Harmonizome 3.0

From InterPro

Protein domains predicted for gene products based on sequence similarity to known domain signatures

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 4A

This gene encodes a member of the semaphorin family of soluble and transmembrane proteins. Semaphorins are involved in numerous functions, including axon guidance, morphogenesis, carcinogenesis, and immunomodulation. The encoded protein is a single-pass type I membrane protein containing an immunoglobulin-like C2-type domain, a PSI domain and a sema domain. It inhibits axonal extension by providing local signals to specify territories inaccessible for growing axons. It is an activator of T-cell-mediated immunity and suppresses vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated endothelial cell migration and proliferation in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Mutations in this gene are associated with retinal degenerative diseases including retinitis pigmentosa type 35 (RP35) and cone-rod dystrophy type 10 (CORD10). Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 4B

Predicted to enable chemorepellent activity; neuropilin binding activity; and semaphorin receptor binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including axon guidance; neural crest cell migration; and semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in membrane and synapse. Predicted to be active in glutamatergic synapse and postsynaptic density membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 4C

Predicted to enable chemorepellent activity; neuropilin binding activity; and semaphorin receptor binding activity. Involved in muscle cell differentiation and positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade. Located in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 4D

Enables identical protein binding activity; semaphorin receptor binding activity; and transmembrane signaling receptor activity. Involved in several processes, including ossification involved in bone maturation; positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction; and regulation of neuron projection development. Located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 4F

This gene encodes a transmembrane class IV semaphorin family protein, which plays a role in neural development. This gene may be involved in neurogenesis in prostate cancer, the development of neurofibromas, and breast cancer tumorigenesis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 4G

Semaphorins are a large family of conserved secreted and membrane associated proteins which possess a semaphorin (Sema) domain and a PSI domain (found in plexins, semaphorins and integrins) in the N-terminal extracellular portion. Based on sequence and structural similarities, semaphorins are put into eight classes: invertebrates contain classes 1 and 2, viruses have class V, and vertebrates contain classes 3-7. Semaphorins serve as axon guidance ligands via multimeric receptor complexes, some (if not all) containing plexin proteins. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

VAMP (vesicle-associated membrane protein)-associated protein B and C

The protein encoded by this gene is a type IV membrane protein found in plasma and intracellular vesicle membranes. The encoded protein is found as a homodimer and as a heterodimer with VAPA. This protein also can interact with VAMP1 and VAMP2 and may be involved in vesicle trafficking. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

VAMP (vesicle-associated membrane protein)-associated protein A, 33kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a type IV membrane protein. It is present in the plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles. It may also be associated with the cytoskeleton. This protein may function in vesicle trafficking, membrane fusion, protein complex assembly and cell motility. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

TAF5-like RNA polymerase II, p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF)-associated factor, 65kDa

The product of this gene belongs to the WD-repeat TAF5 family of proteins. This gene encodes a protein that is a component of the PCAF histone acetylase complex. The PCAF histone acetylase complex, which is composed of more than 20 polypeptides some of which are TAFs, is required for myogenic transcription and differentiation. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. The encoded protein is structurally similar to one of the histone-like TAFs, TAF5. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

TAF6-like RNA polymerase II, p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF)-associated factor, 65kDa

Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes a protein that is a component of the PCAF histone acetylase complex and structurally similar to one of the histone-like TAFs, TAF6. The PCAF histone acetylase complex, which is composed of more than 20 polypeptides some of which are TAFs, is required for myogenic transcription and differentiation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

TAF5-like RNA polymerase II, p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF)-associated factor, 65kDa pseudogene 1

sema domain, seven thrombospondin repeats (type 1 and type 1-like), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 5B

This gene encodes a member of the semaphorin protein family which regulates axon growth during development of the nervous system. The encoded protein has a characteristic Sema domain near the N-terminus, through which semaphorins bind to plexin, and five thrombospondin type 1 repeats in the C-terminal region of the protein. The protein product may be cleaved and exist as a secreted molecule (PMID: 19463192). Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

sema domain, seven thrombospondin repeats (type 1 and type 1-like), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 5A

This gene belongs to the semaphorin gene family that encodes membrane proteins containing a semaphorin domain and several thrombospondin type-1 repeats. Members of this family are involved in axonal guidance during neural development. This gene has been implicated as an autism susceptibility gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

sema domain, transmembrane domain (TM), and cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 6D

Semaphorins are a large family, including both secreted and membrane associated proteins, many of which have been implicated as inhibitors or chemorepellents in axon pathfinding, fasciculation and branching, and target selection. All semaphorins possess a semaphorin (Sema) domain and a PSI domain (found in plexins, semaphorins and integrins) in the N-terminal extracellular portion. Additional sequence motifs C-terminal to the semaphorin domain allow classification into distinct subfamilies. Results demonstrate that transmembrane semaphorins, like the secreted ones, can act as repulsive axon guidance cues. This gene encodes a class 6 vertebrate transmembrane semaphorin that demonstrates alternative splicing. Several transcript variants have been identified and expression of the distinct encoded isoforms is thought to be regulated in a tissue- and development-dependent manner. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

sema domain, transmembrane domain (TM), and cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 6B

This gene encodes a member of the semaphorin family, a group of proteins characterized by the presence of a conserved semaphorin (sema) domain. Whereas some semaphorins are transmembrane proteins, others are secreted. Semaphorins play a major role in axon guidance. The protein encoded by this gene may be involved in both peripheral and central nervous system development. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sema domain, transmembrane domain (TM), and cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 6C

This gene encodes a member of the semaphorin family. Semaphorins represent important molecular signals controlling multiple aspects of the cellular response that follows CNS injury, and thus may play an important role in neural regeneration. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

sema domain, transmembrane domain (TM), and cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 6A

Predicted to enable identical protein binding activity; signaling receptor binding activity; and transmembrane signaling receptor activity. Involved in cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus; negative regulation of cell adhesion involved in sprouting angiogenesis; and negative regulation of signal transduction. Predicted to be located in axon and membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3A

This gene is a member of the semaphorin family and encodes a protein with an Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain, a PSI domain and a Sema domain. This secreted protein can function as either a chemorepulsive agent, inhibiting axonal outgrowth, or as a chemoattractive agent, stimulating the growth of apical dendrites. In both cases, the protein is vital for normal neuronal pattern development. Increased expression of this protein is associated with schizophrenia and is seen in a variety of human tumor cell lines. Also, aberrant release of this protein is associated with the progression of Alzheimer's disease. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3C

This gene encodes a secreted glycoprotein that belongs to the semaphorin class 3 family of neuronal guidance cues. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal sema domain, integrin and immunoglobulin-like domains, and a C-terminal basic domain. Homodimerization and proteolytic cleavage of the C-terminal propeptide are necessary for the function of the encoded protein. It binds a neuropilin co-receptor before forming a heterotrimeric complex with an associated plexin. An increase in the expression of this gene correlates with an increase in cancer cell invasion and adhesion. Naturally occurring mutations in this gene are associated with Hirschsprung disease. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3B

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the class-3 semaphorin/collapsin family, whose members function in growth cone guidance during neuronal development. This family member inhibits axonal extension and has been shown to act as a tumor suppressor by inducing apoptosis. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3E

Semaphorins are a large family of conserved secreted and membrane associated proteins which possess a semaphorin (Sema) domain and a PSI domain (found in plexins, semaphorins and integrins) in the N-terminal extracellular portion. Based on sequence and structural similarities, semaphorins are put into eight classes: invertebrates contain classes 1 and 2, viruses have class V, and vertebrates contain classes 3-7. Semaphorins serve as axon guidance ligands via multimeric receptor complexes, some (if not all) containing plexin proteins. This gene encodes a class 4 semaphorin. This gene encodes a class 3 semaphorin. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3D

This gene encodes a member of the semaphorin III family of secreted signaling proteins that are involved in axon guidance during neuronal development. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal Sema domain, an immunoglobulin like domain and a C-terminal basic domain. The protein encoded by this gene binds neuropilin and plays an important role in cardiovascular development. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3G

The transcription of this gene is activated by PPAR-gamma, and the resulting protein product plays a role in endothelial cell migration. Expression of this gene also inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3F

This gene encodes a member of the semaphorin III family of secreted signaling proteins that are involved in axon guidance during neuronal development. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal Sema domain, an immunoglobulin loop and a C-terminal basic domain. This gene is expressed by the endothelial cells where it was found to act in an autocrine fashion to induce apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation and survival, and function as an anti-tumorigenic agent. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

sema domain, seven thrombospondin repeats (type 1 and type 1-like), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 5A pseudogene

nucleus accumbens associated 1, BEN and BTB (POZ) domain containing

This gene encodes a member of the BTB/POZ protein family. BTB/POZ proteins are involved in several cellular processes including proliferation, apoptosis and transcription regulation. The encoded protein is a transcriptional repressor that plays a role in stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency maintenance. The encoded protein also suppresses transcription of the candidate tumor suppressor Gadd45GIP1, and expression of this gene may play a role in the progression of multiple types of cancer. A pseudogene of this gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 9. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

neurotrophin receptor associated death domain, pseudogene

The neurotrophin receptor alike death domain proteins belong to the death domain superfamily and are involved in mediating apoptosis. This gene has been inactivated by mutation and is nonfunctional in humans. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

SHANK-associated RH domain interactor

Enables polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding activity. Involved in defense response to bacterium; protein linear polyubiquitination; and regulation of signal transduction. Located in cytosol. Part of LUBAC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain

The protein encoded by this gene is an adaptor molecule that interacts with various cell surface receptors and mediates cell apoptotic signals. Through its C-terminal death domain, this protein can be recruited by TNFRSF6/Fas-receptor, tumor necrosis factor receptor, TNFRSF25, and TNFSF10/TRAIL-receptor, and thus it participates in the death signaling initiated by these receptors. Interaction of this protein with the receptors unmasks the N-terminal effector domain of this protein, which allows it to recruit caspase-8, and thereby activate the cysteine protease cascade. Knockout studies in mice also suggest the importance of this protein in early T cell development. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

THAP domain containing, apoptosis associated protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene contains a THAP domain, a conserved DNA-binding domain. This protein colocalizes with the apoptosis response protein PAWR/PAR-4 in promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies, and functions as a proapoptotic factor that links PAWR to PML nuclear bodies. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nucleus accumbens associated 1, BEN and BTB (POZ) domain containing pseudogene

TNFRSF1A-associated via death domain

The protein encoded by this gene is a death domain containing adaptor molecule that interacts with TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and mediates programmed cell death signaling and NF-kappaB activation. This protein binds adaptor protein TRAF2, reduces the recruitment of inhibitor-of-apoptosis proteins (IAPs) by TRAF2, and thus suppresses TRAF2 mediated apoptosis. This protein can also interact with receptor TNFRSF6/FAS and adaptor protein FADD/MORT1, and is involved in the Fas-induced cell death pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

adipogenesis associated, Mth938 domain containing

Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of fat cell differentiation. Predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation of apoptotic process and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

peptidase domain containing associated with muscle regeneration 1

Predicted to enable calcium ion binding activity and serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

forkhead-associated (FHA) phosphopeptide binding domain 1

Predicted to act upstream of or within apoptotic process and spermatogenesis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

prolyl-tRNA synthetase associated domain containing 1, pseudogene

Predicted to enable aminoacyl-tRNA editing activity. Predicted to be involved in aminoacyl-tRNA metabolism involved in translational fidelity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transformation/transcription domain-associated protein

This gene encodes a large multidomain protein of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKK) family. The encoded protein is a common component of many histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complexes and plays a role in transcription and DNA repair by recruiting HAT complexes to chromatin. Deregulation of this gene may play a role in several types of cancer including glioblastoma multiforme. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

BRCA1 associated RING domain 1

This gene encodes a protein which interacts with the N-terminal region of BRCA1. In addition to its ability to bind BRCA1 in vivo and in vitro, it shares homology with the 2 most conserved regions of BRCA1: the N-terminal RING motif and the C-terminal BRCT domain. The RING motif is a cysteine-rich sequence found in a variety of proteins that regulate cell growth, including the products of tumor suppressor genes and dominant protooncogenes. This protein also contains 3 tandem ankyrin repeats. The BARD1/BRCA1 interaction is disrupted by tumorigenic amino acid substitutions in BRCA1, implying that the formation of a stable complex between these proteins may be an essential aspect of BRCA1 tumor suppression. This protein may be the target of oncogenic mutations in breast or ovarian cancer. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

CDK2-associated, cullin domain 1

Enables protein kinase binding activity. Involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle; positive regulation of cell population proliferation; and positive regulation of protein kinase activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TBC/LysM-associated domain containing 1

Involved in several processes, including TOR signaling; positive regulation of protein localization to lysosome; and response to insulin. Located in cytosol; lysosomal membrane; and nuclear lumen. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TBC/LysM-associated domain containing 2

Predicted to be involved in response to oxidative stress. Predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

UBAP1-MVB12-associated (UMA) domain containing 1

ubiquitin associated and SH3 domain containing A

This gene encodes one of two family members belonging to the T-cell ubiquitin ligand (TULA) family. Both family members can negatively regulate T-cell signaling. This family member can facilitate growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis in T cells, which may occur via its interaction with AIF, an apoptosis-inducing factor. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

ubiquitin associated and SH3 domain containing B

This gene encodes a protein that contains a ubiquitin associated domain at the N-terminus, an SH3 domain, and a C-terminal domain with similarities to the catalytic motif of phosphoglycerate mutase. The encoded protein was found to inhibit endocytosis of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

U2 snRNP-associated SURP domain containing

Enables RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in RNA processing. Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

death-domain associated protein

This gene encodes a multifunctional protein that resides in multiple locations in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. It interacts with a wide variety of proteins, such as apoptosis antigen Fas, centromere protein C, and transcription factor erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1. In the nucleus, the encoded protein functions as a potent transcription repressor that binds to sumoylated transcription factors. Its repression can be relieved by the sequestration of this protein into promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies or nucleoli. This protein also associates with centromeres in G2 phase. In the cytoplasm, the encoded protein may function to regulate apoptosis. The subcellular localization and function of this protein are modulated by post-translational modifications, including sumoylation, phosphorylation and polyubiquitination. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

KH domain containing, RNA binding, signal transduction associated 2

Predicted to enable mRNA binding activity and poly(A) binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RALBP1 associated Eps domain containing 1

This gene encodes a signaling adaptor protein with two EH domains that interacts with proteins that participate in signaling, endocytosis and cytoskeletal changes. The encoded protein has been found in association with intersectin 1 and Src homology 3-domain growth factor receptor-bound 2-like (endophilin) interacting protein 1 when intersectin 1 was isolated from clathrin-coated pits. The encoded protein has also been shown to interact with amphiphysin, a cytoplasmic protein at the surface of synaptic vesicles. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

RALBP1 associated Eps domain containing 2

The product of this gene is part of a protein complex that regulates the endocytosis of growth factor receptors. The encoded protein directly interacts with a GTPase activating protein that functions downstream of the small G protein Ral. Its expression can negatively affect receptor internalization and inhibit growth factor signaling. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

THAP domain containing, apoptosis associated protein 2

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity and metal ion binding activity. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

THAP domain containing, apoptosis associated protein 3

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity and metal ion binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TRAF-interacting protein with forkhead-associated domain, family member B

Predicted to enable deubiquitinase activator activity. Involved in several processes, including cochlea morphogenesis; cranial nerve development; and hard palate morphogenesis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

KH domain containing, RNA binding, signal transduction associated 1

This gene encodes a member of the K homology domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated protein family. The encoded protein appears to have many functions and may be involved in a variety of cellular processes, including alternative splicing, cell cycle regulation, RNA 3'-end formation, tumorigenesis, and regulation of human immunodeficiency virus gene expression. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

KH domain containing, RNA binding, signal transduction associated 3

Enables RNA binding activity; identical protein binding activity; and protein domain specific binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome and spermatogenesis. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

microtubule associated monooxygenase, calponin and LIM domain containing 1

This gene encodes an enzyme that oxidizes methionine residues on actin, thereby promoting depolymerization of actin filaments. This protein interacts with and regulates signalling by NEDD9/CAS-L (neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 9). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

microtubule associated monooxygenase, calponin and LIM domain containing 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a monooxygenase that enhances depolymerization of F-actin and is therefore involved in cytoskeletal dynamics. The encoded protein is a regulator of the SRF signaling pathway. Increased expression of this gene has been associated with cancer progression and metastasis. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

microtubule associated monooxygenase, calponin and LIM domain containing 3

Enables actin binding activity and molecular adaptor activity. Involved in actin filament depolymerization. Located in several cellular components, including Flemming body; intercellular bridge; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

PAP associated domain containing 7

The protein encoded by this gene is a DNA polymerase that is likely involved in DNA repair. In addition, the encoded protein may be required for sister chromatid adhesion. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

PAP associated domain containing 4

Enables poly(A) RNA polymerase activity. Involved in histone mRNA catabolic process; mRNA 3'-end processing; and negative regulation of miRNA catabolic process. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Predicted to be part of nuclear RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex. Predicted to be active in glutamatergic synapse; perforant pathway to dendrate granule cell synapse; and postsynapse. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

PAP associated domain containing 5

Enables guanylyltransferase activity; poly(A) RNA polymerase activity; and telomerase RNA binding activity. Involved in RNA metabolic process; carbohydrate homeostasis; and regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process. Located in cytosol; nucleolus; and plasma membrane. Part of TRAMP complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease-associated domain containing 1

Located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

THAP domain containing, apoptosis associated protein 3 pseudogene

TRAF-interacting protein with forkhead-associated domain

This gene encodes an adapter protein involved in adaptive and innate immunity. This protein includes a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain that specifically binds to phosphorylated serine and threonine residues. In response to bacterial infection, the encoded host cell protein undergoes an intermolecular interaction between the FHA domain and a phosphorylated threonine that leads to protein oligomerization and stimulation of the NF-kappa B and other downstream signaling pathways. This protein exhibits reduced expression in hepatocellular carcinoma and may suppress hepatocellular carcinoma progression. This protein may also play a role in the DNA damage response. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2018]

SH3-domain binding protein 5 (BTK-associated)

Enables guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity and protein kinase inhibitor activity. Acts upstream of or within intracellular signal transduction. Located in cytoplasmic vesicle membrane and nuclear body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 3

Predicted to enable frizzled binding activity. Predicted to be involved in signal transduction. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of JUN kinase activity. Located in cell junction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 2

The protein encoded by this gene interacts with atrophin-1. Atrophin-1 contains a polyglutamine repeat, expansion of which is responsible for dentatorubral and pallidoluysian atrophy. This encoded protein is characterized by two WW domains, a guanylate kinase-like domain, and multiple PDZ domains. It has structural similarity to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologue (MAGUK) family. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologue (MAGUK) family. MAGUK proteins participate in the assembly of multiprotein complexes on the inner surface of the plasma membrane at regions of cell-cell contact. The product of this gene may play a role as scaffolding protein at cell-cell junctions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

protease-associated domain containing 1 pseudogene 1

EDAR-associated death domain

This gene was identified by its association with ectodermal dysplasia, a genetic disorder characterized by defective development of hair, teeth, and eccrine sweat glands. The protein encoded by this gene is a death domain-containing protein, and is found to interact with EDAR, a death domain receptor known to be required for the development of hair, teeth and other ectodermal derivatives. This protein and EDAR are coexpressed in epithelial cells during the formation of hair follicles and teeth. Through its interaction with EDAR, this protein acts as an adaptor, and links the receptor to downstream signaling pathways. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitotic deacetylase associated SANT domain protein

Predicted to enable transcription corepressor activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription and regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

endothelium and lymphocyte associated ASCH domain 2

Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

endothelium and lymphocyte associated ASCH domain 1

Involved in regulation of interleukin-6 production. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SAM domain, SH3 domain and nuclear localization signals 1

SAMSN1 is a member of a novel gene family of putative adaptors and scaffold proteins containing SH3 and SAM (sterile alpha motif) domains (Claudio et al., 2001 [PubMed 11536050]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

CASP2 and RIPK1 domain containing adaptor with death domain

This gene encodes a protein containing a death domain (DD) motif. This protein recruits caspase 2/ICH1 to the cell death signal transduction complex, which includes tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1A) and RIPK1/RIP kinase, and acts in promoting apoptosis. A mutation in this gene was associated with cognitive disability. A related pseudogene is found on chromosome 3. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 1

This gene encodes a member of an ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein family involved in membrane trafficking and cytoskeleton dynamics. This gene functions as a direct regulator of the adaptor-related protein complex 3 on endosomes. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the centaurin gamma-like family. It mediates anti-apoptotic effects of nerve growth factor by activating nuclear phosphoinositide 3-kinase. It is overexpressed in cancer cells, and promotes cancer cell invasion. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 3

This gene encodes an essential component of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor signaling complex which mediates long-term potentiation in synapses by linking activation of NMDA receptor to alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor trafficking. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal GTPase-like domain, a pleckstrin homology domain, an ArfGAP domain and several C-terminal ankryn repeat domains. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 4

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity and GTPase activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 5

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity and GTPase activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 6

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity and GTPase activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 9

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity and GTPase activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 1 pseudogene

pleckstrin homology domain containing, family F (with FYVE domain) member 1

Enables phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate binding activity; phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate binding activity; and phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate binding activity. Involved in endosome organization; positive regulation of autophagy; and protein localization to plasma membrane. Located in endosome and lysosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pleckstrin homology domain containing, family F (with FYVE domain) member 2

Predicted to enable phosphatidylinositol binding activity. Predicted to be involved in endosome organization and endosome to lysosome transport. Located in transport vesicle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TBC1 domain family, member 9B (with GRAM domain)

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

CASP2 and RIPK1 domain containing adaptor with death domain pseudogene

ArfGAP with SH3 domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 1

This gene encodes an ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) GTPase-activating protein. The GTPase-activating activity is stimulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2), and is greater towards ARF1 and ARF5, and lesser for ARF6. This gene maybe involved in regulation of membrane trafficking and cytoskeleton remodeling. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

ArfGAP with SH3 domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2

This gene encodes a multidomain protein containing an N-terminal alpha-helical region with a coiled-coil motif, followed by a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, an Arf-GAP domain, an ankyrin homology region, a proline-rich region, and a C-terminal Src homology 3 (SH3) domain. The protein localizes in the Golgi apparatus and at the plasma membrane, where it colocalizes with protein tyrosine kinase 2-beta (PYK2). The encoded protein forms a stable complex with PYK2 in vivo. This interaction appears to be mediated by binding of its SH3 domain to the C-terminal proline-rich domain of PYK2. The encoded protein is tyrosine phosphorylated by activated PYK2. It has catalytic activity for class I and II ArfGAPs in vitro, and can bind the class III Arf ARF6 without immediate GAP activity. The encoded protein is believed to function as an ARF GAP that controls ARF-mediated vesicle budding when recruited to Golgi membranes. In addition, it functions as a substrate and downstream target for PYK2 and SRC, a pathway that may be involved in the regulation of vesicular transport. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2008]

ArfGAP with SH3 domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 3

This gene encodes a member of a subfamily of ADP-ribosylation factor(Arf) GTPase-activating proteins that contain additional ankyrin repeat and pleckstrin homology domains. The Arf GAP domain of this protein catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP bound to Arf proteins. The encoded protein promotes cell differentiation and migration and has been implicated in cancer cell invasion. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009]

SAM domain and HD domain 1

This gene may play a role in regulation of the innate immune response. The encoded protein is upregulated in response to viral infection and may be involved in mediation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha proinflammatory responses. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 7, pseudogene

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity and GTPase activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pleckstrin homology domain containing, family M (with RUN domain) member 1 pseudogene

pleckstrin homology domain containing, family H (with MyTH4 domain) member 3

Located in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pleckstrin homology domain containing, family H (with MyTH4 domain) member 2

Predicted to enable actin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of actin filament depolymerization. Located in several cellular components, including cytosol; lamellipodium; and nuclear body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pleckstrin homology domain containing, family H (with MyTH4 domain) member 1

Predicted to be located in cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 1 pseudogene

PR domain containing 1, with ZNF domain

This gene encodes a protein that acts as a repressor of beta-interferon gene expression. The protein binds specifically to the PRDI (positive regulatory domain I element) of the beta-IFN gene promoter. Transcription of this gene increases upon virus induction. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

PR domain containing 2, with ZNF domain

This tumor suppressor gene is a member of a nuclear histone/protein methyltransferase superfamily. It encodes a zinc finger protein that can bind to retinoblastoma protein, estrogen receptor, and the TPA-responsive element (MTE) of the heme-oxygenase-1 gene. Although the functions of this protein have not been fully characterized, it may (1) play a role in transcriptional regulation during neuronal differentiation and pathogenesis of retinoblastoma, (2) act as a transcriptional activator of the heme-oxygenase-1 gene, and (3) be a specific effector of estrogen action. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

pleckstrin homology domain containing, family M (with RUN domain) member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is essential for bone resorption, and may play a critical role in vesicular transport in the osteoclast. Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal recessive osteopetrosis type 6 (OPTB6). Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

pleckstrin homology domain containing, family M (with RUN domain) member 2

This gene encodes a protein that binds the plus-end directed microtubule motor protein kinesin, together with the lysosomal GTPase Arl8, and is required for lysosomes to distribute away from the microtubule-organizing center. The encoded protein belongs to the multisubunit BLOC-one-related complex that regulates lysosome positioning. It binds a Salmonella effector protein called Salmonella induced filament A and is a critical host determinant in Salmonella pathogenesis. It has a domain architecture consisting of an N-terminal RPIP8, UNC-14, and NESCA (RUN) domain that binds kinesin-1 as well as the lysosomal GTPase Arl8, and a C-terminal pleckstrin homology domain that binds the Salmonella induced filament A effector protein. Naturally occurring mutations in this gene lead to abnormal localization of lysosomes, impaired autophagy flux and are associated with recessive dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular noncompaction. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

TBC1 domain family, member 8B (with GRAM domain)

This gene encodes a protein with a TBC (Tre-2/Bub2/CDC16) domain. Some mammalian proteins with this domain have been shown to function as Rab-GAPs by binding to specific Rab proteins and affecting their GTPase activity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

ankyrin repeat domain 27 (VPS9 domain)

Enables guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity and small GTPase binding activity. Involved in endocytic recycling and negative regulation of SNARE complex assembly. Acts upstream of or within early endosome to late endosome transport. Located in several cellular components, including cytosol; endosome; and lysosome. Implicated in eosinophilic esophagitis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pleckstrin homology domain containing, family G (with RhoGef domain) member 4B

This gene encodes a large protein that contains a pleckstrin homology domain and may function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

ArfGAP with RhoGAP domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 3

This gene encodes a phosphoinositide binding protein containing ARF-GAP, RHO-GAP, RAS-associating, and pleckstrin homology domains. The ARF-GAP and RHO-GAP domains cooperate in mediating rearrangements in the cell cytoskeleton and cell shape. It is a specific PtdIns(3,4,5)P3/PtdIns(3,4)P2-stimulated Arf6-GAP protein. An alternatively spliced transcript has been found for this gene, but its biological validity has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

ArfGAP with RhoGAP domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2

The protein encoded by this gene contains ARF-GAP, RHO-GAP, ankyrin repeat, RAS-associating, and pleckstrin homology domains. The protein is a phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate-dependent Arf6 GAP that binds RhoA-GTP, but it lacks the predicted catalytic arginine in the RHO-GAP domain and does not have RHO-GAP activity. The protein associates with focal adhesions and functions downstream of RhoA to regulate focal adhesion dynamics. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2008]

pleckstrin homology domain containing, family G (with RhoGef domain) member 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a RhoGTPase that can activate CDC42 by promoting exchange of GDP for GTP on CDC42. The encoded protein is activated by binding to the beta and gamma subunits of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein. Defects in this gene have been associated with leukodystrophy and acquired microcephaly with or without dystonia. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

pleckstrin homology domain containing, family G (with RhoGef domain) member 3

Enables actin binding activity. Involved in regulation of cell migration and regulation of establishment of cell polarity. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pleckstrin homology domain containing, family G (with RhoGef domain) member 1

Predicted to enable guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity and small GTPase binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pleckstrin homology domain containing, family G (with RhoGef domain) member 6

Predicted to enable guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. Located in cell junction and centrosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pleckstrin homology domain containing, family G (with RhoGef domain) member 7

Predicted to enable guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity. Predicted to be involved in Rho protein signal transduction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pleckstrin homology domain containing, family G (with RhoGef domain) member 4

The protein encoded by this gene can function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and may play a role in intracellular signaling and cytoskeleton dynamics at the Golgi apparatus. Polymorphisms in the region of this gene have been found to be associated with spinocerebellar ataxia in some study populations. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

pleckstrin homology domain containing, family G (with RhoGef domain) member 5

This gene encodes a protein that activates the nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB1) signaling pathway. Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal recessive distal spinal muscular atrophy. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 10 pseudogene

ArfGAP with RhoGAP domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 1

The protein encoded by this gene contains SAM, ARF-GAP, RHO-GAP, ankyrin repeat, RAS-associating, and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. In vitro, this protein displays RHO-GAP and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate (PIP3)-dependent ARF-GAP activity. The encoded protein associates with the Golgi, and the ARF-GAP activity mediates changes in the Golgi and the formation of filopodia. It is thought to regulate the cell-specific trafficking of a receptor protein involved in apoptosis. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2008]

TBC1 domain family, member 8 (with GRAM domain)

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in blood circulation and positive regulation of cell population proliferation. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TBC1 domain family, member 9 (with GRAM domain)

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

PITH (C-terminal proteasome-interacting domain of thioredoxin-like) domain containing 1

Involved in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription and positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 12, pseudogene

integrin, alpha L (antigen CD11A (p180), lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; alpha polypeptide)

ITGAL encodes the integrin alpha L chain. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This I-domain containing alpha integrin combines with the beta 2 chain (ITGB2) to form the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), which is expressed on all leukocytes. LFA-1 plays a central role in leukocyte intercellular adhesion through interactions with its ligands, ICAMs 1-3 (intercellular adhesion molecules 1 through 3), and also functions in lymphocyte costimulatory signaling. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cartilage associated protein

The protein encoded by this gene is similar to the chicken and mouse CRTAP genes. The encoded protein is a scaffolding protein that may influence the activity of at least one member of the cytohesin/ARNO family in response to specific cellular stimuli. Defects in this gene are associated with osteogenesis imperfecta, a connective tissue disorder characterized by bone fragility and low bone mass. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 6 pseudogene

liver cancer-associated transcript 8

liver cancer-associated transcript 1

keratin associated protein 2-3

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 2-2

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 2-1

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 2-4

This protein is a member of the keratin-associated protein (KAP) family. The KAP proteins form a matrix of keratin intermediate filaments which contribute to the structure of hair fibers. KAP family members appear to have unique, family-specific amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions and are subdivided into three multi-gene families according to amino acid composition: the high sulfur, the ultrahigh sulfur, and the high tyrosine/glycine KAPs. This protein is a member of the high sulfur KAP family and the gene is localized to a cluster of KAPs at 17q12-q21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nuclear pore associated protein 1 pseudogene

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 2

The product of this gene is a membrane-associated protein that may play a role in synapse organization and signalling in neuronal cells. This gene is biallelically expressed in the brain, however, only the paternal allele is expressed in the testis (PMID:18055845). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 3

Predicted to enable PDZ domain binding activity; molecular adaptor activity; and scaffold protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission and protein-containing complex assembly. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including cholinergic synapse; glutamatergic synapse; and neuromuscular junction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 1

Predicted to enable molecular adaptor activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of postsynaptic density. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including aggresome assembly; protein localization to synapse; and regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in glutamatergic synapse and postsynaptic density, intracellular component. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 4

The product of this gene is a membrane-associated guanylate kinase found at the postsynaptic density in neuronal cells. It is a signaling molecule that can interact with potassium channels and receptors, as well as other signaling molecules. The protein encoded by this gene can interact with PSD-95 through its guanylate kinase domain and may be involved in clustering PSD-95 in the postsynaptic density region. The encoded protein is one of at least four similar proteins that have been found. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 5

Predicted to enable microtubule binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including centrosome localization; kinetochore assembly; and mitotic spindle organization. Located in cytosol; nucleus; and spindle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 13 (APO-1/CD95 (Fas)-associated phosphatase)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. This PTP is a large intracellular protein. It has a catalytic PTP domain at its C-terminus and two major structural domains: a region with five PDZ domains and a FERM domain that binds to plasma membrane and cytoskeletal elements. This PTP was found to interact with, and dephosphorylate, Fas receptor and IkappaBalpha through the PDZ domains. This suggests it has a role in Fas mediated programmed cell death. This PTP was also shown to interact with GTPase-activating protein, and thus may function as a regulator of Rho signaling pathways. Four alternatively spliced transcript variants, which encode distinct proteins, have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

keratin associated protein 11-1

Predicted to enable structural molecule activity. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell division cycle associated 8 pseudogene

dystroglycan 1 (dystrophin-associated glycoprotein 1)

This gene encodes dystroglycan, a central component of dystrophin-glycoprotein complex that links the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton in the skeletal muscle. The encoded preproprotein undergoes O- and N-glycosylation, and proteolytic processing to generate alpha and beta subunits. Certain mutations in this gene are known to cause distinct forms of muscular dystrophy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, all encoding the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

golgi-associated, gamma adaptin ear containing, ARF binding protein 1

This gene encodes a member of the Golgi-localized, gamma adaptin ear-containing, ARF-binding (GGA) protein family. Members of this family are ubiquitous coat proteins that regulate the trafficking of proteins between the trans-Golgi network and the lysosome. These proteins share an amino-terminal VHS domain which mediates sorting of the mannose 6-phosphate receptors at the trans-Golgi network. They also contain a carboxy-terminal region with homology to the ear domain of gamma-adaptins. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

golgi-associated, gamma adaptin ear containing, ARF binding protein 3

This gene encodes a member of the Golgi-localized, gamma adaptin ear-containing, ARF-binding (GGA) family. This family includes ubiquitous coat proteins that regulate the trafficking of proteins between the trans-Golgi network and the lysosome. These proteins share an amino-terminal VHS domain which mediates sorting of the mannose 6-phosphate receptors at the trans-Golgi network. They also contain a carboxy-terminal region with homology to the ear domain of gamma-adaptins. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified in this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

golgi-associated, gamma adaptin ear containing, ARF binding protein 2

This gene encodes a member of the Golgi-localized, gamma adaptin ear-containing, ARF-binding (GGA) family. This family includes ubiquitous coat proteins that regulate the trafficking of proteins between the trans-Golgi network and the lysosome. These proteins share an amino-terminal VHS domain which mediates sorting of the mannose 6-phosphate receptors at the trans-Golgi network. They also contain a carboxy-terminal region with homology to the ear domain of gamma-adaptins. This family member may play a significant role in cargo molecules regulation and clathrin-coated vesicle assembly. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

synaptosomal-associated protein, 91kDa

Predicted to enable several functions, including clathrin adaptor activity; clathrin heavy chain binding activity; and phosphatidylinositol binding activity. Acts upstream of or within regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Predicted to be located in cytosol; postsynaptic density; and synaptic membrane. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse; cytoplasmic vesicle; and parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapse. Predicted to be extrinsic component of presynaptic endocytic zone membrane. Biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TCL1 upstream neural differentiation-associated RNA

Enables ATPase binding activity. Involved in endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis and positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus. Located in endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

thyroid hormone receptor associated protein 3 pseudogene

gastric cancer associated transcript 2 (non-protein coding)

gastric cancer associated transcript 1 (non-protein coding)

TIA1 cytotoxic granule-associated RNA binding protein-like 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of a family of RNA-binding proteins, has three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), and binds adenine and uridine-rich elements in mRNA and pre-mRNAs of a wide range of genes. It regulates various activities including translational control, splicing and apoptosis. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. The different isoforms have been show to function differently with respect to post-transcriptional silencing. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Sin3A-associated protein, 30kDa

Histone acetylation plays a key role in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are catalyzed by multisubunit complexes. The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the histone deacetylase complex, which includes SIN3, SAP18, HDAC1, HDAC2, RbAp46, RbAp48, and other polypeptides. This complex is active in deacetylating core histone octamers, but inactive in deacetylating nucleosomal histones. A pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 3. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

protein associated with topoisomerase II homolog 2 (yeast)

Predicted to enable RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in P-body assembly; deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA; and negative regulation of translation. Predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

surfactant associated 3

Involved in wound healing. Located in cytoplasm and extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

surfactant associated 2

Predicted to be located in Golgi apparatus; extracellular region; and transport vesicle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

BCL2-associated transcription factor 1

This gene encodes a transcriptional repressor that interacts with several members of the BCL2 family of proteins. Overexpression of this protein induces apoptosis, which can be suppressed by co-expression of BCL2 proteins. The protein localizes to dot-like structures throughout the nucleus, and redistributes to a zone near the nuclear envelope in cells undergoing apoptosis. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

keratin associated protein 1-1

This protein is a member of the keratin-associated protein (KAP) family. The KAP proteins form a matrix of keratin intermediate filaments which contribute to the structure of hair fibers. KAP family members appear to have unique, family-specific amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions and are subdivided into three multi-gene families according to amino acid composition: the high sulfur, the ultrahigh sulfur, and the high tyrosine/glycine KAPs. This protein is a member of the high sulfur KAP family and the gene is localized to a cluster of KAPs at 17q12-q21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

keratin associated protein 1-3

This protein is a member of the keratin-associated protein (KAP) family. The KAP proteins form a matrix of keratin intermediate filaments which contribute to the structure of hair fibers. KAP family members appear to have unique, family-specific amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions and are subdivided into three multi-gene families according to amino acid composition: the high sulfur, the ultrahigh sulfur, and the high tyrosine/glycine KAPs. This protein is a member of the high sulfur KAP family and the gene is localized to a cluster of KAPs at 17q12-q21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

keratin associated protein 1-4

The main structural proteins of mammalian hair fiber are the hair keratins (see MIM 601077) and the keratin-associated proteins (KAPs), which form a rigid and resistant hair shaft through extensive disulfide bond crosslinking with the abundant cysteines of hair keratins (Shimomura et al., 2002 [PubMed 12228244]).[supplied by OMIM, Jan 2009]

keratin associated protein 1-5

This protein is a member of the keratin-associated protein (KAP) family. The KAP proteins form a matrix of keratin intermediate filaments which contribute to the structure of hair fibers. KAP family members appear to have unique, family-specific amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions and are subdivided into three multi-gene families according to amino acid composition: the high sulfur, the ultrahigh sulfur, and the high tyrosine/glycine KAPs. This protein is a member of the high sulfur KAP family and the gene is localized to a cluster of KAPs at 17q12-q21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigen HCA25a

microtubule-associated protein 10

Enables microtubule binding activity. Involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization; positive regulation of cytokinesis; and regulation of microtubule-based process. Located in microtubule cytoskeleton and midbody. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

microtubule-associated protein 1A

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the microtubule-associated protein family. The proteins of this family are thought to be involved in microtubule assembly, which is an essential step in neurogenesis. The product of this gene is a precursor polypeptide that presumably undergoes proteolytic processing to generate the final MAP1A heavy chain and LC2 light chain. Expression of this gene is almost exclusively in the brain. Studies of the rat microtubule-associated protein 1A gene suggested a role in early events of spinal cord development. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

microtubule-associated protein 1B

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the microtubule-associated protein family. The proteins of this family are thought to be involved in microtubule assembly, which is an essential step in neurogenesis. The product of this gene is a precursor polypeptide that presumably undergoes proteolytic processing to generate the final MAP1B heavy chain and LC1 light chain. Gene knockout studies of the mouse microtubule-associated protein 1B gene suggested an important role in development and function of the nervous system. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

microtubule-associated protein 1S

Enables DNA binding activity and cytoskeletal protein binding activity. Involved in metaphase chromosome alignment; microtubule cytoskeleton organization; and neuron projection morphogenesis. Located in several cellular components, including microtubule cytoskeleton; nuclear lumen; and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

liver cancer-associated transcript 5

FGF-2 activity-associated protein 2

FGF-2 activity-associated protein 3

prostate cancer associated transcript 1 (non-protein coding)

This gene produces a long non-coding RNA that promotes cell proliferation and is upregulated in prostate, colorectal, and other cancers. This RNA negatively regulates the BRCA2 tumor suppressor protein and positively regulates Myc oncoprotein. It contains binding sites for microRNAs, and may act as a sponge for microRNAs that regulate cell growth pathways. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2017]

prostate cancer associated transcript 2 (non-protein coding)

prostate cancer associated transcript 4 (non-protein coding)

prostate cancer associated transcript 7 (non-protein coding)

BOC cell adhesion associated, oncogene regulated

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the immunoglobulin/fibronectin type III repeat family. It is a component of a cell-surface receptor complex that mediates cell-cell interactions between muscle precursor cells, and promotes myogenic differentiation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2014]

apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondrion-associated, 1 pseudogene 1

cell adhesion associated, oncogene regulated pseudogene

developmental pluripotency associated 3 pseudogene

lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 pseudogene

matrix-remodelling associated 7 pseudogene

spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 1

Enables microtubule binding activity. Involved in attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore; negative regulation of mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling; and positive regulation of microtubule polymerization. Located in intercellular bridge; kinetochore; and microtubule cytoskeleton. Part of SKA complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 3

This gene encodes a component of the spindle and kinetochore-associated protein complex that regulates microtubule attachment to the kinetochores during mitosis. The encoded protein localizes to the outer kinetechore and may be required for normal chromosome segregation and cell division. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 2

Enables microtubule binding activity. Involved in attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore and regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization. Located in spindle microtubule. Part of SKA complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 pseudogene

keratin associated protein 26-1

Predicted to enable structural molecule activity. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hepatocellular carcinoma up-regulated EZH2-associated long non-coding RNA

Biomarker of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

LSM5 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

keratin associated protein 29-1

Predicted to enable structural molecule activity. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

LSM2 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

spermatogenesis associated 13

Enables guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity and identical protein binding activity. Involved in cell migration; plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly; and regulation of cell migration. Located in several cellular components, including filopodium; lamellipodium; and ruffle membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spermatogenesis associated 12

This gene is expressed primarily in testis and may play a role in testicular development and spermatogenesis. The encoded protein may be upregulated in response to ultraviolet-C radiation. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

spermatogenesis associated 17

Predicted to enable calmodulin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in establishment of meiotic spindle localization; mitotic cell cycle; and spindle organization. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in spindle pole. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spermatogenesis associated 16

This gene encodes a testis-specific protein that belongs to the tetratricopeptide repeat-like superfamily. The encoded protein localizes to the Golgi apparatus and may play a role in spermatogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

spermatogenesis associated 19

Predicted to be involved in sperm mitochondrion organization. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spermatogenesis associated 18

This gene encodes a p53-inducible protein that is able to induce lysosome-like organelles within mitochondria that eliminate oxidized mitochondrial proteins, thereby contributing to mitochondrial quality control. Dysregulation of mitochondrial quality control is associated with cancer and degenerative diseases. The encoded protein mediates accumulation of the lysosome-like mitochondrial organelles through interaction with B cell lymphoma 2 interacting protein 3 and B cell lymphoma 2 interacting protein 3 like at the outer mitochondrial membrane, which allows translocation of lysosomal proteins to the mitochondrial matrix from the cytosol. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily e, member 1 pseudogene 5

nerve growth factor receptor (TNFRSF16) associated protein 1

Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of protein ubiquitination and signal transduction. Predicted to act upstream of or within extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

signal-induced proliferation-associated 1 like 1

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity; actin filament binding activity; and protein kinase binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including activation of GTPase activity; ephrin receptor signaling pathway; and regulation of postsynapse organization. Located in actin cytoskeleton and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

signal-induced proliferation-associated 1 like 2

This gene encodes a member of the signal-induced proliferation-associated 1 like family. Members of this family contain a GTPase activating domain, a PDZ domain and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain with a leucine zipper. A similar protein in rat acts as a GTPases for the small GTPase Rap. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

ELL associated factor 1

Enables transcription elongation factor activity. Involved in regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. Located in intercellular bridge and nuclear body. Part of transcription elongation factor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ELL associated factor 2

Enables transcription elongation factor activity. Involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II and regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. Part of transcription elongation factor complex. Biomarker of prostate cancer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

signal sequence receptor, gamma (translocon-associated protein gamma) pseudogene

golgi-associated, olfactory signaling regulator

Predicted to be involved in sensory perception of smell. Predicted to act upstream of or within non-motile cilium assembly and protein localization to non-motile cilium. Predicted to be located in Golgi membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MYST/Esa1-associated factor 6

This gene encodes a nuclear protein involved in transcriptional activation. The encoded protein may form a component of several different histone acetyltransferase complexes. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 2. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

microseminoprotein, prostate associated

This gene encodes a member of the beta-microseminoprotein family. Members of this protein family contain ten conserved cysteine residues that form intra-molecular disulfide bonds. The encoded protein may play a role in prostate cancer tumorigenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

keratin associated protein 3-2

This protein is a member of the keratin-associated protein (KAP) family. The KAP proteins form a matrix of keratin intermediate filaments which contribute to the structure of hair fibers. KAP family members appear to have unique, family-specific amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions and are subdivided into three multi-gene families according to amino acid composition: the high sulfur, the ultrahigh sulfur, and the high tyrosine/glycine KAPs. This protein is a member of the high sulfur KAP family and the gene is localized to a cluster of KAPs at 17q12-q21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

keratin associated protein 3-3

This protein is a member of the keratin-associated protein (KAP) family. The KAP proteins form a matrix of keratin intermediate filaments which contribute to the structure of hair fibers. KAP family members appear to have unique, family-specific amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions and are subdivided into three multi-gene families according to amino acid composition: the high sulfur, the ultrahigh sulfur, and the high tyrosine/glycine KAPs. This protein is a member of the high sulfur KAP family and the gene is localized to a cluster of KAPs at 17q12-q21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

keratin associated protein 3-1

This protein is a member of the keratin-associated protein (KAP) family. The KAP proteins form a matrix of keratin intermediate filaments which contribute to the structure of hair fibers. KAP family members appear to have unique, family-specific amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions and are subdivided into three multi-gene families according to amino acid composition: the high sulfur, the ultrahigh sulfur, and the high tyrosine/glycine KAPs. This protein is a member of the high sulfur KAP family and the gene is localized to a cluster of KAPs at 17q12-q21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

SWI/SNF complex antagonist associated with prostate cancer 1 (non-protein coding)

microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta 2

Predicted to enable microtubule binding activity; phosphatidylethanolamine binding activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to nitrogen starvation and macroautophagy. Located in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lung adenocarcinoma-associated transcript 1

developmental pluripotency associated 4 pseudogene

myeloid-associated differentiation marker-like 2

Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

CAP, adenylate cyclase-associated protein, 2 (yeast) pseudogene 1

keratin associated protein 10-7

Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 10-6

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 10-3

This gene encodes a member of the keratin-associated protein (KAP) family. The KAP proteins form a matrix of keratin intermediate filaments which contribute to the structure of hair fibers. KAP family members appear to have unique, family-specific amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions and are subdivided into three multi-gene families according to amino acid composition: the high sulfur, the ultrahigh sulfur, and the high tyrosine/glycine KAPs. This gene encodes a member of the high sulfur KAP family. It is localized to a cluster of intronless KAPs at 21q22.3 which are located within the introns of the C21orf29 gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

keratin associated protein 10-2

This gene encodes a member of the high sulfur-type keratin-associated protein (KAP) family. The KAP proteins form a matrix of keratin intermediate filaments which contribute to the structure of hair fibers. This gene is located in a cluster of similar genes on 21q22.3. Alternatively-spliced transcript variants have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

keratin associated protein 10-1

This gene encodes a member of the keratin-associated protein (KAP) family. The KAP proteins form a matrix of keratin intermediate filaments which contribute to the structure of hair fibers. KAP family members appear to have unique, family-specific amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions and are subdivided into three multi-gene families according to amino acid composition: the high sulfur, the ultrahigh sulfur, and the high tyrosine/glycine KAPs. This gene encodes a member of the high sulfur KAP family. It is localized to a cluster of intronless KAPs at 21q22.3 which are located within the introns of the C21orf29 gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 binding protein 1

Predicted to enable signaling adaptor activity. Predicted to be involved in canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

JNK1/MAPK8-associated membrane protein pseudogene 1

bcl-2-associated transcription factor 1 pseudogene

myelin-associated oligodendrocyte basic protein

Predicted to be a structural constituent of myelin sheath. Predicted to be involved in nervous system development. Predicted to be located in mitochondrion and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Implicated in frontotemporal dementia. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cilia and flagella associated protein 126

Predicted to be involved in cilium organization and flagellated sperm motility. Located in axonemal microtubule. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TRPM8 channel-associated factor 1 pseudogene 1

limbic system-associated membrane protein

This gene encodes a member of the immunoglobulin LAMP, OBCAM and neurotrimin (IgLON) family of proteins. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate a neuronal surface glycoprotein. This protein may act as a selective homophilic adhesion molecule during axon guidance and neuronal growth in the developing limbic system. The encoded protein may also function as a tumor suppressor and may play a role in neuropsychiatric disorders. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

signal-induced proliferation-associated 1

The product of this gene is a mitogen induced GTPase activating protein (GAP). It exhibits a specific GAP activity for Ras-related regulatory proteins Rap1 and Rap2, but not for Ran or other small GTPases. This protein may also hamper mitogen-induced cell cycle progression when abnormally or prematurely expressed. It is localized to the perinuclear region. Two alternatively spliced variants encoding the same isoform have been characterized to date. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

TAF4b RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 105kDa

TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP-associated factors (TAFs) participate in the formation of the TFIID protein complex, which is involved in initiation of transcription of genes by RNA polymerase II. This gene encodes a cell type-specific TAF that may be responsible for mediating transcription by a subset of activators in B cells. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

axin interactor, dorsalization associated pseudogene

fragile X mental retardation associated 3

cyclin-dependent kinase 2 associated protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) -associated protein which is thought to negatively regulate CDK2 activity by sequestering monomeric CDK2, and targeting CDK2 for proteolysis. This protein was found to also interact with DNA polymerase alpha/primase and mediate the phosphorylation of the large p180 subunit, which suggests a regulatory role in DNA replication during the S-phase of the cell cycle. This protein also forms a core subunit of the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NURD) complex that epigenetically regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation. This gene thus plays a role in both cell-cycle and epigenetic regulation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

cyclin-dependent kinase 2 associated protein 2

This gene encodes a protein that interacts with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 associated protein 1. Pseudogenes associated with this gene are located on chromosomes 7 and 9. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

LSM8 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a member of the like-Sm family of proteins. The encoded protein consists of a closed barrel shape, made up of five anti-parallel beta strands and an alpha helix. This protein partners with six paralogs to form a heteroheptameric ring which transiently binds U6 small nuclear RNAs and is involved in the general maturation of RNA in the nucleus. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

LSM4 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a member of the LSm family of RNA-binding proteins. LSm proteins form stable heteromers that bind specifically to the 3'-terminal oligo(U) tract of U6 snRNA and may play a role in pre-mRNA splicing by mediating U4/U6 snRNP formation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

LSM5 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae)

Sm-like proteins were identified in a variety of organisms based on sequence homology with the Sm protein family (see SNRPD2; MIM 601061). Sm-like proteins contain the Sm sequence motif, which consists of 2 regions separated by a linker of variable length that folds as a loop. The Sm-like proteins are thought to form a stable heteromer present in tri-snRNP particles, which are important for pre-mRNA splicing.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

LSM6 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae)

Sm-like proteins were identified in a variety of organisms based on sequence homology with the Sm protein family (see SNRPD2; MIM 601061). Sm-like proteins contain the Sm sequence motif, which consists of 2 regions separated by a linker of variable length that folds as a loop. The Sm-like proteins are thought to form a stable heteromer present in tri-snRNP particles, which are important for pre-mRNA splicing.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

DET1 and DDB1 associated 1

Involved in protein polyubiquitination. Part of Cul4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 11

MARCH11 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). These enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their intracellular transport. March11 appears to have a role in ubiquitin-mediated protein sorting in the trans-Golgi network (TGN)-multivesicular body (MVB) transport pathway (Morokuma et al., 2007 [PubMed 17604280]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 10, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH10 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments (Morokuma et al., 2007 [PubMed 17604280]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily c, member 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the SWI/SNF family of proteins, whose members display helicase and ATPase activities and which are thought to regulate transcription of certain genes by altering the chromatin structure around those genes. The encoded protein is part of the large ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex SNF/SWI and contains a predicted leucine zipper motif typical of many transcription factors. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily c, member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the SWI/SNF family of proteins, whose members display helicase and ATPase activities and which are thought to regulate transcription of certain genes by altering the chromatin structure around those genes. The encoded protein is part of the large ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex SNF/SWI and contains a predicted leucine zipper motif typical of many transcription factors. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

surfactant associated 1, pseudogene

thyroid hormone receptor associated protein 3 pseudogene 1

osteopetrosis associated transmembrane protein 1

This gene encodes a protein that may be involved in the degradation of G proteins via the ubiquitin-dependent proteasome pathway. The encoded protein binds to members of subfamily A of the regulator of the G-protein signaling (RGS) family through an N-terminal leucine-rich region. This protein also has a central RING finger-like domain and E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. This protein is highly conserved from flies to humans. Defects in this gene may cause the autosomal recessive, infantile malignant form of osteopetrosis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

keratin associated protein 4-16, pseudogene

Predicted to be located in cytosol and keratin filament. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell division cycle associated 8 pseudogene

P antigen family, member 5 (prostate associated)

This gene is a member of family of proteins that are expressed in a variety of tumors and in some fetal and reproductive tissues. The encoded protein may protect cells from programmed cell death. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

death associated protein-like 1

Predicted to enable ribosome binding activity; translation initiation factor binding activity; and translation repressor activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including cellular response to amino acid starvation; negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation; and negative regulation of metabolic process. Predicted to act upstream of or within cell population proliferation and gene expression. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA polymerase II associated protein 2

Enables RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat phosphatase activity. Involved in PERK-mediated unfolded protein response and snRNA transcription. Located in cytosol and nucleolus. Part of transcription preinitiation complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

insulinoma-associated 1

Insulinoma-associated 1 (INSM1) gene is intronless and encodes a protein containing both a zinc finger DNA-binding domain and a putative prohormone domain. This gene is a sensitive marker for neuroendocrine differentiation of human lung tumors. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

keratin-associated protein 21-1-like

nascent polypeptide-associated complex alpha subunit

This gene encodes a protein that associates with basic transcription factor 3 (BTF3) to form the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC). This complex binds to nascent proteins that lack a signal peptide motif as they emerge from the ribosome, blocking interaction with the signal recognition particle (SRP) and preventing mistranslocation to the endoplasmic reticulum. This protein is an IgE autoantigen in atopic dermatitis patients. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, but the full length nature of some of these variants, including those encoding very large proteins, has not been determined. There are multiple pseudogenes of this gene on different chromosomes. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

cyclin-dependent kinase 2-associated protein 1 pseudogene

death associated protein 3 pseudogene 1

death associated protein 3 pseudogene 2

cyclin-dependent kinase 2-associated protein 1 pseudogene

serine/threonine kinase receptor associated protein

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium and spliceosomal snRNP assembly. Acts upstream of with a positive effect on negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway. Located in cytosol. Part of SMN complex. Implicated in adenocarcinoma; colorectal carcinoma; large cell carcinoma; lung carcinoma; and squamous cell neoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NCK-associated protein 5-like

Involved in microtubule bundle formation and microtubule depolymerization. Located in centrosome and microtubule plus-end. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1

This gene encodes a protein serine/threonine kinase that is activated when bound to the GTP-bound form of Rho. The small GTPase Rho regulates formation of focal adhesions and stress fibers of fibroblasts, as well as adhesion and aggregation of platelets and lymphocytes by shuttling between the inactive GDP-bound form and the active GTP-bound form. Rho is also essential in cytokinesis and plays a role in transcriptional activation by serum response factor. This protein, a downstream effector of Rho, phosphorylates and activates LIM kinase, which in turn, phosphorylates cofilin, inhibiting its actin-depolymerizing activity. A pseudogene, related to this gene, is also located on chromosome 18. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates cytokinesis, smooth muscle contraction, the formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions, and the activation of the c-fos serum response element. This protein, which is an isozyme of ROCK1 is a target for the small GTPase Rho. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

gem (nuclear organelle) associated protein 8 pseudogene 2

calmodulin regulated spectrin-associated protein 1

Enables microtubule minus-end binding activity and spectrin binding activity. Involved in several processes, including neuron projection development; regulation of cell morphogenesis; and regulation of microtubule polymerization. Located in microtubule minus-end. Implicated in complex cortical dysplasia with other brain malformations. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

thymocyte selection associated family member 2

Predicted to be involved in T cell receptor signaling pathway and regulation of B cell activation. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MORF4 family-associated protein 1-like

amnion associated transmembrane protein

The protein encoded by this gene is a type I transmembrane protein. It is thought to modulate bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor function by serving as an accessory or coreceptor, and thus facilitates or hinders BMP binding. It is known that the mouse AMN gene is expressed in the extraembryonic visceral endoderm layer during gastrulation, but it is found to be mutated in amnionless mouse. The encoded protein has sequence similarity to short gastrulation (Sog) and procollagen IIA proteins in Drosophila. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

kinetochore associated 1

This gene encodes a protein that is one of many involved in mechanisms to ensure proper chromosome segregation during cell division. Experimental evidence indicated that the encoded protein functioned in a similar manner to that of the Drosophila rough deal protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

matrix-remodelling associated 5

This gene encodes one of the matrix-remodelling associated proteins. This protein contains 7 leucine-rich repeats and 12 immunoglobulin-like C2-type domains related to perlecan. This gene has a pseudogene on chromosome Y. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

matrix-remodelling associated 7

Located in endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

matrix-remodelling associated 8

Predicted to be involved in establishment of glial blood-brain barrier. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cilia and flagella associated protein 69

Acts upstream of or within sperm axoneme assembly. Located in cytoplasm and sperm midpiece. Implicated in spermatogenic failure 24. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cilia and flagella associated protein 61

Involved in sperm flagellum assembly. Predicted to be located in radial spoke stalk and sperm flagellum. Implicated in spermatogenic failure 84. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

oligodendrocyte maturation-associated long intergenic non-coding RNA

trace amine associated receptor 5

Enables trimethylamine receptor activity. Involved in adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway. Is active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

trace amine associated receptor 6

This gene encodes a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor that likely functions as a receptor for endogenous trace amines. Mutations in this gene may be associated with schizophrenia.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

trace amine associated receptor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a G-protein coupled receptor activated by trace amines. The encoded protein responds little or not at all to dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, or histamine, but responds well to beta-phenylethylamine, p-tyramine, octopamine, and tryptamine. While primarily functioning in neurologic systems, there is evidence that this gene is involved in blood cell and immunologic functions as well. This gene is thought to be intronless. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

trace amine associated receptor 3 (gene/pseudogene)

Predicted to enable trace-amine receptor activity. Predicted to be involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway and sensory perception of chemical stimulus. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

trace amine associated receptor 2

Predicted to enable trace-amine receptor activity. Predicted to be involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

trace amine associated receptor 9 (gene/pseudogene)

TAAR9 is a member of a large family of rhodopsin G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs, or GPRs). GPCRs contain 7 transmembrane domains and transduce extracellular signals through heterotrimeric G proteins.[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2005]

trace amine associated receptor 8

This gene is part of the trace amine receptor cluster on chromosome 6 and encodes an orphan G-protein coupled receptor. Upregulated expression of this gene in astroglial cells upon exposure to lipopolysaccharides suggests a function for the encoded protein in the brain. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

sperm protein associated with the nucleus, X-linked, family member A1

Temporally regulated transcription and translation of several testis-specific genes is required to initiate the series of molecular and morphological changes in the male germ cell lineage necessary for the formation of mature spermatozoa. This gene is a member of the SPANX family of cancer/testis-associated genes, which are located in a cluster on chromosome X. The SPANX genes encode differentially expressed testis-specific proteins that localize to various subcellular compartments. This particular gene maps to chromosome X in a head-to-head orientation with SPANX family member A2, which appears to be a duplication of the A1 locus. The protein encoded by this gene targets to the nucleus where it associates with nuclear vacuoles and the redundant nuclear envelope. Based on its association with these poorly characterized regions of the sperm nucleus, this protein provides a biochemical marker to study unique structures in spermatazoa while attempting to further define its role in spermatogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

TAF10 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 30kDa pseudogene

TAF4b RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 105kDa pseudogene

gastric cancer associated transcript 3 (non-protein coding)

brain expressed, associated with NEDD4, 1

The protein encoded by this gene is one of several proteins that interact with NEDD4, a member of a family of ubiquitin-protein ligases. These proteins have PY motifs in common that bind to the WW domains of NEDD4. NEDD4 is developmentally regulated, and is highly expressed in embryonic tissues. Mutations in this gene (i.e., intronic insertions of >100 copies of pentanucleotide repeats including a (TGGAA)n sequence) are associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 31. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

microtubule-associated protein 2

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the microtubule-associated protein family. The proteins of this family are thought to be involved in microtubule assembly, which is an essential step in neurogenesis. The products of similar genes in rat and mouse are neuron-specific cytoskeletal proteins that are enriched in dentrites, implicating a role in determining and stabilizing dentritic shape during neuron development. A number of alternatively spliced variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

microtubule-associated protein 6

This gene encodes a microtubule-associated protein. The encoded protein is a calmodulin-binding and calmodulin-regulated protein that is involved in microtubule stabilization. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

microtubule-associated protein 7

The product of this gene is a microtubule-associated protein that is predominantly expressed in cells of epithelial origin. Microtubule-associated proteins are thought to be involved in microtubule dynamics, which is essential for cell polarization and differentiation. This protein has been shown to be able to stabilize microtubules, and may serve to modulate microtubule functions. Studies of the related mouse protein also suggested an essential role in microtubule function required for spermatogenesis. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

microtubule-associated protein 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a major non-neuronal microtubule-associated protein. This protein contains a domain similar to the microtubule-binding domains of neuronal microtubule-associated protein (MAP2) and microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT/TAU). This protein promotes microtubule assembly, and has been shown to counteract destabilization of interphase microtubule catastrophe promotion. Cyclin B was found to interact with this protein, which targets cell division cycle 2 (CDC2) kinase to microtubules. The phosphorylation of this protein affects microtubule properties and cell cycle progression. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

dishevelled associated activator of morphogenesis 1

Cell motility, adhesion, cytokinesis, and other functions of the cell cortex are mediated by reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and several formin homology (FH) proteins have been associated with these processes. The protein encoded by this gene contains two FH domains and belongs to a novel FH protein subfamily implicated in cell polarity. A key regulator of cytoskeletal architecture, the small GTPase Rho, is activated during development by Wnt/Fz signaling to control cell polarity and movement. The protein encoded by this gene is thought to function as a scaffolding protein for the Wnt-induced assembly of a disheveled (Dvl)-Rho complex. This protein also promotes the nucleation and elongation of new actin filaments and regulates cell growth through the stabilization of microtubules. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

YY1 associated protein 1

Predicted to enable transcription coregulator activity. Involved in cell differentiation; cell population proliferation; and regulation of cell cycle. Located in Ino80 complex; fibrillar center; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

microtubule-associated protein tau

This gene encodes the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) whose transcript undergoes complex, regulated alternative splicing, giving rise to several mRNA species. MAPT transcripts are differentially expressed in the nervous system, depending on stage of neuronal maturation and neuron type. MAPT gene mutations have been associated with several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, frontotemporal dementia, cortico-basal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

keratin-associated protein 5-1

neugrin, neurite outgrowth associated pseudogene

spermatogenesis associated 9

Predicted to be involved in cell differentiation and spermatogenesis. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spermatogenesis associated 5

This gene encodes a member of the ATPase associated with diverse activities family, whose members are defined by a highly conserved ATPase domain. Members of this family participate in diverse cellular processes that include membrane fusion, DNA replication, microtubule severing, and protein degradation. The protein encoded by this gene has a putative mitochondrial targeting sequence and has been proposed to function in maintenance of mitochondrial function and integrity during mouse spermatogenesis. Allelic variants in this gene have been associated with epilepsy, hearing loss, and cognitive disability syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

vertebrae development associated

Predicted to enable sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be located in chromatin and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ganglioside induced differentiation associated protein 2

Predicted to act upstream of or within response to retinoic acid. Located in lysosomal membrane. Implicated in autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia 27. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ganglioside induced differentiation associated protein 1

This gene encodes a member of the ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein family, which may play a role in a signal transduction pathway during neuronal development. Mutations in this gene have been associated with various forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease and neuropathy. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms and a noncoding variant have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

RNA, Ro-associated Y3 pseudogene 6

RNA, Ro-associated Y3 pseudogene 7

RNA, Ro-associated Y3 pseudogene 4

RNA, Ro-associated Y3 pseudogene 5

RNA, Ro-associated Y3 pseudogene 2

RNA, Ro-associated Y3 pseudogene 3

RNA, Ro-associated Y3 pseudogene 9

cell division cycle associated 2

This gene encodes a targeting subunit of the cell-cycle associated protein, protein phosphatase 1, with a role in targeting this protein to chromatin during anaphase. These two proteins comprise a phosphatase complex that is involved in nuclear envelope reformation and regulation of the DNA damage response. The encoded protein may also play a role in cancer progression. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

cell division cycle associated 3

Predicted to be involved in cell division and protein ubiquitination. Located in adherens junction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell division cycle associated 7

This gene was identified as a c-Myc responsive gene, and behaves as a direct c-Myc target gene. Overexpression of this gene is found to enhance the transformation of lymphoblastoid cells, and it complements a transformation-defective Myc Box II mutant, suggesting its involvement in c-Myc-mediated cell transformation. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cell division cycle associated 4

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the E2F family of transcription factors. This protein regulates E2F-dependent transcriptional activation and cell proliferation, mainly through the E2F/retinoblastoma protein pathway. It also functions in the regulation of JUN oncogene expression. This protein shows distinctive nuclear-mitotic apparatus distribution, it is involved in spindle organization from prometaphase, and may also play a role as a midzone factor involved in chromosome segregation or cytokinesis. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been noted for this gene. Two pseudogenes have also been identified on chromosome 1. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

cell division cycle associated 5

Predicted to enable chromatin binding activity. Involved in chromosome organization; double-strand break repair; and positive regulation of exit from mitosis. Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell division cycle associated 8

This gene encodes a component of the chromosomal passenger complex. This complex is an essential regulator of mitosis and cell division. This protein is cell-cycle regulated and is required for chromatin-induced microtubule stabilization and spindle formation. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudgenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 7, 8 and 16. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2013]

mucin 4, cell surface associated

The major constituents of mucus, the viscous secretion that covers epithelial surfaces such as those in the trachea, colon, and cervix, are highly glycosylated proteins called mucins. These glycoproteins play important roles in the protection of the epithelial cells and have been implicated in epithelial renewal and differentiation. This gene encodes an integral membrane glycoprotein found on the cell surface, although secreted isoforms may exist. At least two dozen transcript variants of this gene have been found, although for many of them the full-length transcript has not been determined or they are found only in tumor tissues. This gene contains a region in the coding sequence which has a variable number (>100) of 48 nt tandem repeats. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cilia and flagella associated protein 69 pseudogene

cilia and flagella associated protein 47

While this gene is well-supported by transcript data, no functional information on its protein product is currently available. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2009]

cilia and flagella associated protein 44

Enables peptidase activity. Involved in sperm axoneme assembly. Acts upstream of or within microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm; cytoskeleton; and motile cilium. Implicated in spermatogenic failure 20. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protein associated with topoisomerase II homolog 1 (yeast)

Enables poly(G) binding activity and poly(U) RNA binding activity. Involved in P-body assembly and deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Located in CCR4-NOT complex; P-body; and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1, 88kDa pseudogene

keratin associated protein 17-1

This protein is a member of the keratin-associated protein (KAP) family. The KAP proteins form a matrix of keratin intermediate filaments which contribute to the structure of hair fibers. KAP family members appear to have unique, family-specific amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions and are subdivided into three multi-gene families according to amino acid composition: the high sulfur, the ultrahigh sulfur, and the high tyrosine/glycine KAPs. This protein is a member of the ultrahigh sulfur KAP family and the gene is localized to a cluster of KAPs at 17q12-q21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ciliogenesis associated TTC17 interacting protein

Involved in actin filament polymerization and cilium organization. Located in several cellular components, including actin cytoskeleton; nucleus; and plasma membrane. Implicated in spermatogenic failure 54. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

developmental pluripotency associated 3 pseudogene 2

developmental pluripotency associated 3 pseudogene 1

BRCA1 associated protein-1 (ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase)

This gene belongs to the ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase subfamily of deubiquitinating enzymes that are involved in the removal of ubiquitin from proteins. The encoded enzyme binds to the breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) via the RING finger domain of the latter and acts as a tumor suppressor. In addition, the enzyme may be involved in regulation of transcription, regulation of cell cycle and growth, response to DNA damage and chromatin dynamics. Germline mutations in this gene may be associated with tumor predisposition syndrome (TPDS), which involves increased risk of cancers including malignant mesothelioma, uveal melanoma and cutaneous melanoma. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

microtubule associated tumor suppressor 1

This gene encodes a protein which contains a C-terminal domain able to interact with the angiotension II (AT2) receptor and a large coiled-coil region allowing dimerization. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. One of the transcript variants has been shown to encode a mitochondrial protein that acts as a tumor suppressor and partcipates in AT2 signaling pathways. Other variants may encode nuclear or transmembrane proteins but it has not been determined whether they also participate in AT2 signaling pathways. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

microtubule associated tumor suppressor candidate 2

Enables microtubule binding activity and protein homodimerization activity. Located in centrosome; cytoplasmic microtubule; and intercellular bridge. Part of nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

PDGFA associated protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a phosphoprotein that may upregulate the PDGFA-stimulated growth of fibroblasts and also downregulate the mitogenicity of PDGFB. The encoded protein in rodents has been shown to bind PDGFA with a low affinity. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 2 pseudogene 1

transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 4 associated protein

Enables phosphatase binding activity and ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity. Involved in protein ubiquitination and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the C-end degron rule pathway. Part of Cul4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Is active in Cul4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA, Ro-associated Y4 pseudogene 31

small ILF3/NF90-associated RNA F

small ILF3/NF90-associated RNA E

Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small ILF3/NF90-associated RNA D

myeloid-associated differentiation marker

Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of actin filament polymerization; negative regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion; and positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading. Located in several cellular components, including cortical actin cytoskeleton; membrane raft; and ruffle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RB-associated KRAB zinc finger

This gene encodes a nuclear protein which interacts with the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma 1. The two interacting proteins are thought to act as a transcriptional repressor for promoters which are activated by the E2F1 transcription factor. This protein contains a Kruppel-associated box (KRAB), which is a transcriptional repressor motif. Read-through transcripts that include exons from the downstream gene LOC389458 are expressed from this locus. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

mago-nashi homolog, proliferation-associated (Drosophila)

Drosophila that have mutations in their mago nashi (grandchildless) gene produce progeny with defects in germplasm assembly and germline development. This gene encodes the mammalian mago nashi homolog. In mammals, mRNA expression is not limited to the germ plasm, but is expressed ubiquitously in adult tissues and can be induced by serum stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

multidrug resistance-associated protein 6

sperm protein associated with the nucleus on the X chromosome B/F

lymphoblastic leukemia associated hematopoiesis regulator 1

This gene represents a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. The encoded protein may play roles in blood vessel maturation and hematopoeisis. A translocation between this locus and the T cell receptor beta locus (GeneID 6957) on chromosome 7 has been associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

spermatogenesis associated 45

spermatogenesis associated 41 (non-protein coding)

spermatogenesis associated 42 (non-protein coding)

mucin 17, cell surface associated

The protein encoded by this gene is a membrane-bound mucin that provides protection to gut epithelial cells. The encoded protein contains about 60 tandem repeats, with each repeat being around 60 aa. N-glycosylation enables the encoded protein to localize on the cell surface, while the C-terminus interacts with the scaffold protein PDZ domain containing 1 (PDZK1). Two transcript variants, one protein-coding and the other non-protein coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

mucin 16, cell surface associated

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the mucin family. Mucins are high molecular weight, O-glycosylated proteins that play an important role in forming a protective mucous barrier, and are found on the apical surfaces of the epithelia. The encoded protein is a membrane-tethered mucin that contains an extracellular domain at its amino terminus, a large tandem repeat domain, and a transmembrane domain with a short cytoplasmic domain. The amino terminus is highly glycosylated, while the repeat region contains 156 amino acid repeats unit that are rich in serines, threonines, and prolines. Interspersed within the repeats are Sea urchin sperm protein Enterokinase and Agrin (SEA) modules, leucine-rich repeats and ankyrin (ANK) repeats. These regions together form the ectodomain, and there is a potential cleavage site found near an SEA module close to the transmembrane domain. This protein is thought to play a role in forming a barrier, protecting epithelial cells from pathogens. Products of this gene have been used as a marker for different cancers, with higher expression levels associated with poorer outcomes. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

mucin 15, cell surface associated

Predicted to be located in Golgi lumen and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mucin 13, cell surface associated

Epithelial mucins, such as MUC13, are a family of secreted and cell surface glycoproteins expressed by ductal and glandular epithelial tissues (Williams et al., 2001 [PubMed 11278439]).[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2008]

mucin 12, cell surface associated

This gene encodes an integral membrane glycoprotein that is a member of the mucin family. Mucins are O-glycosylated proteins that play an essential role in forming protective mucous barriers on epithelial surfaces and have been implicated in epithelial renewal and differentiation. These glycoproteins also play a role in intracellular signaling. This protein is expressed on the apical membrane surface of epithelial cells that line the mucosal surfaces of many different tissues including the colon, pancreas, prostate, and uterus. The expression of this gene is downregulated in colorectal cancer tissue. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

synapse associated protein 1

Involved in several processes, including TORC2 signaling; cellular response to epidermal growth factor stimulus; and cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus. Located in several cellular components, including Golgi apparatus; cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TNF receptor-associated factor 4 pseudogene

osteoclast associated, immunoglobulin-like receptor

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that resorb bone and are essential for bone homeostasis. This gene encodes an osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), which is a member of the leukocyte receptor complex protein family that plays critical roles in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The encoded protein may play a role in oxidative stress-mediated atherogenesis as well as monocyte adhesion. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

prostate cancer associated transcript 6 (non-protein coding)

Fas associated factor family member 2 pseudogene 1

stress-associated endoplasmic reticulum protein family member 2

Predicted to be involved in endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Predicted to be active in endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

apoptosis associated transcript in bladder cancer

BAI1-associated protein 2-like 1 pseudogene

TAF13 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 18kDa pseudogene 2

TAF13 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor pseudogene 1

X-ray radiation resistance associated 1

Involved in response to X-ray. Located in cytoplasm and nuclear body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratinocyte associated protein 2

Enables enzyme activator activity. Involved in protein N-linked glycosylation. Part of oligosaccharyltransferase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratinocyte associated protein 3

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

contactin-associated protein-like 3B

lung adenocarcinoma-associated transcript 8

adriamycin resistance-associated

signal sequence receptor, beta (translocon-associated protein beta)

The signal sequence receptor (SSR) is a glycosylated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane receptor associated with protein translocation across the ER membrane. The SSR consists of 2 subunits, a 34-kD glycoprotein (alpha-SSR or SSR1) and a 22-kD glycoprotein (beta-SSR or SSR2). The human beta-signal sequence receptor gene (SSR2) maps to chromosome bands 1q21-q23. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

signal sequence receptor, gamma (translocon-associated protein gamma)

The signal sequence receptor (SSR) is a glycosylated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane receptor associated with protein translocation across the ER membrane. The SSR is comprised of four membrane proteins/subunits: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The first two are glycosylated subunits and the latter two are non-glycosylated subunits. This gene encodes the gamma subunit, which is predicted to span the membrane four times. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

caspase 8 associated protein 2

This protein is highly similar to FLASH, a mouse apoptotic protein identified by its interaction with the death-effector domain (DED) of caspase 8. Studies of FLASH protein suggested that this protein may be a component of the death-inducing signaling complex that includes Fas receptor, Fas-binding adapter FADD, and caspase 8, and plays a regulatory role in Fas-mediated apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein.[provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

P antigen family, member 4 (prostate associated)

This gene is a member of the GAGE family. The GAGE genes are expressed in a variety of tumors and in some fetal and reproductive tissues. This gene is strongly expressed in prostate and prostate cancer. It is also expressed in other male and female reproductive tissues including testis, fallopian tube, uterus, and placenta, as well as in testicular cancer and uterine cancer. The protein encoded by this gene shares sequence similarity with other GAGE/PAGE proteins, and also belongs to a family of CT (cancer-testis) antigens. The protein may play a role in benign and malignant prostate diseases. A related pseudogene is located on chromosome 7. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

P antigen family, member 2 (prostate associated)

P antigen family, member 3 (prostate associated)

This gene is a member of family of proteins that are expressed in a variety of tumors and in some fetal and reproductive tissues. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

P antigen family, member 1 (prostate associated)

This gene belongs to a family of genes that are expressed in a variety of tumors but not in normal tissues, except for the testis. Unlike the other gene family members, this gene does not encode an antigenic peptide. Nothing is presently known about the function of this protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

TAF7-like RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 50kDa

This gene is similar to a mouse gene that encodes a TATA box binding protein-associated factor, and shows testis-specific expression. The encoded protein could be a spermatogenesis-specific component of the DNA-binding general transcription factor complex TFIID. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2009]

cytoskeleton associated protein 2

This gene encodes a cytoskeleton-associated protein that stabalizes microtubules and plays a role in the regulation of cell division. The encoded protein is itself regulated through phosphorylation at multiple serine and threonine residues. There is a pseudogene of this gene on chromosome 14. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variations. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

cytoskeleton-associated protein 4

Enables RNA binding activity. Located in lipid droplet and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Biomarker of hepatocellular carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytoskeleton associated protein 5

This gene encodes a cytoskeleton-associated protein which belongs to the TOG/XMAP215 family. The N-terminal half of this protein contains a microtubule-binding domain and the C-terminal half contains a KXGS motif for binding tubulin dimers. This protein has two distinct roles in spindle formation; it protects kinetochore microtubules from depolymerization and plays an essential role in centrosomal microtubule assembly. This protein may be necessary for the proper interaction of microtubules with the cell cortex for directional cell movement. It also plays a role in translation of the myelin basic protein (MBP) mRNA by interacting with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A2, which associates with MBP. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

actin filament associated protein 1-like 1

Predicted to be located in several cellular components, including actin cytoskeleton; anchoring junction; and cell projection. Predicted to be active in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

actin filament associated protein 1-like 2

Enables SH2 domain binding activity; SH3 domain binding activity; and protein tyrosine kinase activator activity. Involved in several processes, including positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway; regulation of gene expression; and regulation of mitotic cell cycle. Located in cytosol and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

BAI1-associated protein 2-like 2

The protein encoded by this gene binds phosphoinositides and promotes the formation of planar or curved membrane structures. The encoded protein is found in RAB13-positive vesicles and at intercellular contacts with the plasma membrane. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

BAI1-associated protein 2-like 1

This gene encodes a member of the IMD (IRSp53/MIM homology domain) family. Members of this family can be subdivided in two groups, the IRSp53-like and MIM-like, based on the presence or absence of the SH3 (Src homology 3) domain. The protein encoded by this gene contains a conserved IMD, also known as F-actin bundling domain, at the N-terminus, and a canonical SH3 domain near the C-terminus, so it belongs to the IRSp53-like group. This protein is the substrate for insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and binds to the small GTPase Rac. It is involved in signal transduction pathways that link deformation of the plasma membrane and remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. It also promotes actin assembly and membrane protrusions when overexpressed in mammalian cells, and is essential to the formation of a potent actin assembly complex during EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli) pedestal formation. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

spermatogenesis associated 8

spermatogenesis associated 3

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spermatogenesis associated 2

Enables signaling receptor complex adaptor activity and ubiquitin-specific protease binding activity. Involved in several processes, including protein deubiquitination; regulation of necroptotic process; and regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. Located in cytoplasm; fibrillar center; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spermatogenesis associated 1

Predicted to be located in acrosomal vesicle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spermatogenesis associated 7

This gene, originally isolated from testis, is also expressed in retina. Mutations in this gene are associated with Leber congenital amaurosis and juvenile retinitis pigmentosa. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

spermatogenesis associated 6

Predicted to enable myosin light chain binding activity. Predicted to be involved in motile cilium assembly and spermatogenesis. Predicted to be located in extracellular region and motile cilium. Predicted to be active in sperm head-tail coupling apparatus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spermatogenesis associated 4

Predicted to enable microtubule binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of cytoskeleton organization. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Predicted to be active in axoneme. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

presenilins-associated rhomboid-like protein, mitochondrial-like

small ILF3/NF90-associated RNA A8

Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 7

This gene encodes a protein with multiple WD40 repeats which facilitate protein-protein interactions and thereby enable the assembly of multiprotein complexes. This protein has been shown to function as a scaffold protein for protein complexes involved in kinase signaling. This highly conserved gene is present in eukaryotic plants, fungi, and animals. The ortholog of this gene was first identified in plants as a key regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis and flower pigmentation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 6

The protein encoded by this gene is a ligand-dependent coactivator of nuclear receptors, including nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (NR3C1), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and androgen receptor (AR). The encoded protein and DNA damage binding protein 2 (DDB2) may act as tumor promoters and tumor suppressors, respectively, by regulating the level of androgen receptor in prostate tissues. In addition, this protein can act with glucocorticoid receptor to promote human papillomavirus gene expression. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 5

Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process. Part of Cul4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 4

This gene encodes a WD repeat-containing protein that interacts with the Cul4-Ddb1 E3 ligase macromolecular complex. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2009]

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 8

This gene encodes a WD repeat-containing protein that interacts with the Cul4-Ddb1 E3 ligase macromolecular complex. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2009]

contactin associated protein 1

The gene product was initially identified as a 190-kD protein associated with the contactin-PTPRZ1 complex. The 1,384-amino acid protein, also designated p190 or CASPR for 'contactin-associated protein,' includes an extracellular domain with several putative protein-protein interaction domains, a putative transmembrane domain, and a 74-amino acid cytoplasmic domain. Northern blot analysis showed that the gene is transcribed predominantly in brain as a transcript of 6.2 kb, with weak expression in several other tissues tested. The architecture of its extracellular domain is similar to that of neurexins, and this protein may be the signaling subunit of contactin, enabling recruitment and activation of intracellular signaling pathways in neurons. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009]

leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is an inhibitory receptor found on peripheral mononuclear cells, including natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells. Inhibitory receptors regulate the immune response to prevent lysis of cells recognized as self. The gene is a member of both the immunoglobulin superfamily and the leukocyte-associated inhibitory receptor family. The gene maps to a region of 19q13.4 called the leukocyte receptor cluster, which contains at least 29 genes encoding leukocyte-expressed receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The encoded protein has been identified as an anchor for tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, and may induce cell death in myeloid leukemias. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. It was identified by its similarity to leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 1, a membrane-bound receptor that modulates innate immune response. The protein encoded by this locus is a soluble receptor that may play roles in both inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation and vessel formation during placental implantation. This gene maps to a region of 19q13.4, termed the leukocyte receptor cluster, which contains 29 genes in the immunoglobulin superfamily. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

erythroblast membrane-associated protein (Scianna blood group)

The protein encoded by this gene is a cell surface transmembrane protein that may act as an erythroid cell receptor, possibly as a mediator of cell adhesion. Polymorphisms in this gene are responsible for the Scianna/Radin blood group system. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

trophinin associated protein

Predicted to be involved in cell adhesion. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TAF11 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 28kDa pseudogene

SWIM-type zinc finger 7 associated protein 1

Enables ATP hydrolysis activity and single-stranded DNA binding activity. Involved in double-strand break repair via homologous recombination and protein stabilization. Part of Shu complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RAD51 associated protein 1 pseudogene 1

small ILF3/NF90-associated RNA G1

small ILF3/NF90-associated RNA G2

Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 3-4, pseudogene

protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C-associated protein

The protein encoded by this gene was identified as a transmembrane phosphoprotein specifically associated with tyrosine phosphatase PTPRC/CD45, a key regulator of T- and B-lymphocyte activation. The interaction with PTPRC may be required for the stable expression of this protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ZO-2 associated speckle protein

cyclin-dependent kinase 2 associated protein 2 pseudogene 1

cyclin-dependent kinase 2 associated protein 2 pseudogene 3

TAF11 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 28kDa pseudogene

Predicted to enable protein heterodimerization activity. Predicted to contribute to RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity. Predicted to be involved in RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assembly. Predicted to be located in nucleus. Predicted to be part of transcription factor TFIID complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TAF11 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 28kDa pseudogene

Predicted to enable protein heterodimerization activity. Predicted to contribute to RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity. Predicted to be involved in RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assembly. Predicted to be located in nucleus. Predicted to be part of transcription factor TFIID complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 21-4, pseudogene

inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase complex-associated protein

The protein encoded by this gene is a scaffold protein and a regulator for three different kinases involved in proinflammatory signaling. The encoded protein can bind NF-kappa-B-inducing kinase and I-kappa-B kinases through separate domains and assemble them into an active kinase complex. Mutations in this gene have been associated with familial dysautonomia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

cutaneous T-cell lymphoma-associated antigen 1

Predicted to be involved in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport; protein secretion; and vesicle cargo loading. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in endoplasmic reticulum exit site and endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear receptor 2C2-associated protein

Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TNF receptor-associated factor 6

germ cell-less, spermatogenesis associated 1 pseudogene 1

This locus shares a high degree of identity with the multi-exon germ cell-less gene on chromosome 2. Despite its single-exon nature, this chromosome 5 locus contains an open reading frame that could putatively encode a full-length germ cell-less related protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

germ cell-less, spermatogenesis associated 1 pseudogene 2

nuclear pore associated protein 1 pseudogene

BCL2-associated transcription factor 1 pseudogene 1

presenilin associated, rhomboid-like pseudogene

death-associated protein kinase 3

Death-associated protein kinase 3 (DAPK3) induces morphological changes in apoptosis when overexpressed in mammalian cells. These results suggest that DAPK3 may play a role in the induction of apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

death-associated protein kinase 2

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family. This protein contains a N-terminal protein kinase domain followed by a conserved calmodulin-binding domain with significant similarity to that of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), a positive regulator of programmed cell death. Overexpression of this gene was shown to induce cell apoptosis. It uses multiple polyadenylation sites. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

death-associated protein kinase 1

Death-associated protein kinase 1 is a positive mediator of gamma-interferon induced programmed cell death. DAPK1 encodes a structurally unique 160-kD calmodulin dependent serine-threonine kinase that carries 8 ankyrin repeats and 2 putative P-loop consensus sites. It is a tumor suppressor candidate. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

CDK5 regulatory subunit associated protein 3 pseudogene

thymocyte expressed, positive selection associated 1

Predicted to enable phospholipase binding activity and signaling receptor binding activity. Predicted to be involved in COP9 signalosome assembly; positive regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus; and positive regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to act upstream of or within TCR signalosome assembly. Located in cytosol. Part of COP9 signalosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RAD51 associated protein 1

Enables nucleic acid binding activity. Involved in DNA repair; cellular response to ionizing radiation; and positive regulation of DNA recombination. Located in chromatin and nucleus. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RAD51 associated protein 2

Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 8-3, pseudogene

catenin (cadherin-associated protein), alpha 1, 102kDa

This gene encodes a member of the catenin family of proteins that play an important role in cell adhesion process by connecting cadherins located on the plasma membrane to the actin filaments inside the cell. The encoded mechanosensing protein contains three vinculin homology domains and undergoes conformational changes in response to cytoskeletal tension, resulting in the reconfiguration of cadherin-actin filament connections. Certain mutations in this gene cause butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy. [provided by RefSeq, May 2016]

catenin (cadherin-associated protein), alpha 2

Enables actin filament binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation; regulation of neuron migration; and regulation of neuron projection development. Located in cytoplasm. Implicated in complex cortical dysplasia with other brain malformations. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

catenin (cadherin-associated protein), alpha 3

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the vinculin/alpha-catenin family. The encoded protein plays a role in cell-cell adhesion in muscle cells. Mutations in this gene are associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial 13. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

ubiquitin associated protein 1-like

Predicted to enable ubiquitin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway. Predicted to be part of ESCRT I complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 20-3

Predicted to be located in intermediate filament. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 20-4

Predicted to be located in intermediate filament. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4

This gene is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and encodes a protein which transmits an inhibitory signal to T cells. The protein contains a V domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. The membrane-bound isoform functions as a homodimer interconnected by a disulfide bond, while the soluble isoform functions as a monomer. Mutations in this gene have been associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, celiac disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid-associated orbitopathy, and other autoimmune diseases. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

thyroid adenoma associated

This gene is the target of 2p21 choromosomal aberrations in benign thyroid adenomas. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this gene may be associated with type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome. The encoded protein is likely involved in the death receptor pathway and apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

gem (nuclear organelle) associated protein 7 pseudogene

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate-associated protein 1 (glutamate binding)

Predicted to enable calcium channel activity. Predicted to be involved in apoptotic signaling pathway; negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors; and negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process. Predicted to act upstream of or within endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis and negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. Located in Golgi membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein associated protein 1

This gene encodes a protein that interacts with the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein and facilitates its proper folding and localization by preventing the binding of ligands. Mutations in this gene have been identified in individuals with myopia 23. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

pinin, desmosome associated protein

Enables RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cell adhesion and mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Predicted to act upstream of or within cell-cell adhesion. Located in exon-exon junction complex and nuclear speck. Part of catalytic step 2 spliceosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 5-13, pseudogene

melanoma associated antigen (mutated) 1-like 1 pseudogene

LSM2 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

SAGA-associated factor 29 homolog

PAXIP1 associated glutamate-rich protein 1

Enables nuclear estrogen receptor binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition; positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway; and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleus. Part of MLL3/4 complex. Biomarker of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Breast cancer, 11;22 translocation associated

GRB2-associated binding protein family, member 4

Predicted to enable transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase adaptor activity. Predicted to be involved in signal transduction. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

GRB2-associated binding protein 2

This gene is a member of the GRB2-associated binding protein (GAB) gene family. These proteins contain pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, and bind SHP2 tyrosine phosphatase and GRB2 adapter protein. They act as adapters for transmitting various signals in response to stimuli through cytokine and growth factor receptors, and T- and B-cell antigen receptors. The protein encoded by this gene is the principal activator of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase in response to activation of the high affinity IgE receptor. Two alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

GRB2-associated binding protein 3

This gene is a member of the GRB2-associated binding protein gene family. These proteins are scaffolding/docking proteins that are involved in several growth factor and cytokine signaling pathways, and they contain a pleckstrin homology domain, and bind SHP2 tyrosine phosphatase and GRB2 adapter protein. The protein encoded by this gene facilitates macrophage differentiation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

GRB2-associated binding protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the IRS1-like multisubstrate docking protein family. It is an important mediator of branching tubulogenesis and plays a central role in cellular growth response, transformation and apoptosis. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

keratin associated protein 24-1

Predicted to enable structural molecule activity. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 19-2

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 19-3

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 19-1

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 19-6

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 19-7

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 19-4

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 19-5

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 19-8

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cilia and flagella associated protein 36

Located in ciliary transition zone. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hypoxia inducible lipid droplet-associated

Enables signaling receptor binding activity. Involved in several processes, including autocrine signaling; cellular response to hypoxia; and positive regulation of lipid storage. Located in several cellular components, including cell surface; lipid droplet; and secretory granule. Implicated in colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomarker of colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

death-associated protein 4C

GRP1 (general receptor for phosphoinositides 1)-associated scaffold protein

This gene encodes a protein that functions as a molecular scaffold, linking receptors, including group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors, to neuronal proteins. The encoded protein contains conserved domains, including a leucine zipper sequence, PDZ domain and a C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. Alternately spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

keratin associated protein 5-10

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 5-11

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translin-associated factor X interacting protein 1

Predicted to be involved in cell differentiation and spermatogenesis. Predicted to be located in perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

psoriasis associated non-protein coding RNA induced by stress

SR-related CTD-associated factor 11

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in spliceosomal complex assembly. Located in nuclear body and nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 pseudogene 3

S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 pseudogene 2

cyclin-dependent kinase 2 associated protein 2 pseudogene

developmental pluripotency associated 2 pseudogene 3

Yes-associated protein 1 pseudogene 1

Yes-associated protein 1 pseudogene 3

Yes-associated protein 1 pseudogene 2

nascent polypeptide-associated complex alpha subunit 2

Predicted to enable unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein targeting to membrane. Predicted to be located in nucleus. Predicted to be part of nascent polypeptide-associated complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

PILR alpha associated neural protein

This gene encodes a ligand for the paired immunoglobin-like type 2 receptor alpha, and so may be involved in immune regulation. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

HCLS1 associated protein X-1 pseudogene

BAI1-associated protein 3

This p53-target gene encodes a brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor. The protein is a seven-span transmembrane protein and a member of the secretin receptor family. It interacts with the cytoplasmic region of brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1. This protein also contains two C2 domains, which are often found in proteins involved in signal transduction or membrane trafficking. Its expression pattern and similarity to other proteins suggest that it may be involved in synaptic functions. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

BAI1-associated protein 2

The protein encoded by this gene has been identified as a brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (BAI1)-binding protein. This adaptor protein links membrane bound G-proteins to cytoplasmic effector proteins. This protein functions as an insulin receptor tyrosine kinase substrate and suggests a role for insulin in the central nervous system. It also associates with a downstream effector of Rho small G proteins, which is associated with the formation of stress fibers and cytokinesis. This protein is involved in lamellipodia and filopodia formation in motile cells and may affect neuronal growth-cone guidance. This protein has also been identified as interacting with the dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy gene, which is associated with an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009]

YY1 associated factor 2

This gene encodes a zinc finger containing protein that functions in the regulation of transcription. This protein was identified as an interacting partner of transcriptional repressor protein Yy1, and also interacts with other transcriptional regulators, including Myc and Polycomb. This protein can promote proteolysis of Yy1. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

Sin3A-associated protein, 130kDa

SAP130 is a subunit of the histone deacetylase (see HDAC1; MIM 601241)-dependent SIN3A (MIM 607776) corepressor complex (Fleischer et al., 2003 [PubMed 12724404]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

splicing factor proline/glutamine-rich (polypyrimidine tract binding protein associated) pseudogene 1

cell division cycle associated 7-like

Acts upstream of or within positive regulation of cell population proliferation. Located in cytosol; fibrillar center; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neugrin, neurite outgrowth associated pseudogene

centriole, cilia and spindle-associated protein

Enables microtubule binding activity. Involved in mitotic spindle microtubule depolymerization and regulation of mitotic spindle assembly. Located in axon; ciliary transition zone; and cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 pseudogene 1

multiciliate differentiation and DNA synthesis associated cell cycle protein

This gene encodes a member of the geminin family of proteins. The encoded nuclear protein is required for the generation of multiciliated cells in respiratory epithelium. Mutations in this gene cause a rare mucociliary clearance disorder associated with recurring respiratory infections in human patients, known as reduced generation of multiple motile cilia (RGMC). [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

src kinase associated phosphoprotein 2

The protein encoded by this gene shares homology with Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 1, and is a substrate of Src family kinases. It is an adaptor protein that is thought to play an essential role in the Src signaling pathway, and in regulating proper activation of the immune system. This protein contains an amino terminal coiled-coil domain for self-dimerization, a plecskstrin homology (PH) domain required for interactions with lipids at the membrane, and a Src homology (SH3) domain at the carboxy terminus. Some reports indicate that this protein inhibits actin polymerization through interactions with actin assembly factors, and might negatively regulate the invasiveness of tumors by modulating actin assembly. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

src kinase associated phosphoprotein 1

This gene encodes a T cell adaptor protein, a class of intracellular molecules with modular domains capable of recruiting additional proteins but that exhibit no intrinsic enzymatic activity. The encoded protein contains a unique N-terminal region followed by a PH domain and C-terminal SH3 domain. Along with the adhesion and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein, the encoded protein plays a critical role in inside-out signaling by coupling T-cell antigen receptor stimulation to the activation of integrins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 12-like 2

This gene encodes a member of the WD repeat protein family. WD repeats are minimally conserved regions of approximately 40 amino acids typically bracketed by Gly-His and Trp-Asp (GH-WD), which may facilitate formation of heterotrimeric or multi-protein complexes. Members of this family are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, signal transduction, apoptosis, and gene regulation. This gene appears to represent an intronless retrocopy of a related multi-exon gene located on chromosome 9. However, the CDS of this intronless gene remains intact, it is conserved in other mammalian species, it is known to be transcribed, and it is therefore thought to encode a functional protein. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 12-like 1

This gene encodes a member of the WD repeat protein family. WD repeats are minimally conserved regions of approximately 40 amino acids typically bracketed by gly-his and trp-asp (GH-WD), which may facilitate formation of heterotrimeric or multiprotein complexes. Members of this family are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, signal transduction, apoptosis, and gene regulation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

keratin associated protein 21-3

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 21-2

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

breast cancer-associated transcript 54

TAF11 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 28kDa pseudogene

Predicted to enable protein heterodimerization activity. Predicted to contribute to RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity. Predicted to be involved in RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assembly. Predicted to be located in nucleus. Predicted to be part of transcription factor TFIID complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 6-3

Predicted to be involved in keratinization. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm associated antigen 11B

This gene encodes several androgen-dependent, epididymis-specific secretory proteins. The specific functions of these proteins have not been determined, but they are thought to be involved in sperm maturation. Some of the isoforms contain regions of similarity to beta-defensins, a family of antimicrobial peptides. The gene is located on chromosome 8p23 near the defensin gene cluster. Alternative splicing of this gene results in seven transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Two different N-terminal and five different C-terminal protein sequences are encoded by the splice variants. Two additional variants have been described, but their full length sequences have not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sperm associated antigen 11A

Involved in antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 7 (herpes virus-associated) pseudogene

keratin-associated protein 5-2-like

spermatogenesis associated, serine-rich 2-like

Enables RNA binding activity. Located in cytosol; nucleolus; and nucleoplasm. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cilia- and flagella-associated protein 54-like

signal-induced proliferation-associated 1 like 3

This gene belongs to the signal induced proliferation associated 1 family of genes, which encode GTPase-activating proteins specific for the GTP-binding protein Rap1. Rap1 has been implicated in regulation of cell adhesion, cell polarity, and organization of the cytoskeleton. Like other members of the family, the protein encoded by this gene contains RapGAP and PDZ domains. In addition, this protein contains a C-terminal leucine zipper domain. This gene is proposed to function in epithelial cell morphogenesis and establishment or maintenance of polarity. Consistently, expression of the protein in cell culture showed localization to cell-cell borders in apical regions, and downregulation of the gene in 3D Caco2 cell culture resulted in abnormal cell polarity and morphogenesis. Allelic variants of this gene have been associated with congenital cataracts in humans. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily e, member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is part of the large ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF, which is required for transcriptional activation of genes normally repressed by chromatin. The encoded protein, either alone or when in the SWI/SNF complex, can bind to 4-way junction DNA, which is thought to mimic the topology of DNA as it enters or exits the nucleosome. The protein contains a DNA-binding HMG domain, but disruption of this domain does not abolish the DNA-binding or nucleosome-displacement activities of the SWI/SNF complex. Unlike most of the SWI/SNF complex proteins, this protein has no yeast counterpart. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

spermatogenesis associated 33

Predicted to be involved in mitophagy. Predicted to act upstream of or within fertilization; flagellated sperm motility; and protein localization. Predicted to be located in male germ cell nucleus and sperm mitochondrial sheath. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spermatogenesis associated 32

Predicted to enable actin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in spermatogenesis. Predicted to be active in perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Sfi1 homolog, spindle assembly associated (yeast)

Enables phosphatase binding activity. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

suppressor of glucose, autophagy associated 1

Involved in chromosome segregation. Located in extracellular space; microtubule; and midbody. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

vimentin-type intermediate filament associated coiled-coil protein

Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in type III intermediate filament. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 25-1

Predicted to enable structural molecule activity. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adherens junctions associated protein 1

Enables beta-catenin binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of cell-matrix adhesion; negative regulation of wound healing; and regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation. Located in several cellular components, including adherens junction; basolateral plasma membrane; and cell-cell contact zone. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TAF7 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 55kDa

The intronless gene for this transcription coactivator is located between the protocadherin beta and gamma gene clusters on chromosome 5. The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the TFIID protein complex, a complex which binds to the TATA box in class II promoters and recruits RNA polymerase II and other factors. This particular subunit interacts with the largest TFIID subunit, as well as multiple transcription activators. The protein is required for transcription by promoters targeted by RNA polymerase II. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

TAF6 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 80kDa

Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes one of the smaller subunits of TFIID that binds weakly to TBP but strongly to TAF1, the largest subunit of TFIID. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

TAF5 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 100kDa

Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes an integral subunit of TFIID associated with all transcriptionally competent forms of that complex. This subunit interacts strongly with two TFIID subunits that show similarity to histones H3 and H4, and it may participate in forming a nucleosome-like core in the TFIID complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

TAF4 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 135kDa

Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes one of the larger subunits of TFIID that has been shown to potentiate transcriptional activation by retinoic acid, thyroid hormone and vitamin D3 receptors. In addition, this subunit interacts with the transcription factor CREB, which has a glutamine-rich activation domain, and binds to other proteins containing glutamine-rich regions. Aberrant binding to this subunit by proteins with expanded polyglutamine regions has been suggested as one of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying a group of neurodegenerative disorders referred to as polyglutamine diseases. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

TAF3 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 140kDa

The highly conserved RNA polymerase II transcription factor TFIID (see TAF1; MIM 313650) comprises the TATA box-binding protein (TBP; MIM 600075) and a set of TBP-associated factors (TAFs), including TAF3. TAFs contribute to promoter recognition and selectivity and act as antiapoptotic factors (Gangloff et al., 2001 [PubMed 11438666]).[supplied by OMIM, May 2009]

TAF2 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 150kDa

Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes one of the larger subunits of TFIID that is stably associated with the TFIID complex. It contributes to interactions at and downstream of the transcription initiation site, interactions that help determine transcription complex response to activators. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

TAF1 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 250kDa

Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is the basal transcription factor TFIID, which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes the largest subunit of TFIID. This subunit binds to core promoter sequences encompassing the transcription start site. It also binds to activators and other transcriptional regulators, and these interactions affect the rate of transcription initiation. This subunit contains two independent protein kinase domains at the N- and C-terminals, but also possesses acetyltransferase activity and can act as a ubiquitin-activating/conjugating enzyme. Mutations in this gene result in Dystonia 3, torsion, X-linked, a dystonia-parkinsonism disorder. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. This gene is part of a complex transcription unit (TAF1/DYT3), wherein some transcript variants share exons with TAF1 as well as additional downstream DYT3 exons. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2013]

TAF9 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 32kDa

Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes one of the smaller subunits of TFIID that binds to the basal transcription factor GTF2B as well as to several transcriptional activators such as p53 and VP16. In human, TAF9 and AK6 (GeneID: 102157402) are two distinct genes that share 5' exons. A similar but distinct gene (TAF9L) has been found on the X chromosome and a pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 19. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

TAF9 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 32kDa pseudogene

cell adhesion associated, oncogene regulated

This gene encodes a cell surface receptor that is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The encoded protein contains three fibronectin type III domains and five immunoglobulin-like C2-type domains. This protein is a member of a cell-surface receptor complex that mediates cell-cell interactions between muscle precursor cells and positively regulates myogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

axin interactor, dorsalization associated

Predicted to enable phosphatidylinositol binding activity. Acts upstream of or within negative regulation of JUN kinase activity. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

BCL2-associated athanogene 2

BAG proteins compete with Hip for binding to the Hsc70/Hsp70 ATPase domain and promote substrate release. All the BAG proteins have an approximately 45-amino acid BAG domain near the C terminus but differ markedly in their N-terminal regions. The predicted BAG2 protein contains 211 amino acids. The BAG domains of BAG1, BAG2, and BAG3 interact specifically with the Hsc70 ATPase domain in vitro and in mammalian cells. All 3 proteins bind with high affinity to the ATPase domain of Hsc70 and inhibit its chaperone activity in a Hip-repressible manner. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

BCL2-associated athanogene 3

BAG proteins compete with Hip for binding to the Hsc70/Hsp70 ATPase domain and promote substrate release. All the BAG proteins have an approximately 45-amino acid BAG domain near the C terminus but differ markedly in their N-terminal regions. The protein encoded by this gene contains a WW domain in the N-terminal region and a BAG domain in the C-terminal region. The BAG domains of BAG1, BAG2, and BAG3 interact specifically with the Hsc70 ATPase domain in vitro and in mammalian cells. All 3 proteins bind with high affinity to the ATPase domain of Hsc70 and inhibit its chaperone activity in a Hip-repressible manner. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

BCL2-associated athanogene

The oncogene BCL2 is a membrane protein that blocks a step in a pathway leading to apoptosis or programmed cell death. The protein encoded by this gene binds to BCL2 and is referred to as BCL2-associated athanogene. It enhances the anti-apoptotic effects of BCL2 and represents a link between growth factor receptors and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Multiple protein isoforms are encoded by this mRNA through the use of a non-AUG (CUG) initiation codon, and three alternative downstream AUG initiation codons. A related pseudogene has been defined on chromosome X. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

BCL2-associated athanogene 6

This gene was first characterized as part of a cluster of genes located within the human major histocompatibility complex class III region. This gene encodes a nuclear protein that is cleaved by caspase 3 and is implicated in the control of apoptosis. In addition, the protein forms a complex with E1A binding protein p300 and is required for the acetylation of p53 in response to DNA damage. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

BCL2-associated athanogene 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the BAG1-related protein family. BAG1 is an anti-apoptotic protein that functions through interactions with a variety of cell apoptosis and growth related proteins including BCL-2, Raf-protein kinase, steroid hormone receptors, growth factor receptors and members of the heat shock protein 70 kDa family. This protein contains a BAG domain near the C-terminus, which could bind and inhibit the chaperone activity of Hsc70/Hsp70. This protein was found to be associated with the death domain of tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (TNF-R1) and death receptor-3 (DR3), and thereby negatively regulates downstream cell death signaling. The regulatory role of this protein in cell death was demonstrated in epithelial cells which undergo apoptosis while integrin mediated matrix contacts are lost. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

BCL2-associated athanogene 5

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the BAG1-related protein family. BAG1 is an anti-apoptotic protein that functions through interactions with a variety of cell apoptosis and growth related proteins including BCL-2, Raf-protein kinase, steroid hormone receptors, growth factor receptors and members of the heat shock protein 70 kDa family. This protein contains a BAG domain near the C-terminus, which could bind and inhibit the chaperone activity of Hsc70/Hsp70. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

monocyte to macrophage differentiation-associated

This protein is expressed by in vitro differentiated macrophages but not freshly isolated monocytes. Although sequence analysis identifies seven potential transmembrane domains, this protein has little homology to G-protein receptors and it has not been positively identified as a receptor. A suggested alternative function is that of an ion channel protein in maturing macrophages. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

GABA(A) receptor-associated protein-like 2 pseudogene

S-phase kinase-associated protein 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbls class; in addition to an F-box, this protein contains 10 tandem leucine-rich repeats. This protein is an essential element of the cyclin A-CDK2 S-phase kinase. It specifically recognizes phosphorylated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B, also referred to as p27 or KIP1) predominantly in S phase and interacts with S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1 or p19). In addition, this gene is established as a protooncogene causally involved in the pathogenesis of lymphomas. Alternative splicing of this gene generates three transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

S-phase kinase-associated protein 1

This gene encodes a component of SCF complexes, which are composed of this protein, cullin 1, a ring-box protein, and one member of the F-box family of proteins. This protein binds directly to the F-box motif found in F-box proteins. SCF complexes are involved in the regulated ubiquitination of specific protein substrates, which targets them for degradation by the proteosome. Specific F-box proteins recognize different target protein(s), and many specific SCF substrates have been identified including regulators of cell cycle progression and development. Studies have also characterized the protein as an RNA polymerase II elongation factor. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 7. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nucleolar complex associated 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Histone modification by histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC) can control major aspects of transcriptional regulation. NOC2L represents a novel HDAC-independent inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase (INHAT) (Hublitz et al., 2005 [PubMed 16322561]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

neugrin, neurite outgrowth associated pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosome-associated GTPase 2

Small G proteins, such as GTPBP5, act as molecular switches that play crucial roles in the regulation of fundamental cellular processes such as protein synthesis, nuclear transport, membrane trafficking, and signal transduction (Hirano et al., 2006 [PubMed 17054726]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

mitochondrial ribosome-associated GTPase 1

Enables GTPase activity. Involved in regulation of mitochondrial translation and regulation of respiratory system process. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane; mitochondrial ribosome; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

presenilin associated, rhomboid-like

This gene encodes a member of the rhomboid family of intramembrane serine proteases that is localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane. The encoded protein regulates mitochondrial remodeling and apoptosis through regulated substrate proteolysis. Proteolytic processing of the encoded protein results in the release of a small peptide, P-beta, which may transit to the nucleus. Mutations in this gene may be associated with Parkinson's disease. [provided by RefSeq, May 2016]

neuroblastoma associated transcript 1

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 8-like 1

This gene encodes a member of the WD repeat protein family. WD repeats are minimally conserved regions of approximately 40 amino acids typically bracketed by Gly-His and Trp-Asp (GH-WD), which may facilitate the formation of heterotrimeric or multi-protein complexes. Members of this family are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, signal transduction, apoptosis, and gene regulation. This gene appears to represent an intronless retrocopy of a related multi-exon gene located on chromosome 1. However, the CDS of this intronless gene remains intact, it is conserved in other primate species, it is known to be transcribed, and it is therefore thought to encode a functional protein. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 8-like 2

Predicted to be located in nucleus. Predicted to be part of Cul4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TRPM8 channel-associated factor 2 pseudogene

Predicted to enable transmembrane transporter binding activity. Located in cell junction and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, pappalysin 1

This gene encodes a secreted metalloproteinase which cleaves insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs). Following IGFBP cleavage, insulin growth factors dissociate from IGFBPs and bind to IGF receptors, resulting in activation of the IGF pathway. The encoded protein plays a role in bone formation, inflammation, wound healing and female fertility. Enhanced expression of this protein is associated with diabetic nephropathy in human patients and this protein may promote tumor invasion and growth in various human cancers. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

lipid droplet associated hydrolase

Predicted to enable sterol ester esterase activity. Involved in cholesterol homeostasis and intracellular triglyceride homeostasis. Acts upstream of with a positive effect on lipid droplet fusion. Located in endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplet. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

prostate cancer-associated 47

TRAF family member-associated NFKB activator

The TRAF (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor) family of proteins associate with and transduce signals from members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. The protein encoded by this gene is found in the cytoplasm and can bind to TRAF1, TRAF2, or TRAF3, thereby inhibiting TRAF function by sequestering the TRAFs in a latent state in the cytoplasm. For example, the protein encoded by this gene can block TRAF2 binding to LMP1, the Epstein-Barr virus transforming protein, and inhibit LMP1-mediated NF-kappa-B activation. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

proliferation-associated 2G4 pseudogene 5

proliferation-associated 2G4 pseudogene 4

proliferation-associated 2G4 pseudogene 3

proliferation-associated 2G4 pseudogene 2

proliferation-associated 2G4 pseudogene 1

centrosome and spindle pole associated protein 1

This gene encodes a centrosome and spindle pole associated protein. The encoded protein plays a role in cell-cycle progression and spindle organization, regulates cytokinesis, interacts with Nephrocystin 8 and is required for cilia formation. Mutations in this gene result in primary cilia abnormalities and classical Joubert syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

RNA, Ro-associated Y5 pseudogene 9

small ILF3/NF90-associated RNA B2

Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small ILF3/NF90-associated RNA B1

Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin associated protein 2-like

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in binding activity of sperm to zona pellucida; positive regulation of stress granule assembly; and stress granule assembly. Acts upstream of or within hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis. Part of PcG protein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

catenin (cadherin-associated protein), delta 2

This gene encodes an adhesive junction associated protein of the armadillo/beta-catenin superfamily and is implicated in brain and eye development and cancer formation. The protein encoded by this gene promotes the disruption of E-cadherin based adherens junction to favor cell spreading upon stimulation by hepatocyte growth factor. This gene is overexpressed in prostate adenocarcinomas and is associated with decreased expression of tumor suppressor E-cadherin in this tissue. This gene resides in a region of the short arm of chromosome 5 that is deleted in Cri du Chat syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

catenin (cadherin-associated protein), delta 1

This gene encodes a member of the Armadillo protein family, which function in adhesion between cells and signal transduction. Multiple translation initiation codons and alternative splicing result in many different isoforms being translated. Not all of the full-length natures of the described transcript variants have been determined. Read-through transcription also exists between this gene and the neighboring upstream thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 2 (TMX2) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

keratin associated protein 10-8

Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 10-5

This is an intronless gene located in a cluster of related genes on the q arm of chromosome 21. The proteins encoded by these genes form disulfide bonds with cysteine residues in hair keratins, thereby contributing to the structure and stability of hair fibers. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

keratin associated protein 10-4

This is an intronless gene located in a cluster of related genes on the q arm of chromosome 21. The proteins encoded by these genes form disulfide bonds with cysteine residues in hair keratins, thereby contributing to the structure and stability of hair fibers. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

DAZ associated protein 1

In mammals, the Y chromosome directs the development of the testes and plays an important role in spermatogenesis. A high percentage of infertile men have deletions that map to regions of the Y chromosome. The DAZ (deleted in azoospermia) gene cluster maps to the AZFc region of the Y chromosome and is deleted in many azoospermic and severely oligospermic men. It is thought that the DAZ gene cluster arose from the transposition, amplification, and pruning of the ancestral autosomal gene DAZL also involved in germ cell development and gametogenesis. This gene encodes a RNA-binding protein with two RNP motifs that was originally identified by its interaction with the infertility factors DAZ and DAZL. Two isoforms are encoded by transcript variants of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DAZ associated protein 2

This gene encodes a proline-rich protein which interacts with the deleted in azoospermia (DAZ) and the deleted in azoospermia-like gene through the DAZ-like repeats. This protein also interacts with the transforming growth factor-beta signaling molecule SARA (Smad anchor for receptor activation), eukaryotic initiation factor 4G, and an E3 ubiquitinase that regulates its stability in splicing factor containing nuclear speckles. The encoded protein may function in various biological and pathological processes including spermatogenesis, cell signaling and transcription regulation, formation of stress granules during translation arrest, RNA splicing, and pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

gem (nuclear organelle) associated protein 7

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the core SMN complex, which is required for pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus. The encoded protein is found in the nucleoplasm, in nuclear `gems` (Gemini of Cajal bodies), and in the cytoplasm. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Morf4 family associated protein 1-like 1

Enables identical protein binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rh-associated glycoprotein

The protein encoded by this gene is erythrocyte-specific and is thought to be part of a membrane channel that transports ammonium and carbon dioxide across the blood cell membrane. The encoded protein appears to interact with Rh blood group antigens and Rh30 polypeptides. Defects in this gene are a cause of regulator type Rh-null hemolytic anemia (RHN), or Rh-deficiency syndrome.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

lysosomal-associated membrane protein family, member 5

Predicted to be involved in establishment of protein localization to organelle. Located in endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane; endosome membrane; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells. Immature DCs efficiently capture antigens and differentiate into interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs) in lymphoid tissues that induce primary T-cell responses (summary by de Saint-Vis et al., 1998 [PubMed 9768752]).[supplied by OMIM, Dec 2010]

lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of a family of membrane glycoproteins. This glycoprotein provides selectins with carbohydrate ligands. It may play a role in tumor cell metastasis. It may also function in the protection, maintenance, and adhesion of the lysosome. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of a family of membrane glycoproteins. This glycoprotein provides selectins with carbohydrate ligands. It may also play a role in tumor cell metastasis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nuclear pore associated protein 1 pseudogene 1

nuclear pore associated protein 1 pseudogene 3

nuclear pore associated protein 1 pseudogene 2

nuclear pore associated protein 1 pseudogene 4

nuclear pore associated protein 1 pseudogene 6

nuclear pore associated protein 1 pseudogene 8

FANCD2/FANCI-associated nuclease 1

This gene plays a role in DNA interstrand cross-link repair and encodes a protein with 5' flap endonuclease and 5'-3' exonuclease activity. Mutations in this gene cause karyomegalic interstitial nephritis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

sperm acrosome associated 5B

Predicted to enable lysozyme activity. Predicted to be involved in fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in acrosomal vesicle and sperm flagellum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cilia and flagella associated protein 221

Predicted to enable calmodulin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in motile cilium assembly. Predicted to act upstream of or within epithelial cilium movement involved in extracellular fluid movement; establishment of localization in cell; and sperm flagellum assembly. Predicted to be located in axoneme; glial cell projection; and manchette. Predicted to be active in 9+2 motile cilium. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MYCBP associated protein

Predicted to enable clathrin binding activity and phospholipid binding activity. Involved in spermatogenesis. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocation associated membrane protein 1-like 1

Predicted to be involved in protein insertion into ER membrane. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum and membrane. Predicted to be active in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

secretion associated, Ras related GTPase 1A

Enables G protein activity and amino acid sensor activity. Involved in COPII-coated vesicle budding; cellular response to leucine starvation; and negative regulation of TORC1 signaling. Is active in COPII vesicle coat; endoplasmic reticulum exit site; and lysosomal membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

secretion associated, Ras related GTPase 1B

The protein encoded by this gene is a small GTPase that acts as a homodimer. The encoded protein is activated by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor PREB and is involved in protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. This protein is part of the COPII coat complex. Defects in this gene are a cause of chylomicron retention disease (CMRD), also known as Anderson disease (ANDD). Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 pseudogene 1

developmental pluripotency associated 4 pseudogene

metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (non-protein coding)

This gene produces a precursor transcript from which a long non-coding RNA is derived by RNase P cleavage of a tRNA-like small ncRNA (known as mascRNA) from its 3' end. The resultant mature transcript lacks a canonical poly(A) tail but is instead stabilized by a 3' triple helical structure. This transcript is retained in the nucleus where it is thought to form molecular scaffolds for ribonucleoprotein complexes. It may act as a transcriptional regulator for numerous genes, including some genes involved in cancer metastasis and cell migration, and it is involved in cell cycle regulation. Its upregulation in multiple cancerous tissues has been associated with the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]

P antigen family, member 4 (prostate associated) pseudogene

tight junction associated protein 1 (peripheral)

This gene encodes a tight junction-associated protein. Incorporation of the encoded protein into tight junctions occurs at a late stage of formation of the junctions. The encoded protein localizes to the Golgi and may function in vesicle trafficking. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. A related pseudogene exists on the X chromosome. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

non-protein coding RNA, associated with MAP kinase pathway and growth arrest

NCK-associated protein 5

Predicted to be involved in microtubule bundle formation and microtubule depolymerization. Predicted to be active in microtubule plus-end. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NCK-associated protein 1

Contributes to small GTPase binding activity. Involved in Rac protein signal transduction; positive regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation; and positive regulation of lamellipodium assembly. Located in extracellular exosome and focal adhesion. Part of SCAR complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translation machinery associated 7 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

Sin3A-associated protein, 25kDa

Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glomulin, FKBP associated protein

This gene encodes a phosphorylated protein that is a member of a Skp1-Cullin-F-box-like complex. The protein is essential for normal development of the vasculature and mutations in this gene have been associated with glomuvenous malformations, also called glomangiomas. Multiple splice variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

gem (nuclear organelle) associated protein 8

The protein encoded by this gene is part of the SMN complex, which is necessary for spliceosomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm and pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus. The encoded protein binds to both SMN1 and the GEMIN6/GEMIN7 heterodimer, mediating their interaction. This protein is found in nuclear Gemini of Cajal bodies (gems) and in the cytoplasm. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

gem (nuclear organelle) associated protein 2

This gene encodes one of the proteins found in the SMN complex, which consists of several gemin proteins and the protein known as the survival of motor neuron protein. The SMN complex is localized to a subnuclear compartment called gems (gemini of coiled bodies) and is required for assembly of spliceosomal snRNPs and for pre-mRNA splicing. This protein interacts directly with the survival of motor neuron protein and it is required for formation of the SMN complex. A knockout mouse targeting the mouse homolog of this gene exhibited disrupted snRNP assembly and motor neuron degeneration. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

energy homeostasis associated

Predicted to enable hormone activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

gem (nuclear organelle) associated protein 6

GEMIN6 is part of a large macromolecular complex, localized to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, that plays a role in the cytoplasmic assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). Other members of this complex include SMN (MIM 600354), GEMIN2 (SIP1; MIM 602595), GEMIN3 (DDX20; MIM 606168), GEMIN4 (MIM 606969), and GEMIN5 (MIM 607005).[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2002]

gem (nuclear organelle) associated protein 4

The product of this gene is part of a large complex localized to the cytoplasm, nucleoli, and to discrete nuclear bodies called Gemini bodies (gems). The complex functions in spliceosomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm, and regenerates spliceosomes required for pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus. The encoded protein directly interacts with a DEAD box protein and several spliceosome core proteins. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described, but their biological validity has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

gem (nuclear organelle) associated protein 5

This gene encodes a WD repeat protein that is a component of the survival of motor neurons (SMN) complex. The SMN complex plays a critical role in mRNA splicing through the assembly of spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and may also mediate the assembly and transport of other classes of ribonucleoproteins. The encoded protein is the snRNA-binding component of the SMN complex. Dysregulation of this gene may play a role in alternative mRNA splicing and tumor cell motility. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

translin-associated factor X pseudogene

developmental pluripotency associated 2 pseudogene 1

keratin associated protein 8-1

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myelodysplastic syndrome 2 translocation associated

Located in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hormonally up-regulated Neu-associated kinase

Predicted to enable protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Predicted to be involved in intracellular signal transduction. Predicted to act upstream of or within protein phosphorylation. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Fas (TNFRSF6) associated factor 1

Interaction of Fas ligand (TNFSF6) with the FAS antigen (TNFRSF6) mediates programmed cell death, also called apoptosis, in a number of organ systems. The protein encoded by this gene binds to FAS antigen and can initiate apoptosis or enhance apoptosis initiated through FAS antigen. Initiation of apoptosis by the protein encoded by this gene requires a ubiquitin-like domain but not the FAS-binding domain. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Fas associated factor family member 2

The protein encoded by this gene is highly expressed in peripheral blood of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), compared to normal individuals. It may play a role in regulating the resistance to apoptosis that is observed in T cells and eosinophils of AD patients. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

gem (nuclear organelle) associated protein 8 pseudogene 4

gem (nuclear organelle) associated protein 8 pseudogene 3

B-cell receptor-associated protein 31

This gene encodes a member of the B-cell receptor associated protein 31 superfamily. The encoded protein is a multi-pass transmembrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum that is involved in the anterograde transport of membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi and in caspase 8-mediated apoptosis. Microdeletions in this gene are associated with contiguous ABCD1/DXS1375E deletion syndrome (CADDS), a neonatal disorder. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. Two related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosome 16. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

RNA, Ro-associated Y4 pseudogene 19

RNA, Ro-associated Y4 pseudogene 18

RNA, Ro-associated Y4 pseudogene 14

RNA, Ro-associated Y4 pseudogene 17

RNA, Ro-associated Y4 pseudogene 11

RNA, Ro-associated Y4 pseudogene 10

RNA, Ro-associated Y4 pseudogene 13

LSM1, U6 small nuclear RNA associated pseudogene 1

metastasis associated 1 family, member 3 pseudogene

cytoskeleton associated protein 2-like

The protein encoded by this gene is thought to be a mitotic spindle protein important to neural stem or progenitor cells. Mutations in this gene have been associated with spindle organization defects, including mitotic spindle defects, lagging chromosomes, and chromatin bridges. There is evidence that mutations in this gene are associated with Filippi syndrome, characterized by growth defects, microcephaly, intellectual disability, facial feature defects, and syndactyly. There is a pseudogene of this gene on chromosome 20. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

germinal center-associated, signaling and motility-like

This gene encodes a protein thought to be a signaling molecule associated with germinal centers, the sites of proliferation and differentiation of mature B lymphocytes. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

keratin associated protein 9-8

This protein is a member of the keratin-associated protein (KAP) family. The KAP proteins form a matrix of keratin intermediate filaments which contribute to the structure of hair fibers. KAP family members appear to have unique, family-specific amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions and are subdivided into three multi-gene families according to amino acid composition: the high sulfur, the ultrahigh sulfur, and the high tyrosine/glycine KAPs. This protein is a member of the ultrahigh sulfur KAP family and the gene is localized to a cluster of KAPs at 17q12-q21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

keratin associated protein 9-9

This protein is a member of the keratin-associated protein (KAP) family. The KAP proteins form a matrix of keratin intermediate filaments which contribute to the structure of hair fibers. KAP family members appear to have unique, family-specific amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions and are subdivided into three multi-gene families according to amino acid composition: the high sulfur, the ultrahigh sulfur, and the high tyrosine/glycine KAPs. This protein is a member of the ultrahigh sulfur KAP family and the gene is localized to a cluster of KAPs at 17q12-q21. Alternative haplotypes of this gene are represented in the GRCh38 reference genome assembly. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

keratin associated protein 9-1

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 9-2

This protein is a member of the keratin-associated protein (KAP) family. The KAP proteins form a matrix of keratin intermediate filaments which contribute to the structure of hair fibers. KAP family members appear to have unique, family-specific amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions and are subdivided into three multi-gene families according to amino acid composition: the high sulfur, the ultrahigh sulfur, and the high tyrosine/glycine KAPs. This protein is a member of the ultrahigh sulfur KAP family and the gene is localized to a cluster of KAPs at 17q12-q21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

keratin associated protein 9-3

This protein is a member of the keratin-associated protein (KAP) family. The KAP proteins form a matrix of keratin intermediate filaments which contribute to the structure of hair fibers. KAP family members appear to have unique, family-specific amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions and are subdivided into three multi-gene families according to amino acid composition: the high sulfur, the ultrahigh sulfur, and the high tyrosine/glycine KAPs. This protein is a member of the ultrahigh sulfur KAP family and the gene is localized to a cluster of KAPs at 17q12-q21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

keratin associated protein 9-4

This protein is a member of the keratin-associated protein (KAP) family. The KAP proteins form a matrix of keratin intermediate filaments which contribute to the structure of hair fibers. KAP family members appear to have unique, family-specific amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions and are subdivided into three multi-gene families according to amino acid composition: the high sulfur, the ultrahigh sulfur, and the high tyrosine/glycine KAPs. This protein is a member of the ultrahigh sulfur KAP family and the gene is localized to a cluster of KAPs at 17q12-q21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

keratin associated protein 9-6

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 9-7

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA, Ro-associated Y5

Biomarker of congestive heart failure. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA, Ro-associated Y4

RNA, Ro-associated Y1

Y RNAs are small noncoding RNAs that were originally identified as the RNA component of soluble ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) termed Ro RNPs. Ro RNPs are detected by autoimmune sera of patients suffering from rheumatic diseases, such as from systemic lupus erythematosus (MIM 152700) and Sjogren syndrome (MIM 270200). Ro RNPs consist of a Y RNA that is associated with the autoimmune antigen proteins Ro60 (TROVE2; MIM 600063) and La (SSB; MIM 109090), as well as other proteins. Four human Y RNAs have been identified: Y1, Y3 (RNY3; MIM 601822), Y4 (RNY4; MIM 601823), and Y5 (RNY5; MIM 601824). (Y2 is a truncated form of Y1.) Y RNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase III and range in size from 83 to 112 nucleotides. They appear to have a functional role in chromosomal DNA replication (Christov et al., 2006 [PubMed 16943439]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2009]

mucin 4, cell surface associated pseudogene

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 13

Enables nuclear estrogen receptor binding activity and ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity. Involved in several processes, including decidualization; epigenetic programming in the zygotic pronuclei; and spindle assembly involved in female meiosis. Located in several cellular components, including centrosome; cytosol; and nuclear lumen. Part of Cul4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 12

This gene encodes a WD repeat-containing protein that interacts with the COP9 signalosome, a macromolecular complex that interacts with cullin-RING E3 ligases and regulates their activity by hydrolyzing cullin-Nedd8 conjugates. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2009]

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 11

This gene encodes a WD repeat-containing protein that interacts with the COP9 signalosome, a macromolecular complex that interacts with cullin-RING E3 ligases and regulates their activity by hydrolyzing cullin-Nedd8 conjugates. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2009]

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 10

Predicted to be involved in protein ubiquitination. Part of Cul4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 17

This gene encodes a nuclear transmembrane protein that associates with cullin 4A/damaged DNA binding protein 1 ubiquitin ligase complex. Mutations in this gene are associated with Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 16

Predicted to be involved in protein ubiquitination. Part of Cul4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 15

Enables small molecule binding activity. Involved in protein polyubiquitination and regulation of natural killer cell activation. Part of Cul4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spermatogenesis associated 5-like 1

Enables preribosome binding activity. Involved in ribosomal large subunit biogenesis. Located in cytoplasm and spindle. Implicated in autosomal recessive nonsyndromic deafness. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

papillary renal cell carcinoma (translocation-associated)

This gene encodes a protein that may play a role in pre-mRNA splicing. Chromosomal translocations (X;1)(p11;q21) that result in fusion of this gene to TFE3 (GeneID 7030) have been associated with papillary renal cell carcinoma. A PRCC-TFE3 fusion protein is expressed in affected carcinomas and is likely associated with altered gene transactivation. This fusion protein has also been associated with disruption of the cell cycle.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

ganglioside induced differentiation associated protein 1-like 1

The ganglioside GD3 synthase causes cell differentiation with neurite sprouting when transfected into the mouse neuroblastoma cell line Neuro2a. After differentiation, the expression of several genes is upregulated, including one that encodes a protein termed ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 (Gdap1). A similar gene was found in humans, and mutations in the human gene are associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4A disease. The protein encoded by this gene is similar in sequence to the human GDAP1 protein. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms, as well as a noncoding transcript variant, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

spermatogenesis and centriole associated 1-like

Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in spermatogenesis. Predicted to act upstream of or within actin polymerization or depolymerization; positive regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity; and positive regulation of cAMP/PKA signal transduction. Predicted to be active in centrosome and sperm head-tail coupling apparatus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glioblastoma multiforme-associated transcript 2

gem (nuclear organelle) associated protein 8 pseudogene 1

colorectal cancer associated 1

This gene encodes a transmembrane protein that localizes to granular structures, including crystalloid eosinophilic granules and other granular organelles. This gene, along with an overlapping opposite strand gene, has been implicated as a susceptibility locus for colorectal cancer. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

small ILF3/NF90-associated RNA C3

Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

colon cancer associated transcript 2 (non-protein coding)

This gene produces a long non-coding RNA that is upregulated in colon cancer and other cancers. This transcript promotes cell proliferation and suppresses apoptosis. It negatively regulates the biogenesis of microRNA 145. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2017]

RNA, Ro-associated Y4 pseudogene 15

RNA, Ro-associated Y4 pseudogene 16

BRCA1 associated protein

The protein encoded by this gene was identified by its ability to bind to the nuclear localization signal of BRCA1 and other proteins. It is a cytoplasmic protein which may regulate nuclear targeting by retaining proteins with a nuclear localization signal in the cytoplasm. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

HCLS1 associated protein X-1

The protein encoded by this gene is known to associate with hematopoietic cell-specific Lyn substrate 1, a substrate of Src family tyrosine kinases. It also interacts with the product of the polycystic kidney disease 2 gene, mutations in which are associated with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease, and with the F-actin-binding protein, cortactin. It was earlier thought that this gene product is mainly localized in the mitochondria, however, recent studies indicate it to be localized in the cell body. Mutations in this gene result in autosomal recessive severe congenital neutropenia, also known as Kostmann disease. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cytoplasmic linker associated protein 2

Enables cytoskeletal protein binding activity; dystroglycan binding activity; and protein tyrosine kinase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including cytoskeleton organization; positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization; and regulation of supramolecular fiber organization. Located in several cellular components, including basal cortex; focal adhesion; and microtubule cytoskeleton. Is active in glutamatergic synapse. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytoplasmic linker associated protein 1

CLASPs, such as CLASP1, are nonmotor microtubule-associated proteins that interact with CLIPs (e.g., CLIP170; MIM 179838). CLASP1 is involved in the regulation of microtubule dynamics at the kinetochore and throughout the spindle (Maiato et al., 2003 [PubMed 12837247]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

G protein-coupled receptor associated sorting protein 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of a family that regulates the activity of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The encoded protein has been shown to be capable of interacting with several GPCRs, including the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and the calcitonin receptor. Several transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

G protein-coupled receptor associated sorting protein 1

This gene encodes a member of the GPRASP (G protein-coupled receptor associated sorting protein) family. The protein may modulate lysosomal sorting and functional down-regulation of a variety of G-protein coupled receptors. It targets receptors for degradation in lysosomes. The receptors interacting with this sorting protein include D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2), delta opioid receptor (OPRD1), beta-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2), D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4) and cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R). Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

simian sarcoma-associated virus 1/gibbon ape leukemia virus-related endogenous retroviral element 1

matrix-remodelling associated 5, Y-linked, pseudogene

catenin (cadherin-associated protein), alpha 1 pseudogene 1

small ILF3/NF90-associated RNA A14

Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small ILF3/NF90-associated RNA A11

Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small ILF3/NF90-associated RNA A10

Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily b, member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is part of a complex that relieves repressive chromatin structures, allowing the transcriptional machinery to access its targets more effectively. The encoded nuclear protein may also bind to and enhance the DNA joining activity of HIV-1 integrase. This gene has been found to be a tumor suppressor, and mutations in it have been associated with malignant rhabdoid tumors. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

keratin associated protein 13-4

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 13-1

Hair keratins and hair keratin-associated proteins (KAPs), such as KRTAP13-1, are the main structural proteins of hair fibers (Rogers et al., 2002 [PubMed 12359730]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

keratin associated protein 13-2

Predicted to enable structural molecule activity. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

keratin associated protein 13-3

Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

estrogen receptor binding site associated, antigen, 9 pseudogene 1

keratin associated protein 2-5, pseudogene

meiosis/spermiogenesis associated 1

Predicted to be involved in cell differentiation. Predicted to act upstream of or within manchette assembly and protein localization. Predicted to be located in cytosol and manchette. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TNF receptor-associated factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF receptor (TNFR) associated factor (TRAF) protein family. TRAF proteins associate with, and mediate the signal transduction from various receptors of the TNFR superfamily. This protein and TRAF2 form a heterodimeric complex, which is required for TNF-alpha-mediated activation of MAPK8/JNK and NF-kappaB. The protein complex formed by this protein and TRAF2 also interacts with inhibitor-of-apoptosis proteins (IAPs), and thus mediates the anti-apoptotic signals from TNF receptors. The expression of this protein can be induced by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV infection membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is found to interact with this and other TRAF proteins; this interaction is thought to link LMP1-mediated B lymphocyte transformation to the signal transduction from TNFR family receptors. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

TNF receptor-associated factor 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) protein family. TRAF proteins associate with, and mediate the signal transduction from members of the TNF receptor superfamily. This protein directly interacts with TNF receptors, and forms a heterodimeric complex with TRAF1. This protein is required for TNF-alpha-mediated activation of MAPK8/JNK and NF-kappaB. The protein complex formed by this protein and TRAF1 interacts with the inhibitor-of-apoptosis proteins (IAPs), and functions as a mediator of the anti-apoptotic signals from TNF receptors. The interaction of this protein with TRADD, a TNF receptor associated apoptotic signal transducer, ensures the recruitment of IAPs for the direct inhibition of caspase activation. BIRC2/c-IAP1, an apoptosis inhibitor possessing ubiquitin ligase activity, can unbiquitinate and induce the degradation of this protein, and thus potentiate TNF-induced apoptosis. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the biological validity of only one transcript has been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

TNF receptor-associated factor 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) protein family. TRAF proteins associate with, and mediate the signal transduction from, members of the TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily. This protein participates in the signal transduction of CD40, a TNFR family member important for the activation of the immune response. This protein is found to be a critical component of the lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTbetaR) signaling complex, which induces NF-kappaB activation and cell death initiated by LTbeta ligation. Epstein-Barr virus encoded latent infection membrane protein-1 (LMP1) can interact with this and several other members of the TRAF family, which may be essential for the oncogenic effects of LMP1. The protein also plays a role in the regulation of antiviral response. Mutations in this are associated with Encephalopathy, acute, infection-induced, herpes-specific 5. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020]

TNF receptor-associated factor 4

This gene encodes a member of the TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) family. TRAF proteins are associated with, and mediate signal transduction from members of the TNF receptor superfamily. The encoded protein has been shown to interact with neurotrophin receptor, p75 (NTR/NTSR1), and negatively regulate NTR induced cell death and NF-kappa B activation. This protein has been found to bind to p47phox, a cytosolic regulatory factor included in a multi-protein complex known as NAD(P)H oxidase. This protein thus, is thought to be involved in the oxidative activation of MAPK8/JNK. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed but the full-length nature of only one has been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

TNF receptor-associated factor 5

The scaffold protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) protein family and contains a meprin and TRAF homology (MATH) domain, a RING-type zinc finger, and two TRAF-type zinc fingers. TRAF proteins are associated with, and mediate signal transduction from members of the TNF receptor superfamily. This protein is one of the components of a multiple protein complex which binds to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor cytoplasmic domains and mediates TNF-induced activation. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

TNF receptor-associated factor 6, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) protein family. TRAF proteins are associated with, and mediate signal transduction from, members of the TNF receptor superfamily. This protein has an amino terminal RING domain which is followed by four zinc-finger motifs, a central coiled-coil region and a highly conserved carboxyl terminal domain, known as the TRAF-C domain and mediates signaling from members of the TNF receptor superfamily as well as the Toll/IL-1 family. Signals from receptors such as CD40, TNFSF11/RANCE and IL-1 have been shown to be mediated by this protein. This protein also interacts with various protein kinases including IRAK1/IRAK, SRC and PKCzeta, which provides a link between distinct signaling pathways. This protein functions as a signal transducer in the NF-kappaB pathway that activates IkappaB kinase (IKK) in response to proinflammatory cytokines. The interaction of this protein with UBE2N/UBC13, and UBE2V1/UEV1A, which are ubiquitin conjugating enzymes catalyzing the formation of polyubiquitin chains, has been found to be required for IKK activation by this protein. This protein also interacts with the transforming growth factor (TGF) beta receptor complex and is required for Smad-independent activation of the JNK and p38 kinases. The protein encoded by this gene is a key molecule in antiviral innate and antigen-specific immune responses. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2021]

TNF receptor-associated factor 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF; see MIM 191160) receptor-associated factors, such as TRAF7, are signal transducers for members of the TNF receptor superfamily (see MIM 191190). TRAFs are composed of an N-terminal cysteine/histidine-rich region containing zinc RING and/or zinc finger motifs; a coiled-coil (leucine zipper) motif; and a homologous region that defines the TRAF family, the TRAF domain, which is involved in self-association and receptor binding.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]