell surface associated

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the mucin family. Mucins are high molecular weight, O-glycosylated proteins that play an important role in forming a protective mucous barrier, and are found on the apical surfaces of the epithelia. The encoded protein is a membrane-tethered mucin that contains an extracellular domain at its amino terminus, a large tandem repeat domain, and a transmembrane domain with a short cytoplasmic domain. The amino terminus is highly glycosylated, while the repeat region contains 156 amino acid repeats unit that are rich in serines, threonines, and prolines. Interspersed within the repeats are Sea urchin sperm protein Enterokinase and Agrin (SEA) modules, leucine-rich repeats and ankyrin (ANK) repeats. These regions together form the ectodomain, and there is a potential cleavage site found near an SEA module close to the transmembrane domain. This protein is thought to play a role in forming a barrier, protecting epithelial cells from pathogens. Products of this gene have been used as a marker for different cancers, with higher expression levels associated with poorer outcomes. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

mucin 15, cell surface associated

Predicted to be located in Golgi lumen and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mucin 13, cell surface associated

Epithelial mucins, such as MUC13, are a family of secreted and cell surface glycoproteins expressed by ductal and glandular epithelial tissues (Williams et al., 2001 [PubMed 11278439]).[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2008]

mucin 12, cell surface associated

This gene encodes an integral membrane glycoprotein that is a member of the mucin family. Mucins are O-glycosylated proteins that play an essential role in forming protective mucous barriers on epithelial surfaces and have been implicated in epithelial renewal and differentiation. These glycoproteins also play a role in intracellular signaling. This protein is expressed on the apical membrane surface of epithelial cells that line the mucosal surfaces of many different tissues including the colon, pancreas, prostate, and uterus. The expression of this gene is downregulated in colorectal cancer tissue. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

thyroid carcinoma, Hurthle cell

neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 8

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity. Acts upstream of or within protein neddylation. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. Biomarker of Parkinson's disease and malignant astrocytoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 9

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the CRK-associated substrates family. Members of this family are adhesion docking molecules that mediate protein-protein interactions for signal transduction pathways. This protein is a focal adhesion protein that acts as a scaffold to regulate signaling complexes important in cell attachment, migration and invasion as well as apoptosis and the cell cycle. This protein has also been reported to have a role in cancer metastasis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 1

Predicted to enable gamma-tubulin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule nucleation and mitotic cell cycle. Located in centrosome; cytosol; and nuclear lumen. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hematopoietic cell-specific Lyn substrate 1

Enables RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding activity; protein kinase binding activity; and signaling adaptor activity. Involved in several processes, including granulocyte colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway; positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process; and positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction. Located in cytosol; nucleus; and plasma membrane. Part of transcription regulator complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

E2F1-regulated inhibitor of cell death (non-protein coding)

T cell receptor gamma variable 5P (pseudogene)

par-3 family cell polarity regulator

This gene encodes a member of the PARD protein family. PARD family members interact with other PARD family members and other proteins; they affect asymmetrical cell division and direct polarized cell growth. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

mal, T-cell differentiation protein-like pseudogene

CD244 molecule, natural killer cell receptor 2B4

This gene encodes a cell surface receptor expressed on natural killer (NK) cells (and some T cells) that mediate non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted killing. The interaction between NK-cell and target cells via this receptor is thought to modulate NK-cell cytolytic activity. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

carboxypeptidase A3 (mast cell)

This gene encodes a member of the carboxypeptidase A family of zinc metalloproteases. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate a mature protease that is released by mast cells and may be involved in the degradation of endogenous proteins and the inactivation of venom-associated peptides. Expression of this gene may be elevated in human asthma patients. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

LIM and senescent cell antigen-like domains 3-like

Predicted to enable metal ion binding activity. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm; focal adhesion; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor gamma variable 10 (non-functional)

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T-cell, immune regulator 1, ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit A3

This gene encodes a subunit of a large protein complex known as a vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase). The protein complex acts as a pump to move protons across the membrane. This movement of protons helps regulate the pH of cells and their surrounding environment. V-ATPase dependent organelle acidification is necessary for such intracellular processes as protein sorting, zymogen activation, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. V-ATPase is comprised of a cytosolic V1 domain and a transmembrane V0 domain. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Mutations in this gene are associated with infantile malignant osteopetrosis. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

frequently rearranged in advanced T-cell lymphomas 1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the GSK-3-binding protein family. The protein inhibits GSK-3-mediated phosphorylation of beta-catenin and positively regulates the Wnt signaling pathway. It may function in tumor progression and in lymphomagenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

frequently rearranged in advanced T-cell lymphomas 2

The protein encoded by this intronless gene belongs to the GSK-3-binding protein family. Studies show that this protein plays a role as a positive regulator of the WNT signaling pathway. It may be upregulated in tumor progression. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL2

vegetative cell wall protein gp1-like

Basal cell carcinoma, susceptibility to, 5

T cell receptor beta variable 21/OR9-2 (pseudogene)

vegetative cell wall protein gp1-like

melanoma cell adhesion molecule

Involved in glomerular filtration and vascular wound healing. Acts upstream of or within angiogenesis. Located in external side of plasma membrane. Biomarker of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and uveal melanoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G, member 1

Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that can mediate lysis of certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without previous activation. They can also regulate specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the killer cell lectin-like receptor (KLR) family, which is a group of transmembrane proteins preferentially expressed in NK cells. Studies in mice suggested that the expression of this gene may be regulated by MHC class I molecules. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016]

malignant T cell amplified sequence 1

Enables RNA cap binding activity; ribosomal small subunit binding activity; and translation factor activity, non-nucleic acid binding. Involved in IRES-dependent viral translational initiation; cytoplasmic translational initiation; and ribosome disassembly. Is active in cytoplasm. Implicated in primary immunodeficiency disease. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell division cycle and apoptosis regulator 1

Enables RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity; nuclear receptor coactivator activity; and transcription corepressor activity. Involved in positive regulation of cell migration and positive regulation of cell population proliferation. Acts upstream of or within positive regulation of apoptotic process. Located in nuclear envelope lumen. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 2

Enables RNA polymerase II complex binding activity and enzyme inhibitor activity. Involved in several processes, including mitochondrial fragmentation involved in apoptotic process; regulation of primary metabolic process; and regulation of signal transduction. Located in several cellular components, including mitochondrial matrix; nucleoplasm; and spindle. Part of DBIRD complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

programmed cell death 2 pseudogene

meteorin, glial cell differentiation regulator

Meteorin regulates glial cell differentiation and promotes the formation of axonal networks during neurogenesis (Nishino et al., 2004 [PubMed 15085178]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

Purkinje cell protein 4

Enables calcium ion binding activity and calmodulin binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of CAMKK-AMPK signaling cascade and positive regulation of neuron differentiation. Located in cytosol and nucleus. Part of protein-containing complex. Biomarker of Huntington's disease and leiomyoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Purkinje cell protein 2

Predicted to enable guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity. Predicted to act upstream of or within G protein-coupled opsin signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in neuronal cell body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cutaneous T-cell lymphoma-associated antigen 1

Predicted to be involved in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport; protein secretion; and vesicle cargo loading. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in endoplasmic reticulum exit site and endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

germ cell-less, spermatogenesis associated 1 pseudogene 1

This locus shares a high degree of identity with the multi-exon germ cell-less gene on chromosome 2. Despite its single-exon nature, this chromosome 5 locus contains an open reading frame that could putatively encode a full-length germ cell-less related protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

germ cell-less, spermatogenesis associated 1 pseudogene 2

T cell receptor alpha variable 14/delta variable 4

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G, member 2

Predicted to enable carbohydrate binding activity. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small cell cancer of the lung

killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B, member 1

Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that mediate cytotoxicity and secrete cytokines after immune stimulation. Several genes of the C-type lectin superfamily, including the rodent NKRP1 family of glycoproteins, are expressed by NK cells and may be involved in the regulation of NK cell function. The KLRB1 protein contains an extracellular domain with several motifs characteristic of C-type lectins, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. The KLRB1 protein is classified as a type II membrane protein because it has an external C terminus. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Disrupted in B-cell neoplasia

male germ cell tumor

T cell receptor beta diversity 1

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DS1

vegetative cell wall protein gp1-like

cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector c pseudogene

cell division cycle 20B

Predicted to enable anaphase-promoting complex binding activity and ubiquitin ligase activator activity. Involved in de novo centriole assembly. Located in deuterosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Basal cell carcinoma, susceptibility to, 6

VANGL planar cell polarity protein 1

This gene encodes a member of the tretraspanin family. The encoded protein may be involved in mediating intestinal trefoil factor induced wound healing in the intestinal mucosa. Mutations in this gene are associated with neural tube defects. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

T cell receptor alpha joining 16

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 17

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 14

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 15

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 12

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 13

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 10

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 11

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 18

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 19 (non-functional)

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6, member B

Enables sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; regulation of cytokine production; and regulation of immune system process. Predicted to be located in nucleus. Predicted to be active in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SWAP switching B-cell complex 70kDa subunit

Enables cadherin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. Predicted to act upstream of or within isotype switching. Located in actin cytoskeleton; cytoplasm; and plasma membrane. Is active in postsynapse. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell division cycle 5-like

The protein encoded by this gene shares a significant similarity with Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc5 gene product, which is a cell cycle regulator important for G2/M transition. This protein has been demonstrated to act as a positive regulator of cell cycle G2/M progression. It was also found to be an essential component of a non-snRNA spliceosome, which contains at least five additional protein factors and is required for the second catalytic step of pre-mRNA splicing. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains, short cytoplasmic tail, 5

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, three domains, pseudogene

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains, short cytoplasmic tail, 2

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. This gene represents a haplotype-specific family member that encodes a protein with a short cytoplasmic tail. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

cell death regulator Aven-like

speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member E10, pseudogene

Enables acetylcholine receptor regulator activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta joining 2-2P (non-functional)

follicular dendritic cell secreted protein

This gene encodes a small secreted protein that is expressed in follicular dendritic cells. This protein specifically binds to activated B cells, and functions as a regulator of antibody responses. It is also thought to contribute to tumor metastases by promoting cancer cell migration and invasion. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

T cell receptor beta variable 11-3

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 11-1

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell growth regulator with ring finger domain 1

Predicted to enable metal ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of cell growth. Located in endoplasmic reticulum and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glycosylation dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (pseudogene)

Predicted to enable cell adhesion molecule binding activity and sulfate binding activity. Predicted to act upstream of or within response to bacterium. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

vegetative cell wall protein gp1

T cell receptor alpha variable 20

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

cell division cycle associated 7-like

Acts upstream of or within positive regulation of cell population proliferation. Located in cytosol; fibrillar center; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains

This gene encodes a member of the PVR (poliovirus receptor) family of immunoglobin proteins. The product of this gene is expressed on several classes of T cells including follicular B helper T cells (TFH). The protein has been shown to bind PVR with high affinity; this binding is thought to assist interactions between TFH and dendritic cells to regulate T cell dependent B cell responses.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

multiciliate differentiation and DNA synthesis associated cell cycle protein

This gene encodes a member of the geminin family of proteins. The encoded nuclear protein is required for the generation of multiciliated cells in respiratory epithelium. Mutations in this gene cause a rare mucociliary clearance disorder associated with recurring respiratory infections in human patients, known as reduced generation of multiple motile cilia (RGMC). [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

natural killer cell cytotoxicity receptor 3 ligand 1

B7H6 belongs to the B7 family (see MIM 605402) and is selectively expressed on tumor cells. Interaction of B7H6 with NKp30 (NCR3; MIM 611550) results in natural killer (NK) cell activation and cytotoxicity (Brandt et al., 2009 [PubMed 19528259]).[supplied by OMIM, Jan 2011]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, three domains, long cytoplasmic tail, 1

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, three domains, long cytoplasmic tail, 2

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. This gene is one of the `framework` loci that is present on all haplotypes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, three domains, long cytoplasmic tail, 3

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. This gene is one of the `framework` loci that is present on all haplotypes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mediator of cell motility 1

Involved in regulation of microtubule-based process. Located in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

BH3-like motif containing, cell death inducer

This gene encodes a BH3-like motif containing protein involved in cell death. The encoded protein may induce apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner. The protein is localized in both the cytoplasm and the mitochondrion. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

endothelial cell adhesion molecule

Enables cell-cell adhesion mediator activity. Involved in several processes, including bicellular tight junction assembly; cell-cell adhesion; and regulation of actin filament polymerization. Located in cell-cell junction and plasma membrane. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 24-1

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

B-cell scaffold protein with ankyrin repeats 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a B-cell-specific scaffold protein that functions in B-cell receptor-induced calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. This protein can also promote Lyn-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. Polymorphisms in this gene are associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

fuzzy planar cell polarity protein

This gene encodes a planar cell polarity protein that is involved in ciliogenesis and directional cell movement. Knockout studies in mice exhibit neural tube defects and defective cilia, and mutations in this gene are associated with neural tube defects in humans. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 19

Predicted to be involved in heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in cell surface. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 18

carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 16

The protein encoded by this gene is a secreted glycoprotein that in mouse interacts with tectorial membrane proteins in the inner ear. The encoded adhesion protein is found in cochlear outer hair cells and appears to be important for proper hearing over an extended frequency range. Defects in this gene likely are a cause of non-syndromic autosomal dominant hearing loss. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector c

This gene encodes a member of the cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-like effector family. Members of this family play important roles in apoptosis. The encoded protein promotes lipid droplet formation in adipocytes and may mediate adipocyte apoptosis. This gene is regulated by insulin and its expression is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity. Mutations in this gene may contribute to insulin resistant diabetes. A pseudogene of this gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 3. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector a

This gene encodes the homolog of the mouse protein Cidea that has been shown to activate apoptosis. This activation of apoptosis is inhibited by the DNA fragmentation factor DFF45 but not by caspase inhibitors. Mice that lack functional Cidea have higher metabolic rates, higher lipolysis in brown adipose tissue and higher core body temperatures when subjected to cold. These mice are also resistant to diet-induced obesity and diabetes. This suggests that in mice this gene product plays a role in thermogenesis and lipolysis. Alternatively spliced transcripts have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

cell division cycle 42 pseudogene 5

vegetative cell wall protein gp1-like

pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox interacting protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene interacts with the PBX1 homeodomain protein, inhibiting its transcriptional activation potential by preventing its binding to DNA. The encoded protein, which is primarily cytosolic but can shuttle to the nucleus, also can interact with estrogen receptors alpha and beta and promote the proliferation of breast cancer, brain tumors, and lung cancer. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. More variants exist, but their full-length natures have yet to be determined. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

programmed cell death 6

This gene encodes a calcium-binding protein belonging to the penta-EF-hand protein family. Calcium binding is important for homodimerization and for conformational changes required for binding to other protein partners. This gene product participates in T cell receptor-, Fas-, and glucocorticoid-induced programmed cell death. In mice deficient for this gene product, however, apoptosis was not blocked suggesting this gene product is functionally redundant. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is also located on the short arm of chromosome 5. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

programmed cell death 7

This gene encodes a 59 kDa protein that is associated with the U11 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP), which is a component of the minor U12-type spliceosome responsible for catalyzing pre-mRNA splicing of U12-type introns. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

programmed cell death 4 (neoplastic transformation inhibitor)

This gene is a tumor suppressor and encodes a protein that binds to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1 and inhibits its function by preventing RNA binding. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

programmed cell death 5

This gene encodes a protein that is upregulated during apoptosis where it translocates rapidly from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The encoded protein may be an important regulator of K(lysine) acetyltransferase 5 (a protein involved in transcription, DNA damage response and cell cycle control) by inhibiting its proteasome-dependent degradation. Pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 5 and 12 [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

programmed cell death 2

This gene encodes a nuclear protein expressed in a variety of tissues. Expression of this gene has been shown to be repressed by B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 (BCL6), a transcriptional repressor required for lymph node germinal center development, suggesting that BCL6 regulates apoptosis by its effects on this protein. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants and pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 9 and 12. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

programmed cell death 1

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PDCD1) is an immune-inhibitory receptor expressed in activated T cells; it is involved in the regulation of T-cell functions, including those of effector CD8+ T cells. In addition, this protein can also promote the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into T regulatory cells. PDCD1 is expressed in many types of tumors including melanomas, and has demonstrated to play a role in anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, this protein has been shown to be involved in safeguarding against autoimmunity, however, it can also contribute to the inhibition of effective anti-tumor and anti-microbial immunity. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

programmed cell death 10

This gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein associated with cell apoptosis. The protein interacts with the serine/threonine protein kinase MST4 to modulate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. It also interacts with and is phosphoryated by serine/threonine kinase 25, and is thought to function in a signaling pathway essential for vascular developent. Mutations in this gene are one cause of cerebral cavernous malformations, which are vascular malformations that cause seizures and cerebral hemorrhages. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

programmed cell death 11

PDCD11 is a NF-kappa-B (NFKB1; 164011)-binding protein that colocalizes with U3 RNA (MIM 180710) in the nucleolus and is required for rRNA maturation and generation of 18S rRNA (Sweet et al., 2003 [PubMed 14624448]; Sweet et al., 2008 [PubMed 17654514]).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2008]

cell division cycle 37 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

MCF.2 cell line derived transforming sequence

The oncogenic protein encoded by this gene is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that exerts control over some members of the Rho family of small GTPases. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. These isoforms exhibit different expression patterns and varying levels of GEF activity.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

cell adhesion associated, oncogene regulated

This gene encodes a cell surface receptor that is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The encoded protein contains three fibronectin type III domains and five immunoglobulin-like C2-type domains. This protein is a member of a cell-surface receptor complex that mediates cell-cell interactions between muscle precursor cells and positively regulates myogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

T cell receptor beta variable 10-2

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 10-3

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 10-1(gene/pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DS3 allele 0020101

cell division cycle 20 pseudogene 1

programmed cell death 5 pseudogene 1

programmed cell death 5 pseudogene 2

LIM and senescent cell antigen-like domains 2

This gene encodes a member of a small family of focal adhesion proteins which interacts with ILK (integrin-linked kinase), a protein which effects protein-protein interactions with the extraceullar matrix. The encoded protein has five LIM domains, each domain forming two zinc fingers, which permit interactions which regulate cell shape and migration. A pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 4. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

LIM and senescent cell antigen-like domains 3

Predicted to enable metal ion binding activity. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm; focal adhesion; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

LIM and senescent cell antigen-like domains 1

The protein encoded by this gene is an adaptor protein which contains five LIM domains, or double zinc fingers. The protein is likely involved in integrin signaling through its LIM domain-mediated interaction with integrin-linked kinase, found in focal adhesion plaques. It is also thought to act as a bridge linking integrin-linked kinase to NCK adaptor protein 2, which is involved in growth factor receptor kinase signaling pathways. Its localization to the periphery of spreading cells also suggests that this protein may play a role in integrin-mediated cell adhesion or spreading. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

T cell receptor gamma joining P2

T cell receptor gamma joining P1

vegetative cell wall protein gp1-like

biorientation of chromosomes in cell division 1

Enables protein phosphatase 2A binding activity and protein phosphatase inhibitor activity. Involved in mitotic sister chromatid biorientation; mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric; and protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region. Located in centrosome; spindle microtubule; and spindle pole. Part of Set1C/COMPASS complex and outer kinetochore. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 25-1

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

V-set domain containing T cell activation inhibitor 1

This gene encodes a protein belonging to the B7 costimulatory protein family. Proteins in this family are present on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and interact with ligand bound to receptors on the surface of T cells. Studies have shown that high levels of the encoded protein has been correlated with tumor progression. A pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 20. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

cerebral endothelial cell adhesion molecule

Enables identical protein binding activity. Acts upstream of or within cell adhesion. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

vascular cell adhesion molecule 1

This gene is a member of the Ig superfamily and encodes a cell surface sialoglycoprotein expressed by cytokine-activated endothelium. This type I membrane protein mediates leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and signal transduction, and may play a role in the development of artherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Three alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

lymphokine-activated killer cell ligand

T cell receptor beta variable 17 (non-functional)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 16 (gene/pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 15

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 14

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 13

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 19

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Part of alpha-beta T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 18

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nitric oxide synthase 3 (endothelial cell)

Nitric oxide is a reactive free radical which acts as a biologic mediator in several processes, including neurotransmission and antimicrobial and antitumoral activities. Nitric oxide is synthesized from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthases. Variations in this gene are associated with susceptibility to coronary spasm. Alternative splicing and the use of alternative promoters results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

T cell receptor delta variable 1

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor delta variable 3

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor delta variable 2

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

upregulator of cell proliferation

URG4 is upregulated in the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-encoded X antigen (HBxAg) and may contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting hepatocellular growth and survival (Tufan et al., 2002 [PubMed 12082552]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

small cell adhesion glycoprotein

Located in cell junction; nucleoplasm; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member E15, pseudogene

Predicted to enable protein kinase binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pre T-cell antigen receptor alpha

The protein encoded by this gene is a single-pass type I membrane protein that is found in immmature but not mature T-cells. Along with TCRB and CD3 complex, the encoded protein forms the pre-T-cell receptor complex, which regulates early T-cell development. Four transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

neural cell adhesion molecule 1

This gene encodes a cell adhesion protein which is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The encoded protein is involved in cell-to-cell interactions as well as cell-matrix interactions during development and differentiation. The encoded protein plays a role in the development of the nervous system by regulating neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, and cell migration. This protein is also involved in the expansion of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells which play an important role in immune surveillance. This protein plays a role in signal transduction by interacting with fibroblast growth factor receptors, N-cadherin and other components of the extracellular matrix and by triggering signalling cascades involving FYN-focal adhesion kinase (FAK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). One prominent isoform of this gene, cell surface molecule CD56, plays a role in several myeloproliferative disorders such as acute myeloid leukemia and differential expression of this gene is associated with differential disease progression. For example, increased expression of CD56 is correlated with lower survival in acute myeloid leukemia patients whereas increased severity of COVID-19 is correlated with decreased abundance of CD56-expressing NK cells in peripheral blood. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

neural cell adhesion molecule 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is a type I membrane protein and may function in selective fasciculation and zone-to-zone projection of the primary olfactory axons. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

T cell receptor beta variable A/OR9-2 (pseudogene)

T cell receptor alpha variable 36/delta variable 7

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains, short cytoplasmic tail, 4

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains, short cytoplasmic tail, 3

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains, short cytoplasmic tail, 1

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cell division cycle 27 pseudogene 7

cell division cycle protein 27 homolog pseudogene

cell division cycle 25C

This gene encodes a conserved protein that plays a key role in the regulation of cell division. The encoded protein directs dephosphorylation of cyclin B-bound CDC2 and triggers entry into mitosis. It also suppresses p53-induced growth arrest. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

cell division cycle 25B

CDC25B is a member of the CDC25 family of phosphatases. CDC25B activates the cyclin dependent kinase CDC2 by removing two phosphate groups and it is required for entry into mitosis. CDC25B shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm due to nuclear localization and nuclear export signals. The protein is nuclear in the M and G1 phases of the cell cycle and moves to the cytoplasm during S and G2. CDC25B has oncogenic properties, although its role in tumor formation has not been determined. Multiple transcript variants for this gene exist. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cell division cycle 25A

CDC25A is a member of the CDC25 family of phosphatases. CDC25A is required for progression from G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle. It activates the cyclin-dependent kinase CDC2 by removing two phosphate groups. CDC25A is specifically degraded in response to DNA damage, which prevents cells with chromosomal abnormalities from progressing through cell division. CDC25A is an oncogene, although its exact role in oncogenesis has not been demonstrated. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

pancreatic beta cell glycoprotein 1

T cell receptor alpha joining 49

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 48

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 41

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 40

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 43

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 42

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 45

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 44

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 47

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 46

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

cell division cycle 27 pseudogene 2

cell division cycle 27 pseudogene 3

cell division cycle 27 pseudogene 1

cell division cycle 27 pseudogene 6

cell division cycle 27 pseudogene 4

cell division cycle 27 pseudogene 5

cell division cycle 27 pseudogene 8

cell division cycle 27 pseudogene 9

speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member E2B

Predicted to enable protein kinase binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hepatic and glial cell adhesion molecule

The protein encoded by this gene is a single-pass type I membrane protein that localizes to the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane. The encoded protein acts as a homodimer and is involved in cell motility and cell-matrix interactions. The expression of this gene is downregulated or undetectable in many cancer cell lines, so this may be a tumor suppressor gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

T cell receptor gamma constant 1

Enables small molecule binding activity. Predicted to be involved in T cell receptor signaling pathway; adaptive immune response; and gamma-delta T cell activation. Predicted to act upstream of or within homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be part of gamma-delta T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in external side of plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor gamma constant 2

Predicted to enable transmembrane signaling receptor activity. Predicted to be involved in T cell receptor signaling pathway and adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of gamma-delta T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in external side of plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell division cycle 27

The protein encoded by this gene shares strong similarity with Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Cdc27, and the gene product of Schizosaccharomyces pombe nuc 2. This protein is a component of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), which is composed of eight protein subunits and is highly conserved in eukaryotic cells. This complex catalyzes the formation of cyclin B-ubiquitin conjugate, which is responsible for the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of B-type cyclins. The protein encoded by this gene and three other members of the APC complex contain tetratricopeptide (TPR) repeats, which are important for protein-protein interactions. This protein was shown to interact with mitotic checkpoint proteins including Mad2, p55CDC and BUBR1, and it may thus be involved in controlling the timing of mitosis. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 2, 22 and Y. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

cell division cycle 26

The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc26, a component of cell cycle anaphase-promoting complex (APC). APC is composed of a group of highly conserved proteins and functions as a cell cycle-regulated ubiquitin-protein ligase. APC thus is responsible for the cell cycle regulated proteolysis of various proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cell division cycle 20

CDC20 appears to act as a regulatory protein interacting with several other proteins at multiple points in the cell cycle. It is required for two microtubule-dependent processes, nuclear movement prior to anaphase and chromosome separation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member E8, pseudogene

Enables acetylcholine receptor regulator activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

B-cell receptor-associated protein 31

This gene encodes a member of the B-cell receptor associated protein 31 superfamily. The encoded protein is a multi-pass transmembrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum that is involved in the anterograde transport of membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi and in caspase 8-mediated apoptosis. Microdeletions in this gene are associated with contiguous ABCD1/DXS1375E deletion syndrome (CADDS), a neonatal disorder. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. Two related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosome 16. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4-like, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the Nedd4 family of HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases. HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases transfer ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to protein substrates, thus targeting specific proteins for lysosomal degradation. The encoded protein mediates the ubiquitination of multiple target substrates and plays a critical role in epithelial sodium transport by regulating the cell surface expression of the epithelial sodium channel, ENaC. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with essential hypertension. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

Thy-1 cell surface antigen

This gene encodes a cell surface glycoprotein and member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of proteins. The encoded protein is involved in cell adhesion and cell communication in numerous cell types, but particularly in cells of the immune and nervous systems. The encoded protein is widely used as a marker for hematopoietic stem cells. This gene may function as a tumor suppressor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

defender against cell death 1 pseudogene 1

par-3 family cell polarity regulator beta

Predicted to enable phosphatidylinositol binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including establishment of cell polarity; establishment of centrosome localization; and establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity. Located in cell junction. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Pseudohyperkalemia, familial, 2, due to red cell leak

cytokine-dependent hematopoietic cell linker

MIST is a member of the SLP76 family of adaptors (see LCP2, MIM 601603; BLNK, MIM 604515). MIST plays a role in the regulation of immunoreceptor signaling, including PLC-gamma (PLCG1; MIM 172420)-mediated B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling and FC-epsilon R1 (see FCER1A, MIM 147140)-mediated mast cell degranulation (Cao et al., 1999 [PubMed 10562326]; Goitsuka et al., 2000, 2001 [PubMed 10744659] [PubMed 11463797]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

Thyroid carcinoma, nonmedullary, with cell oxyphilia

cell division cycle 14C

This gene represents a retrogene of cell division cycle 14B (CDC14B), which is located on chromosome 9. The introns in the coding sequence have been processed out relative to the CDC14B locus, but there is an intact open reading frame that is missing only some sequence at the N-terminus, including the nuclear localiztion signal, relative to proteins encoded by the CDC14B gene. There is a difference in the subcellular localization of the protein encoded by this gene, relative to its parental gene product. While the parental gene product displays microtubular localization, GFP chimeras of the protein encoded by this gene localize to the endoplasmic reticulum, indicating a possible new functional role for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2017]

cell division cycle 14B

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the dual specificity protein tyrosine phosphatase family. This protein is highly similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc14, a protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in the exit of cell mitosis and initiation of DNA replication, which suggests the role in cell cycle control. This protein has been shown to interact with and dephosphorylates tumor suppressor protein p53, and is thought to regulate the function of p53. Alternative splice of this gene results in 3 transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cell division cycle 14A

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the dual specificity protein tyrosine phosphatase family. It is highly similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc14, a protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in the exit of cell mitosis and initiation of DNA replication, suggesting a role in cell cycle control. This protein has been shown to interact with, and dephosphorylate tumor suppressor protein p53, and is thought to regulate the function of p53. Alternative splicing of this gene results in several transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 20

Predicted to enable protein tyrosine kinase binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of immune system process and signal transduction. Predicted to be located in apical plasma membrane and microvillus membrane. Predicted to be active in cell surface and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 21

Predicted to be involved in T cell activation and immune response. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in external side of plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mucin 4, cell surface associated pseudogene

islet cell autoantigen 1, 69kDa pseudogene

dendritic cell protein pseudogene

T cell receptor alpha variable 38-2/delta variable 8

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

islet cell autoantigen 1,69kDa-like

Predicted to enable protein domain specific binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transport. Predicted to act upstream of or within spermatid development. Predicted to be located in acrosomal vesicle. Predicted to be active in Golgi apparatus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell cycle control protein 50B-like

speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member E7, pseudogene

Predicted to enable protein kinase binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 6-4

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 6-1

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell division cycle 23

The protein encoded by this gene shares strong similarity with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc23, a protein essential for cell cycle progression through the G2/M transition. This protein is a component of anaphase-promoting complex (APC), which is composed of eight protein subunits and highly conserved in eukaryotic cells. APC catalyzes the formation of cyclin B-ubiquitin conjugate that is responsible for the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of B-type cyclins. This protein and 3 other members of the APC complex contain the TPR (tetratricopeptide repeat), a protein domain important for protein-protein interaction. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

papillary renal cell carcinoma (translocation-associated)

This gene encodes a protein that may play a role in pre-mRNA splicing. Chromosomal translocations (X;1)(p11;q21) that result in fusion of this gene to TFE3 (GeneID 7030) have been associated with papillary renal cell carcinoma. A PRCC-TFE3 fusion protein is expressed in affected carcinomas and is likely associated with altered gene transactivation. This fusion protein has also been associated with disruption of the cell cycle.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

V-set domain containing T cell activation inhibitor 1 pseudogene

RCD1 required for cell differentiation1 homolog (S. pombe)

This gene encodes a member of the highly conserved RCD1 protein family. The encoded protein is a transcriptional cofactor and a core protein of the CCR4-NOT complex. It may be involved in signal transduction as well as retinoic acid-regulated cell differentiation and development. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 8 pseudogene

biorientation of chromosomes in cell division 1-like 2

Predicted to be involved in cell division. Predicted to be located in centrosome; cytoplasm; and kinetochore. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

biorientation of chromosomes in cell division 1-like 1

Involved in DNA damage response and replication fork processing. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of Set1C/COMPASS complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily A pseudogene 1

proliferating cell nuclear antigen pseudogene 2

cell division cycle 42 pseudogene

cell division cycle 42 pseudogene

proteoglycan 2, bone marrow (natural killer cell activator, eosinophil granule major basic protein)

The protein encoded by this gene is the predominant constituent of the crystalline core of the eosinophil granule. High levels of the proform of this protein are also present in placenta and pregnancy serum, where it exists as a complex with several other proteins including pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA), angiotensinogen (AGT), and C3dg. This protein may be involved in antiparasitic defense mechanisms as a cytotoxin and helminthotoxin, and in immune hypersensitivity reactions. The encoded protein contains a peptide that displays potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. It is directly implicated in epithelial cell damage, exfoliation, and bronchospasm in allergic diseases. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1

The protein encoded by this gene is an endothelial cell adhesion molecule that interacts preferentially with the leukocyte beta7 integrin LPAM-1 (alpha4beta7), L-selectin, and VLA-4 (alpha4beta1) on myeloid cells to direct leukocytes into mucosal and inflamed tissues. It is a member of the immunoglobulin family and is similar to ICAM1 and VCAM1. At least seven alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different protein isoforms have been found for this gene, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

programmed cell death 10 pseudogene

intestinal cell (MAK-like) kinase

Eukaryotic protein kinases are enzymes that belong to a very extensive family of proteins which share a conserved catalytic core common with both serine/threonine and tyrosine protein kinases. This gene encodes an intestinal serine/threonine kinase harboring a dual phosphorylation site found in mitogen-activating protein (MAP) kinases. The protein localizes to the intestinal crypt region and is thought to be important in intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Alternative splicing has been observed at this locus and two variants, encoding the same isoform, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

zyg-11 family member A, cell cycle regulator pseudogene 1

neuroepithelial cell transforming 1

This gene is part of the family of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Members of this family activate Rho proteins by catalyzing the exchange of GDP for GTP. The protein encoded by this gene interacts with RhoA within the cell nucleus and may play a role in repairing DNA damage after ionizing radiation. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on the long arms of chromosomes 1, 7 and 18. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

T cell receptor beta variable 28

Predicted to enable peptide antigen binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 26 (pseudogene)

malignant T cell amplified sequence 2, pseudogene

This locus represents a retrogene copy of MCTS1 (GeneID:28985) and contains an ORF similar to that parent gene. This locus is situated in a differentially methylated region (DMR) and transcripts in this region are imprinted. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2021]

Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule

This gene is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules (Ig-CAMs), and is involved in human central and peripheral nervous system development. This gene is a candidate for Down syndrome and congenital heart disease (DSCHD). A gene encoding a similar Ig-CAM protein is located on chromosome 11. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

B-cell receptor-associated protein 31 pseudogene 1

mucin 4, cell surface associated pseudogene

mucin 4, cell surface associated pseudogene

mucin 4, cell surface associated pseudogene

suppressor of cancer cell invasion

This gene encodes a regulator of cell migration. The encoded protein appears to function in the RhoA (ras homolog gene family, member A)-Dia1 (diaphanous homolog 1) signal transduction pathway. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

sidekick cell adhesion molecule 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The protein contains six immunoglobulin-like domains and thirteen fibronectin type III domains. Fibronectin type III domains are present in both extracellular and intracellular proteins and tandem repeats are known to contain binding sites for DNA, heparin and the cell surface. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

sidekick cell adhesion molecule 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The protein contains two immunoglobulin domains and thirteen fibronectin type III domains. Fibronectin type III domains are present in both extracellular and intracellular proteins and tandem repeats are known to contain binding sites for DNA, heparin and the cell surface. This protein, and a homologous mouse sequence, are very similar to the Drosophila sidekick gene product but the specific function of this superfamily member is not yet known. Evidence for alternative splicing at this gene locus has been observed but the full-length nature of additional variants has not yet been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

T cell receptor alpha variable 31 (pseudogene)

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox 4

This gene encodes a member of the pre-B cell leukemia transcription factor family. These proteins are homeobox proteins that play critical roles in embryonic development and cellular differentiation both as Hox cofactors and through Hox-independent pathways. The encoded protein contains a homeobox DNA-binding domain, but specific functions of the protein have not been determined. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox 2

This gene encodes a ubiquitously expressed member of the TALE/PBX homeobox family. It was identified by its similarity to a homeobox gene which is involved in t(1;19) translocation in acute pre-B-cell leukemias. This protein is a transcriptional activator which binds to the TLX1 promoter. The gene is located within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox 3

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including eye development; nervous system development; and regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including adult locomotory behavior; dorsal spinal cord development; and regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by nervous system process. Predicted to be located in chromatin. Predicted to be part of transcription regulator complex. Predicted to be active in nucleus. Biomarker of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox 1

This gene encodes a nuclear protein that belongs to the PBX homeobox family of transcriptional factors. Studies in mice suggest that this gene may be involved in the regulation of osteogenesis and required for skeletal patterning and programming. A chromosomal translocation, t(1;19) involving this gene and TCF3/E2A gene, is associated with pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The resulting fusion protein, in which the DNA binding domain of E2A is replaced by the DNA binding domain of this protein, transforms cells by constitutively activating transcription of genes regulated by the PBX protein family. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2017]

T cell receptor alpha joining 30

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 31

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 33

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 34

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 35 (non-functional)

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 36

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 37

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 38

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 39

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, three domains, short cytoplasmic tail, 1

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

Tax1 (human T-cell leukemia virus type I) binding protein 1

This gene encodes a HTLV-1 tax1 binding protein. The encoded protein interacts with TNFAIP3, and inhibits TNF-induced apoptosis by mediating the TNFAIP3 anti-apoptotic activity. Degradation of this protein by caspase-3-like family proteins is associated with apoptosis induced by TNF. This protein may also have a role in the inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

Tax1 (human T-cell leukemia virus type I) binding protein 3

This gene encodes a small, highly conserved protein with a single PDZ domain. PDZ (PSD-95/Discs large/ZO-1 homologous) domains promote protein-protein interactions that affect cell signaling, adhesion, protein scaffolding, and receptor and ion transporter functions. The encoded protein interacts with a large number of target proteins that play roles in signaling pathways; for example, it interacts with Rho A and glutaminase L and also acts as a negative regulator of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. This protein was first identified as binding to the T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV1) Tax oncoprotein. Overexpression of this gene has been implicated in altered cancer cell adhesion, migration and metastasis. The encoded protein also modulates the localization and density of inwardly rectifying potassium channel 2.3 (Kir2.3). To date, this protein has been shown to play a role in cell proliferation, development, stress response, and polarization. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

cell division cycle 73

This gene encodes a tumor suppressor that is involved in transcriptional and post-transcriptional control pathways. The protein is a component of the the PAF protein complex, which associates with the RNA polymerase II subunit POLR2A and with a histone methyltransferase complex. This protein appears to facilitate the association of 3' mRNA processing factors with actively-transcribed chromatin. Mutations in this gene have been linked to hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome, familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, and parathyroid carcinoma. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2009]

T cell activation inhibitor, mitochondrial

Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

angio-associated, migratory cell protein

The gene is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The encoded protein is associated with angiogenesis, with potential roles in endothelial tube formation and the migration of endothelial cells. It may also regulate smooth muscle cell migration via the RhoA pathway. The encoded protein can bind to heparin and may mediate heparin-sensitive cell adhesion. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

cell division cycle 26 pseudogene 1

T cell receptor alpha variable 2

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 3 (gene/pseudogene)

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 4

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 6

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 7

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

par-6 family cell polarity regulator gamma

Predicted to be involved in centrosome cycle; establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity; and regulation of cellular localization. Predicted to be located in cytosol and plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of PAR polarity complex. Predicted to be active in apical plasma membrane; cell cortex; and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

par-6 family cell polarity regulator beta

This gene is a member of the PAR6 family and encodes a protein with a PSD95/Discs-large/ZO1 (PDZ) domain, an OPR domain and a semi-Cdc42/Rac interactive binding (CRIB) domain. This cytoplasmic protein is involved in asymmetrical cell division and cell polarization processes as a member of a multi-protein complex. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

par-6 family cell polarity regulator alpha

This gene is a member of the PAR6 family and encodes a protein with a PSD95/Discs-large/ZO1 (PDZ) domain and a semi-Cdc42/Rac interactive binding (CRIB) domain. This cell membrane protein is involved in asymmetrical cell division and cell polarization processes as a member of a multi-protein complex. The protein also has a role in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that characterizes the invasive phenotype associated with metastatic carcinomas. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

non-specific cytotoxic cell receptor protein 1 homolog (zebrafish)

Predicted to contribute to ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in positive regulation of cell population proliferation. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mucin 20, cell surface associated

This gene encodes a member of the mucin protein family. Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins secreted by many epithelial tissues to form an insoluble mucous barrier. The C-terminus of this family member associates with the multifunctional docking site of the MET proto-oncogene and suppresses activation of some downstream MET signaling cascades. The protein features a mucin tandem repeat domain that varies between two and six copies in most individuals. Multiple variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. A related pseudogene, which is also located on chromosome 3, has been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

mucin 21, cell surface associated

This gene encodes a large membrane-bound glycoprotein which is a member of the mucin family. Mucins are O-glycosylated proteins that play an essential role in forming protective mucous barriers on epithelial surfaces. These proteins also play a role in intracellular signaling. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal signal sequence, an extracellular mucin domain, a stem domain, a transmembrane domain, and a C-terminal cytoplasmic tail domain. The mucin domain contains O-glycosylation sites and is polymorphic with isoforms containing a variable number of nonidentical proline-, threonine-, and serine-rich tandem repeats of 15 amino acids each. The aberrent expression of this gene is associated with lung adenocarcinoma. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

putative germ cell-specific gene 1-like protein 2

Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

inducible T-cell co-stimulator

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the CD28 and CTLA-4 cell-surface receptor family. It forms homodimers and plays an important role in cell-cell signaling, immune responses, and regulation of cell proliferation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

epithelial cell adhesion molecule pseudogene

cell division cycle associated 7 pseudogene

speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member E11

Enables acetylcholine receptor regulator activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T-cell tumor invasion and metastasis 1

natural killer cell triggering receptor

This gene encodes a membrane-anchored protein with a hydrophobic amino terminal domain and a cyclophilin-like PPIase domain. It is present on the surface of natural killer cells and facilitates their binding to targets. Its expression is regulated by IL2 activation of the cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

T cell receptor alpha variable 22

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 21

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 27

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 25

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 24

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 28 (pseudogene)

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor beta variable 25/OR9-2 (pseudogene)

cell adhesion molecule L1-like

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the L1 gene family of neural cell adhesion molecules. It is a neural recognition molecule that may be involved in signal transduction pathways. The deletion of one copy of this gene may be responsible for mental defects in patients with 3p- syndrome. This protein may also play a role in the growth of certain cancers. Alternate splicing results in both coding and non-coding variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

Basal cell carcinoma, susceptibility to, 4

T cell receptor delta diversity 3

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor delta diversity 2

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor delta diversity 1

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

cell division cycle protein 27 homolog pseudogene

T cell receptor delta constant

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

prostate stem cell antigen

This gene encodes a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell membrane glycoprotein. In addition to being highly expressed in the prostate it is also expressed in the bladder, placenta, colon, kidney, and stomach. This gene is up-regulated in a large proportion of prostate cancers and is also detected in cancers of the bladder and pancreas. This gene includes a polymorphism that results in an upstream start codon in some individuals; this polymorphism is thought to be associated with a risk for certain gastric and bladder cancers. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

T cell receptor gamma locus antisense RNA 1

activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule

This gene encodes activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), also known as CD166 (cluster of differentiation 166), which is a member of a subfamily of immunoglobulin receptors with five immunoglobulin-like domains (VVC2C2C2) in the extracellular domain. This protein binds to T-cell differentiation antigene CD6, and is implicated in the processes of cell adhesion and migration. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

hematopoietic cell signal transducer

This gene encodes a transmembrane signaling adaptor that contains a YxxM motif in its cytoplasmic domain. The encoded protein may form part of the immune recognition receptor complex with the C-type lectin-like receptor NKG2D. As part of this receptor complex, this protein may activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase dependent signaling pathways through its intracytoplasmic YxxM motif. This receptor complex may have a role in cell survival and proliferation by activation of NK and T cell responses. Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

natural killer cell granule protein 7

Involved in defense response to protozoan. Located in cytolytic granule membrane and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 22/OR9-2 (pseudogene)

germ cell associated 2 (haspin)

Enables ATP binding activity and histone H3T3 kinase activity. Involved in several processes, including mitotic sister chromatid cohesion; mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling; and protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region. Located in centrosome; nucleoplasm; and spindle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

germ cell associated 1

Predicted to enable RNA polymerase binding activity. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor gamma variable 6 (pseudogene)

T cell receptor gamma variable 7 (pseudogene)

T cell receptor gamma variable 4

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response and innate immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in external side of plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor gamma variable 5

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response and innate immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in external side of plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor gamma variable 2

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response and innate immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in external side of plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor gamma variable 3

Predicted to enable MHC protein binding activity and peptide antigen binding activity. Predicted to be involved in immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in external side of plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor gamma variable 1 (non-functional)

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in external side of plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor gamma variable 8

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response and innate immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in external side of plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor gamma variable 9

Predicted to enable MHC protein binding activity and peptide antigen binding activity. Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response and innate immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in external side of plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor gamma variable B (pseudogene)

T cell receptor gamma variable A (pseudogene)

T cell receptor associated transmembrane adaptor 1

Predicted to enable transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase adaptor activity. Acts upstream of or within negative regulation of receptor recycling; negative regulation of transport; and positive regulation of signal transduction. Located in centriolar satellite; mitotic spindle; and plasma membrane. Part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains, long cytoplasmic tail, 5B

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains, long cytoplasmic tail, 5A

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

T cell receptor alpha joining 58 (non-functional)

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 56

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 57

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 54

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1

The protein encoded by this gene is found on the surface of platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, and some types of T-cells, and makes up a large portion of endothelial cell intercellular junctions. The encoded protein is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is likely involved in leukocyte migration, angiogenesis, and integrin activation. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1

Enables several functions, including E-box binding activity; RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding activity; and histone deacetylase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including myeloid cell differentiation; positive regulation of cellular component organization; and positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation. Located in chromatin and nucleoplasm. Part of transcription regulator complex. Implicated in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 2

This intronless gene encodes a helix-loop-helix protein. Translocations between this gene on chromosome 9 and the T-cell receptor beta-chain locus on chromosome 7 have been associated with activation of the T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 2 gene and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

T cell receptor alpha variable 26-1

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 26-2

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor beta variable 22-1 (pseudogene)

T cell receptor alpha variable 9-1

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 9-2

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

cell division cycle associated 4 pseudogene 2

pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox 2 pseudogene 1

T-cell leukemia homeobox 1

This gene encodes a nuclear transcription factor that belongs to the NK-linked or NK-like (NKL) subfamily of homeobox genes. The encoded protein is required for normal development of the spleen during embryogenesis. This protein is also involved in specification of neuronal cell fates. Ectopic expression of this gene due to chromosomal translocations is associated with certain T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

T-cell leukemia homeobox 2

This gene is a member of an orphan homeobox-containing transcription factor family. Studies of the mouse ortholog have shown that the encoded protein is crucial for the development of the enteric nervous system; in humans, loss-of-function may play a role in tumorigenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

T-cell leukemia homeobox 3

The protein encoded by this gene is an orphan homeobox protein that encodes a DNA-binding nuclear transcription factor. A translocation [t(5;14)(q35;q32)] involving this gene is associated with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) in children and young adults. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

cell division cycle 37 pseudogene 1

cell division cycle 37 pseudogene 2

B-cell CLL/lymphoma 7C

This gene is identified by the similarity of its product to the N-terminal region of BCL7A protein. The BCL7A protein is encoded by the gene known to be directly involved in a three-way gene translocation in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line. The function of this gene has not yet been determined. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

B-cell CLL/lymphoma 7B

This gene encodes a member of the BCL7 family including BCL7A, BCL7B and BCL7C proteins. This member is BCL7B, which contains a region that is highly similar to the N-terminal segment of BCL7A or BCL7C proteins. The BCL7A protein is encoded by the gene known to be directly involved in a three-way gene translocation in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line. This gene is located at a chromosomal region commonly deleted in Williams syndrome. This gene is highly conserved from C. elegans to human. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

B-cell CLL/lymphoma 7A

This gene is directly involved, with Myc and IgH, in a three-way gene translocation in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line. As a result of the gene translocation, the N-terminal region of the gene product is disrupted, which is thought to be related to the pathogenesis of a subset of high-grade B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The N-terminal segment involved in the translocation includes the region that shares a strong sequence similarity with those of BCL7B and BCL7C. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

B-cell translocation gene 1 pseudogene 1

myelinating Schwann cell element

cell division cycle 45

The protein encoded by this gene was identified by its strong similarity with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc45, an essential protein required to the initiation of DNA replication. Cdc45 is a member of the highly conserved multiprotein complex including Cdc6/Cdc18, the minichromosome maintenance proteins (MCMs) and DNA polymerase, which is important for early steps of DNA replication in eukaryotes. This protein has been shown to interact with MCM7 and DNA polymerase alpha. Studies of the similar gene in Xenopus suggested that this protein play a pivotal role in the loading of DNA polymerase alpha onto chromatin. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

cell division cycle 40

Pre-mRNA splicing occurs in two sequential transesterification steps. The protein encoded by this gene is found to be essential for the catalytic step II in pre-mRNA splicing process. It is found in the spliceosome, and contains seven WD repeats, which function in protein-protein interactions. This protein has a sequence similarity to yeast Prp17 protein, which functions in two different cellular processes: pre-mRNA splicing and cell cycle progression. It suggests that this protein may play a role in cell cycle progression. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cell division cycle 42

The protein encoded by this gene is a small GTPase of the Rho-subfamily, which regulates signaling pathways that control diverse cellular functions including cell morphology, migration, endocytosis and cell cycle progression. This protein is highly similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc 42, and is able to complement the yeast cdc42-1 mutant. The product of oncogene Dbl was reported to specifically catalyze the dissociation of GDP from this protein. This protein could regulate actin polymerization through its direct binding to Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP), which subsequently activates Arp2/3 complex. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes of this gene have been identified on chromosomes 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 20. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2013]

T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1B

Enables protein kinase binding activity and protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity. Involved in intracellular signal transduction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1A

Overexpression of the TCL1 gene in humans has been implicated in the development of mature T cell leukemia, in which chromosomal rearrangements bring the TCL1 gene in close proximity to the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-alpha (MIM 186880) or TCR-beta (MIM 186930) regulatory elements (summarized by Virgilio et al., 1998 [PubMed 9520462]). In normal T cells TCL1 is expressed in CD4-/CD8- cells, but not in cells at later stages of differentiation. TCL1 functions as a coactivator of the cell survival kinase AKT (MIM 164730) (Laine et al., 2000 [PubMed 10983986]).[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2010]

speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member E13, pseudogene

Enables acetylcholine receptor regulator activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 11-2

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DS1

cell division cycle associated 7 pseudogene

speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member E21, pseudogene

Predicted to enable protein kinase binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

engulfment and cell motility 2 pseudogene 1

cutaneous T-cell lymphoma-associated antigen 1 pseudogene

LIM and senescent cell antigen-like domains 2 pseudogene

inturned planar cell polarity protein

Predicted to enable phosphatidylinositol binding activity. Involved in embryonic digit morphogenesis; roof of mouth development; and tongue morphogenesis. Located in ciliary basal body and motile cilium. Implicated in asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy and orofaciodigital syndrome XVII. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell adhesion associated, oncogene regulated pseudogene

T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1

This gene encodes a RAC1-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). GEFs mediate the exchange of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) for guanosine triphosphate (GTP). The binding of GTP induces a conformational change in RAC1 that allows downstream effectors to bind and transduce a signal. This gene thus regulates RAC1 signaling pathways that affect cell shape, migration, adhesion, growth, survival, and polarity, as well as influencing actin cytoskeletal formation, endocytosis, and membrane trafficking. This gene thus plays an important role in cell invasion, metastasis, and carcinogenesis. In addition to RAC1, the encoded protein activates additional Rho-like GTPases such as CDC42, RAC2, RAC3 and RHOA. This gene encodes multiple protein isoforms that experience a diverse array of intramolecular, protein-protein, and phosphorylation interactions as well as phosphoinositide binding. Both the longer and shorter isoforms have C-terminal Dbl homology (DH) and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains while only the longer isoforms of this gene have the N-terminal myristoylation site and the downstream N-terminal PH domain, ras-binding domain (RBD), and PSD-95/DlgA/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 2

This gene encodes a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. A highly similar mouse protein specifically activates ras-related C3 botulinum substrate 1, converting this Rho-like guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) from a guanosine diphosphate-bound inactive state to a guanosine triphosphate-bound active state. The encoded protein may play a role in neural cell development. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

T cell receptor beta variable 4-2

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 4-3

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 4-1

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells

This gene encodes two proteins, the SART1(800) protein expressed in the nucleus of the majority of proliferating cells, and the SART1(259) protein expressed in the cytosol of epithelial cancers. The SART1(259) protein is translated by the mechanism of -1 frameshifting during posttranscriptional regulation; its full-length sequence is not published yet. The two encoded proteins are thought to be involved in the regulation of proliferation. Both proteins have tumor-rejection antigens. The SART1(259) protein possesses tumor epitopes capable of inducing HLA-A2402-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes in cancer patients. This SART1(259) antigen may be useful in specific immunotherapy for cancer patients and may serve as a paradigmatic tool for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with atopy. The SART1(259) protein is found to be essential for the recruitment of the tri-snRNP to the pre-spliceosome in the spliceosome assembly pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

T cell receptor alpha joining 61 (non-functional)

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha joining 60 (pseudogene)

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

CDC14 cell division cycle 14 C-like

T cell receptor alpha variable 18

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 19

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 10

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 11 (pseudogene)

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 16

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 17

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 15 (pseudogene)

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member E4

Predicted to enable protein kinase binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor alpha variable 8-1

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 8-3

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

T cell receptor alpha variable 8-2

T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma. If not, the cell proceeds to rearrange the beta and alpha loci. This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor alpha and delta loci. Both the alpha and delta loci include V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments and the delta locus also includes diversity (D) segments. The delta locus is situated within the alpha locus, between the alpha V and J segments. During T cell development, the delta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The alpha chain is synthesized by recombination joining a single V segment with a J segment. For both chains, the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Five variable segments can be used in either alpha or delta chains and are described by TRAV/DV symbols. Several V and J segments of the alpha locus are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]