Harmonizome 3.0

calmodulin regulated spectrin-associated protein 1

Enables microtubule minus-end binding activity and spectrin binding activity. Involved in several processes, including neuron projection development; regulation of cell morphogenesis; and regulation of microtubule polymerization. Located in microtubule minus-end. Implicated in complex cortical dysplasia with other brain malformations. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spectrin repeat containing, nuclear envelope 1

This gene encodes a spectrin repeat containing protein expressed in skeletal and smooth muscle, and peripheral blood lymphocytes, that localizes to the nuclear membrane. Mutations in this gene have been associated with autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia 8, also referred to as autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia type 1 or recessive ataxia of Beauce. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

spectrin repeat containing, nuclear envelope 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a nuclear outer membrane protein that binds cytoplasmic F-actin. This binding tethers the nucleus to the cytoskeleton and aids in the maintenance of the structural integrity of the nucleus. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

spectrin repeat containing, nuclear envelope family member 3

Enables actin filament binding activity and cytoskeleton-nuclear membrane anchor activity. Involved in cytoskeleton organization; establishment of protein localization to membrane; and regulation of cell shape. Located in nuclear membrane. Part of meiotic nuclear membrane microtubule tethering complex. Biomarker of Huntington's disease. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spectrin repeat containing, nuclear envelope family member 4

This gene is a member of the nesprin family of genes, that encode KASH (Klarsicht, Anc-1, Syne Homology) domain-containing proteins. In addition to the KASH domain, this protein also contains a coiled-coil and leucine zipper region, a spectrin repeat, and a kinesin-1 binding region. This protein localizes to the outer nuclear membrane, and is part of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex in the nuclear envelope. LINC complexes are formed by SUN (Sad1, UNC-84)-KASH pairs, and are thought to mechanically couple nuclear components to the cytoskeleton. Mutations in this gene have been associated with progressive high-frequency hearing loss. The absence of this protein in mice also caused hearing loss, and changes in hair cell morphology in the ears. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

calmodulin regulated spectrin-associated protein family, member 2

Enables microtubule minus-end binding activity. Involved in several processes, including axon development; regulation of dendrite development; and regulation of organelle organization. Located in Golgi apparatus; cytosol; and microtubule cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

calmodulin regulated spectrin-associated protein family, member 3

Enables actin filament binding activity and microtubule minus-end binding activity. Involved in several processes, including microtubule cytoskeleton organization; regulation of organelle organization; and zonula adherens maintenance. Located in cytoplasm; microtubule cytoskeleton; and zonula adherens. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SEC14 and spectrin domains 1

Enables phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate binding activity and phospholipid binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel. Located in calcium channel complex and intermediate filament cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

integrin, beta 1 (fibronectin receptor, beta polypeptide, antigen CD29 includes MDF2, MSK12)

Integrins are heterodimeric proteins made up of alpha and beta subunits. At least 18 alpha and 8 beta subunits have been described in mammals. Integrin family members are membrane receptors involved in cell adhesion and recognition in a variety of processes including embryogenesis, hemostasis, tissue repair, immune response and metastatic diffusion of tumor cells. This gene encodes a beta subunit. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants which encode different protein isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

signal sequence receptor, beta (translocon-associated protein beta)

The signal sequence receptor (SSR) is a glycosylated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane receptor associated with protein translocation across the ER membrane. The SSR consists of 2 subunits, a 34-kD glycoprotein (alpha-SSR or SSR1) and a 22-kD glycoprotein (beta-SSR or SSR2). The human beta-signal sequence receptor gene (SSR2) maps to chromosome bands 1q21-q23. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

transcription factor AP-2 beta (activating enhancer binding protein 2 beta)

This gene encodes a member of the AP-2 family of transcription factors. AP-2 proteins form homo- or hetero-dimers with other AP-2 family members and bind specific DNA sequences. They are thought to stimulate cell proliferation and suppress terminal differentiation of specific cell types during embryonic development. Specific AP-2 family members differ in their expression patterns and binding affinity for different promoters. This protein functions as both a transcriptional activator and repressor. Mutations in this gene result in autosomal dominant Char syndrome, suggesting that this gene functions in the differentiation of neural crest cell derivatives. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mannosyl (beta-1,4-)-glycoprotein beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase

There are believed to be over 100 different glycosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of protein-bound and lipid-bound oligosaccharides. The enzyme encoded by this gene transfers a GlcNAc residue to the beta-linked mannose of the trimannosyl core of N-linked oligosaccharides and produces a bisecting GlcNAc. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

coatomer protein complex, subunit beta 2 (beta prime)

The Golgi coatomer complex (see MIM 601924) constitutes the coat of nonclathrin-coated vesicles and is essential for Golgi budding and vesicular trafficking. It consists of 7 protein subunits, including COPB2.[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2002]

dopamine beta-hydroxylase (dopamine beta-monooxygenase)

The protein encoded by this gene is an oxidoreductase belonging to the copper type II, ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase family. The encoded protein, expressed in neuroscretory vesicles and chromaffin granules of the adrenal medulla, catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine, which functions as both a hormone and as the main neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system. The enzyme encoded by this gene exists exists in both soluble and membrane-bound forms, depending on the absence or presence, respectively, of a signal peptide. Mutations in this gene cause dopamine beta-hydroxylate deficiency in human patients, characterized by deficits in autonomic and cardiovascular function, including hypotension and ptosis. Polymorphisms in this gene may play a role in a variety of psychiatric disorders. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

lncRNA induced by TGF-beta and antagonizes TGF-beta signaling 1

T cell receptor beta variable 6-7 (non-functional)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 23/OR9-2 (non-functional)

sodium channel, non voltage gated 1 beta subunit

Nonvoltage-gated, amiloride-sensitive, sodium channels control fluid and electrolyte transport across epithelia in many organs. These channels are heteromeric complexes consisting of 3 subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. This gene encodes the beta subunit, and mutations in this gene have been associated with pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (PHA1), and Liddle syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]

T cell receptor beta variable 7-1 (non-functional)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta joining 2-2P (non-functional)

T cell receptor beta variable 17 (non-functional)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protein kinase, AMP-activated, beta 2 non-catalytic subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is a regulatory subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a heterotrimer consisting of an alpha catalytic subunit, and non-catalytic beta and gamma subunits. AMPK is an important energy-sensing enzyme that monitors cellular energy status. In response to cellular metabolic stresses, AMPK is activated, and thus phosphorylates and inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and beta-hydroxy beta-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), key enzymes involved in regulating de novo biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol. This subunit may be a positive regulator of AMPK activity. It is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and thus may have tissue-specific roles. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

protein kinase, AMP-activated, beta 1 non-catalytic subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is a regulatory subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a heterotrimer consisting of an alpha catalytic subunit, and non-catalytic beta and gamma subunits. AMPK is an important energy-sensing enzyme that monitors cellular energy status. In response to cellular metabolic stresses, AMPK is activated, and thus phosphorylates and inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and beta-hydroxy beta-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), key enzymes involved in regulating de novo biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol. This subunit may be a positive regulator of AMPK activity. The myristoylation and phosphorylation of this subunit have been shown to affect the enzyme activity and cellular localization of AMPK. This subunit may also serve as an adaptor molecule mediating the association of the AMPK complex. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

T cell receptor beta variable 5-7 (non-functional)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 5-3 (non-functional)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 23-1 (non-functional)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in immunological synapse. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

beta globin locus transcript 3 (non-protein coding)

T cell receptor beta variable 29/OR9-2 (non-functional)

Ral GTPase activating protein, beta subunit (non-catalytic)

Enables protein heterodimerization activity. Predicted to be involved in Ral protein signal transduction and activation of GTPase activity. Predicted to act upstream of or within regulation of exocyst localization and regulation of protein localization. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, regulatory, type II, beta

cAMP is a signaling molecule important for a variety of cellular functions. cAMP exerts its effects by activating the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which transduces the signal through phosphorylation of different target proteins. The inactive kinase holoenzyme is a tetramer composed of two regulatory and two catalytic subunits. cAMP causes the dissociation of the inactive holoenzyme into a dimer of regulatory subunits bound to four cAMP and two free monomeric catalytic subunits. Four different regulatory subunits and three catalytic subunits have been identified in humans. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the regulatory subunits. This subunit can be phosphorylated by the activated catalytic subunit. This subunit has been shown to interact with and suppress the transcriptional activity of the cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) in activated T cells. Knockout studies in mice suggest that this subunit may play an important role in regulating energy balance and adiposity. The studies also suggest that this subunit may mediate the gene induction and cataleptic behavior induced by haloperidol. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the glucuronyltransferase gene family, enzymes that exhibit strict acceptor specificity, recognizing nonreducing terminal sugars and their anomeric linkages. This gene product catalyzes the formation of the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage by way of a glucuronyl transfer reaction in the final step of the biosynthesis of the linkage region of proteoglycans. A pseudogene of this gene has been identified on chromosome 3. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 2

The product of this gene is a transmembrane protein belonging to the glucuronyltransferase family, and catalyzes the transfer of a beta-1,3 linked glucuronic acid to a terminal galactose in different glycoproteins or glycolipids containing a Gal-beta-1-4GlcNAc or Gal-beta-1-3GlcNAc residue. The encoded protein is involved in the synthesis of the human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) carbohydrate epitope, a sulfated trisaccharide implicated in cellular migration and adhesion in the nervous system. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the glucuronyltransferase gene family. These enzymes exhibit strict acceptor specificity, recognizing nonreducing terminal sugars and their anomeric linkages. This gene product functions as the key enzyme in a glucuronyl transfer reaction during the biosynthesis of the carbohydrate epitope HNK-1 (human natural killer-1, also known as CD57 and LEU7). Alternate transcriptional splice variants have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1

HLA-DQB1 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogs. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DQA) and a beta chain (DQB), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and it contains six exons. Exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DQ molecule both the alpha chain and the beta chain contain the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities, resulting in up to four different molecules. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow transplantation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

microseminoprotein, beta-

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the immunoglobulin binding factor family. It is synthesized by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland and secreted into the seminal plasma. This protein has inhibin-like activity. It may have a role as an autocrine paracrine factor in uterine, breast and other female reproductive tissues. The expression of the encoded protein is found to be decreased in prostate cancer. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms are described for this gene. The use of alternate polyadenylation sites has been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 3

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response and antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II. Predicted to be located in endosome membrane and lysosomal membrane. Predicted to be part of MHC class II protein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 2

HLA-DQB2 belongs to the family of HLA class II beta chain paralogs. Class II molecules are heterodimers consisting of an alpha (DQA) and a beta chain (DQB), both anchored in the membrane. They play a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). Polymorphisms in the alpha and beta chains specify the peptide binding specificity, and typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow transplantation. However this gene, HLA-DQB2, is not routinely typed, as it is not thought to have an effect on transplantation. There is conflicting evidence in the literature and public sequence databases for the protein-coding capacity of HLA-DQB2. Because there is evidence of transcription and an intact ORF, HLA-DQB2 is represented in Entrez Gene and in RefSeq as a protein-coding locus. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2, beta

The product of this gene belongs to the Serine/Threonine protein kinase family, and to the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. The major isoform of this gene plays a role in the calcium/calmodulin-dependent (CaM) kinase cascade by phosphorylating the downstream kinases CaMK1 and CaMK4. Protein products of this gene also phosphorylate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This gene has its strongest expression in the brain and influences signalling cascades involved with learning and memory, neuronal differentiation and migration, neurite outgrowth, and synapse formation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. The identified isoforms differ in their ability to undergo autophosphorylation and to phosphorylate downstream kinases. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 11, pseudogene 1

proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 9

The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered ring-shaped 20S core structure. The core structure is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. An essential function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides. This gene encodes a member of the proteasome B-type family, also known as the T1B family, that is a 20S core beta subunit. This gene is located in the class II region of the MHC (major histocompatibility complex). Expression of this gene is induced by gamma interferon and this gene product replaces catalytic subunit 1 (proteasome beta 6 subunit) in the immunoproteasome. Proteolytic processing is required to generate a mature subunit. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 8

The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered ring-shaped 20S core structure. The core structure is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. An essential function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides. This gene encodes a member of the proteasome B-type family, also known as the T1B family, that is a 20S core beta subunit. This gene is located in the class II region of the MHC (major histocompatibility complex). Expression of this gene is induced by gamma interferon and this gene product replaces catalytic subunit 3 (proteasome beta 5 subunit) in the immunoproteasome. Proteolytic processing is required to generate a mature subunit. Two alternative transcripts encoding two isoforms have been identified; both isoforms are processed to yield the same mature subunit. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 7

The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered ring-shaped 20S core structure. The core structure is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. The encoded protein is a member of the proteasome B-type family, also known as the T1B family, and is a 20S core beta subunit in the proteasome. Expression of this catalytic subunit is downregulated by gamma interferon, and proteolytic processing is required to generate a mature subunit. A pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 14. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 6

The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered ring-shaped 20S core structure. The core structure is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. The encoded protein is a member of the proteasome B-type family, also known as the T1B family, and is a 20S core beta subunit in the proteasome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 5

The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered ring-shaped 20S core structure. The core structure is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. An essential function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides. This gene encodes a member of the proteasome B-type family, also known as the T1B family, that is a 20S core beta subunit in the proteasome. This catalytic subunit is not present in the immunoproteasome and is replaced by catalytic subunit 3i (proteasome beta 8 subunit). Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009]

proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 4

The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered ring-shaped 20S core structure. The core structure is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. An essential function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides. This gene encodes a member of the proteasome B-type family, also known as the T1B family, that is a 20S core beta subunit. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 3

The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered ring-shaped 20S core structure. The core structure is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. An essential function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides. This gene encodes a member of the proteasome B-type family, also known as the T1B family, that is a 20S core beta subunit. The 26 S proteasome may be involved in trinucleotide repeat expansion, a phenomenon which is associated with many hereditary neurological diseases. Pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 2 and 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 2

The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered ring-shaped 20S core structure. The core structure is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. An essential function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides. This gene encodes a member of the proteasome B-type family, also known as the T1B family, that is a 20S core beta subunit. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 1

The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered ring-shaped 20S core structure. The core structure is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. An essential function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides. This gene encodes a member of the proteasome B-type family, also known as the T1B family, that is a 20S core beta subunit. This gene is tightly linked to the TBP (TATA-binding protein) gene in human and in mouse, and is transcribed in the opposite orientation in both species. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

protein phosphatase 3, catalytic subunit, beta isozyme

Enables several functions, including calmodulin binding activity; calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase activity; and protein phosphatase 2B binding activity. Involved in several processes, including calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade; positive regulation of lysosome organization; and positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus. Located in cytoplasm. Part of calcineurin complex. Implicated in aortic valve stenosis. Biomarker of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and schizophrenia. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase (trifunctional protein), beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

enolase 3 (beta, muscle)

This gene encodes one of the three enolase isoenzymes found in mammals. This isoenzyme is found in skeletal muscle cells in the adult where it may play a role in muscle development and regeneration. A switch from alpha enolase to beta enolase occurs in muscle tissue during development in rodents. Mutations in this gene have be associated glycogen storage disease. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

T cell receptor beta joining 2-4

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta joining 2-5

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta joining 2-6

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta joining 2-7

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta joining 2-1

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta joining 2-2

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta joining 2-3

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 1

In humans, the rod photoreceptor cGMP-gated cation channel helps regulate ion flow into the rod photoreceptor outer segment in response to light-induced alteration of the levels of intracellular cGMP. This channel consists of two subunits, alpha and beta, with the protein encoded by this gene representing the beta subunit. Defects in this gene are a cause of cause of retinitis pigmentosa type 45. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2013]

ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, beta 3 polypeptide pseudogene

LIM homeobox transcription factor 1, beta

This gene encodes a member of LIM-homeodomain family of proteins containing two N-terminal zinc-binding LIM domains, 1 homeodomain, and a C-terminal glutamine-rich domain. It functions as a transcription factor, and is essential for the normal development of dorsal limb structures, the glomerular basement membrane, the anterior segment of the eye, and dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. Mutations in this gene are associated with nail-patella syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 12 pseudogene

T cell receptor beta variable 20-1

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heat shock protein 90kDa beta (Grp94), member 3, pseudogene

laminin, beta 1

Laminins, a family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins, are the major noncollagenous constituent of basement membranes. They have been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes including cell adhesion, differentiation, migration, signaling, neurite outgrowth and metastasis. Laminins are composed of 3 non identical chains: laminin alpha, beta and gamma (formerly A, B1, and B2, respectively) and they form a cruciform structure consisting of 3 short arms, each formed by a different chain, and a long arm composed of all 3 chains. Each laminin chain is a multidomain protein encoded by a distinct gene. Several isoforms of each chain have been described. Different alpha, beta and gamma chain isomers combine to give rise to different heterotrimeric laminin isoforms which are designated by Arabic numerals in the order of their discovery, i.e. alpha1beta1gamma1 heterotrimer is laminin 1. The biological functions of the different chains and trimer molecules are largely unknown, but some of the chains have been shown to differ with respect to their tissue distribution, presumably reflecting diverse functions in vivo. This gene encodes the beta chain isoform laminin, beta 1. The beta 1 chain has 7 structurally distinct domains which it shares with other beta chain isomers. The C-terminal helical region containing domains I and II are separated by domain alpha, domains III and V contain several EGF-like repeats, and domains IV and VI have a globular conformation. Laminin, beta 1 is expressed in most tissues that produce basement membranes, and is one of the 3 chains constituting laminin 1, the first laminin isolated from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor. A sequence in the beta 1 chain that is involved in cell attachment, chemotaxis, and binding to the laminin receptor was identified and shown to have the capacity to inhibit metastasis. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

laminin, beta 3

The product encoded by this gene is a laminin that belongs to a family of basement membrane proteins. This protein is a beta subunit laminin, which together with an alpha and a gamma subunit, forms laminin-5. Mutations in this gene cause epidermolysis bullosa junctional Herlitz type, and generalized atrophic benign epidermolysis bullosa, diseases that are characterized by blistering of the skin. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

laminin, beta 2 (laminin S)

Laminins, a family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins, are the major noncollagenous constituent of basement membranes. They have been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes including cell adhesion, differentiation, migration, signaling, neurite outgrowth and metastasis. Laminins, composed of 3 non identical chains: laminin alpha, beta and gamma (formerly A, B1, and B2, respectively), form a cruciform structure consisting of 3 short arms, each formed by a different chain, and a long arm composed of all 3 chains. Each laminin chain is a multidomain protein encoded by a distinct gene. Several isoforms of each chain have been described. Different alpha, beta and gamma chain isomers combine to give rise to different heterotrimeric laminin isoforms which are designated by Arabic numerals in the order of their discovery, i.e. alpha1beta1gamma1 heterotrimer is laminin 1. The biological functions of the different chains and trimer molecules are largely unknown, but some of the chains have been shown to differ with respect to their tissue distribution, presumably reflecting diverse functions in vivo. This gene encodes the beta chain isoform laminin, beta 2. The beta 2 chain contains the 7 structural domains typical of beta chains of laminin, including the short alpha region. However, unlike beta 1 chain, beta 2 has a more restricted tissue distribution. It is enriched in the basement membrane of muscles at the neuromuscular junctions, kidney glomerulus and vascular smooth muscle. Transgenic mice in which the beta 2 chain gene was inactivated by homologous recombination, showed defects in the maturation of neuromuscular junctions and impairment of glomerular filtration. Alternative splicing involving a non consensus 5' splice site (gc) in the 5' UTR of this gene has been reported. It was suggested that inefficient splicing of this first intron, which does not change the protein sequence, results in a greater abundance of the unspliced form of the transcript than the spliced form. The full-length nature of the spliced transcript is not known. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

laminin, beta 4

Predicted to be involved in cell adhesion. Predicted to be located in basement membrane and extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATPase, Cu++ transporting, beta polypeptide

This gene is a member of the P-type cation transport ATPase family and encodes a protein with several membrane-spanning domains, an ATPase consensus sequence, a hinge domain, a phosphorylation site, and at least 2 putative copper-binding sites. This protein is a monomer, and functions as a copper-transporting ATPase which exports copper out of the cells, such as the efflux of hepatic copper into the bile. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms with distinct cellular localizations, have been characterized. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Wilson disease which is characterized by copper accumulation. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2019]

gap junction protein, beta 6, 30kDa

Gap junctions allow the transport of ions and metabolites between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. They are formed by two hemichannels, made up of six connexin proteins assembled in groups. Each connexin protein has four transmembrane segments, two extracellular loops, a cytoplasmic loop formed between the two inner transmembrane segments, and the N- and C-terminus both being in the cytoplasm. The specificity of the gap junction is determined by which connexin proteins comprise the hemichannel. In the past, connexin protein names were based on their molecular weight, however the new nomenclature uses sequential numbers based on which form (alpha or beta) of the gap junction is present. This gene encodes one of the connexin proteins. Mutations in this gene have been found in some forms of deafness and in some families with hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DM beta

HLA-DMB belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DMA) and a beta (DMB) chain, both anchored in the membrane. It is located in intracellular vesicles. DM plays a central role in the peptide loading of MHC class II molecules by helping to release the CLIP (class II-associated invariant chain peptide) molecule from the peptide binding site. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a complex multifunctional enzyme system. ACC is a biotin-containing enzyme which catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis. ACC-beta is thought to control fatty acid oxidation by means of the ability of malonyl-CoA to inhibit carnitine-palmitoyl-CoA transferase I, the rate-limiting step in fatty acid uptake and oxidation by mitochondria. ACC-beta may be involved in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation, rather than fatty acid biosynthesis. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2022]

glucuronidase, beta pseudogene 5

glucuronidase, beta pseudogene 4

glucuronidase, beta pseudogene 7

glucuronidase, beta pseudogene 1

Predicted to be involved in nervous system development and skeletal system development. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glucuronidase, beta pseudogene 3

glucuronidase, beta pseudogene 2

glucuronidase, beta pseudogene 9

glucuronidase, beta pseudogene 8

regenerating islet-derived 1 beta

This gene is a type I subclass member of the Reg gene family. The Reg gene family is a multigene family grouped into four subclasses, types I, II, III and IV based on the primary structures of the encoded proteins. This gene encodes a protein secreted by the exocrine pancreas that is highly similar to the REG1A protein. The related REG1A protein is associated with islet cell regeneration and diabetogenesis, and may be involved in pancreatic lithogenesis. Reg family members REG1A, REGL, PAP and this gene are tandemly clustered on chromosome 2p12 and may have arisen from the same ancestral gene by gene duplication. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

actin, beta pseudogene 8

actin, beta pseudogene 9

actin, beta pseudogene 3

actin, beta pseudogene 4

actin, beta pseudogene 6

actin, beta pseudogene 7

actin, beta pseudogene

tubulin, beta 8 class VIII pseudogene 10

diacylglycerol lipase, beta

Enables lipase activity. Involved in arachidonate metabolic process. Located in nucleoplasm and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rab geranylgeranyltransferase, beta subunit pseudogene

laminin subunit beta-2-like

cysteine conjugate-beta lyase, cytoplasmic

This gene encodes a cytosolic enzyme that is responsible for the metabolism of cysteine conjugates of certain halogenated alkenes and alkanes. This metabolism can form reactive metabolites leading to nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Increased levels of this enzyme have been linked to schizophrenia. Multiple transcript variants that encode different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cysteine conjugate-beta lyase 2

This gene encodes an aminotransferase that transaminates kynurenine to form kynurenic acid, which is a metabolite of tryptophan. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different proteins have been described for this gene. This gene shares 5' exon structure with the RNA binding motif protein, X-linked-like 1 locus on chromosome 1, but the coding sequences are non-overlapping. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

ALG1, chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase

The enzyme encoded by this gene catalyzes the first mannosylation step in the biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides. This gene is mutated in congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ik. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

ALG5, dolichyl-phosphate beta-glucosyltransferase

This gene encodes a member of the glycosyltransferase 2 family. The encoded protein participates in glucosylation of the oligomannose core in N-linked glycosylation of proteins. The addition of glucose residues to the oligomannose core is necessary to ensure substrate recognition, and therefore, effectual transfer of the oligomannose core to the nascent glycoproteins. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta 2

Predicted to enable microtubule binding activity; phosphatidylethanolamine binding activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to nitrogen starvation and macroautophagy. Located in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2 pseudogene 4

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2 pseudogene 7

defensin, beta 135

Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic polypeptides that are important in the immunologic response to invading microorganisms. The antimicrobial protein encoded by this gene is secreted and is a member of the beta defensin protein family. Beta defensin genes are found in several clusters throughout the genome, with this gene mapping to a cluster at 8p23. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

defensin, beta 136

Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic polypeptides that are important in the immunologic response to invading microorganisms. The antimicrobial protein encoded by this gene is secreted and is a member of the beta defensin protein family. Beta defensin genes are found in several clusters throughout the genome, with this gene mapping to a cluster at 8p23. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

defensin, beta 130

Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic polypeptides that are important in the immunologic response to invading microorganisms. The antimicrobial protein encoded by this gene is secreted and is a member of the beta defensin protein family. Beta defensin genes are found in several clusters throughout the genome, with this gene mapping to a cluster at 8p23. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

defensin, beta 132

Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic polypeptides that are important in the immunologic response to invading microorganisms. The protein encoded by this gene is secreted and is a member of the beta defensin protein family. This protein binds spermatozoa and has antimicrobial activity against E. coli. Beta defensin genes are found in several clusters throughout the genome, with this gene mapping to a cluster at 20p13. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

defensin, beta 133

Predicted to enable CCR6 chemokine receptor binding activity and chemoattractant activity. Predicted to be involved in cell chemotaxis and defense response to bacterium. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tryptase alpha/beta 1

Tryptases comprise a family of trypsin-like serine proteases, the peptidase family S1. Tryptases are enzymatically active only as heparin-stabilized tetramers, and they are resistant to all known endogenous proteinase inhibitors. Several tryptase genes are clustered on chromosome 16p13.3. These genes are characterized by several distinct features. They have a highly conserved 3' UTR and contain tandem repeat sequences at the 5' flank and 3' UTR which are thought to play a role in regulation of the mRNA stability. These genes have an intron immediately upstream of the initiator Met codon, which separates the site of transcription initiation from protein coding sequence. This feature is characteristic of tryptases but is unusual in other genes. The alleles of this gene exhibit an unusual amount of sequence variation, such that the alleles were once thought to represent two separate genes, alpha and beta 1. Beta tryptases appear to be the main isoenzymes expressed in mast cells; whereas in basophils, alpha tryptases predominate. Tryptases have been implicated as mediators in the pathogenesis of asthma and other allergic and inflammatory disorders. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 1 pseudogene 2

beta-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 pseudogene 1

nuclear transcription factor Y, beta

The protein encoded by this gene is one subunit of a trimeric complex, forming a highly conserved transcription factor that binds with high specificity to CCAAT motifs in the promoter regions in a variety of genes. This gene product, subunit B, forms a tight dimer with the C subunit, a prerequisite for subunit A association. The resulting trimer binds to DNA with high specificity and affinity. Subunits B and C each contain a histone-like motif. Observation of the histone nature of these subunits is supported by two types of evidence; protein sequence alignments and experiments with mutants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myosin, heavy chain 7B, cardiac muscle, beta

The myosin II molecule is a multi-subunit complex consisting of two heavy chains and four light chains. This gene encodes a heavy chain of myosin II, which is a member of the motor-domain superfamily. The heavy chain includes a globular motor domain, which catalyzes ATP hydrolysis and interacts with actin, and a tail domain in which heptad repeat sequences promote dimerization by interacting to form a rod-like alpha-helical coiled coil. This heavy chain subunit is a slow-twitch myosin. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found, but the full-length nature of these variants is not determined. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

T cell receptor beta variable 6-8

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 6-9

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 6-5

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 6-6

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 6-2 (gene/pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 6-3

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

thyroid hormone receptor, beta

The protein encoded by this gene is a nuclear hormone receptor for triiodothyronine. It is one of the several receptors for thyroid hormone, and has been shown to mediate the biological activities of thyroid hormone. Knockout studies in mice suggest that the different receptors, while having certain extent of redundancy, may mediate different functions of thyroid hormone. Mutations in this gene are known to be a cause of generalized thyroid hormone resistance (GTHR), a syndrome characterized by goiter and high levels of circulating thyroid hormone (T3-T4), with normal or slightly elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

potassium channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 3 pseudogene 1

pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 8

The human pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs) are a group of molecules that are mainly produced by the placental syncytiotrophoblasts during pregnancy. PSGs comprise a subgroup of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family, which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. For additional general information about the PSG gene family, see PSG1 (MIM 176390).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2009]

pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (PSG) family. This protein family and the closely related carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) gene family are both members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and are organized as a large gene cluster. This protein is thought to inhibit platelet-fibrinogen interactions. Several studies suggest that reduced serum concentrations of PSGs are associated with fetal growth restrictions, while up-regulation of this gene has been observed in colorectal cancers. Several pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosome 19. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode multiple protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2014]

pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 6

This gene is a member of the pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (PSG) gene family. The PSG genes are a subgroup of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family of immunoglobulin-like genes, and are found in a gene cluster at 19q13.1-q13.2 telomeric to another cluster of CEA-related genes. The PSG genes are expressed by placental trophoblasts and released into the maternal circulation during pregnancy, and are thought to be essential for maintenance of normal pregnancy. The protein encoded by this gene contains the Arg-Gly-Asp tripeptide associated with cellular adhesion and recognition. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants and protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 7 (gene/pseudogene)

This gene is a member of the pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (PSG) gene family. The PSG genes are a subgroup of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family of immunoglobulin-like genes, and are found in a gene cluster at 19q13.1-q13.2 telomeric to another cluster of CEA-related genes. The PSG genes are expressed by placental trophoblasts and released into the maternal circulation during pregnancy, and are thought to be essential for maintenance of normal pregnancy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (PSG), one of several encoded by a cluster of similar genes on chromosome 19. This gene is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family and may play a role in regulation of the innate immune system. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 5

The human pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs) are a group of molecules that are mainly produced by the placental syncytiotrophoblasts during pregnancy. PSGs comprise a subgroup of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family, which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. For additional general information about the PSG gene family, see PSG1 (MIM 176390).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2009]

pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 2

The human pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs) are a family of proteins that are synthesized in large amounts by placental trophoblasts and released into the maternal circulation during pregnancy. Molecular cloning and analysis of several PSG genes has indicated that the PSGs form a subgroup of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family, which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily of genes. Members of the CEA family consist of a single N domain, with structural similarity to the immunoglobulin variable domains, followed by a variable number of immunoglobulin constant-like A and/or B domains. Most PSGs have an arg-gly-asp (RGD) motif, which has been shown to function as an adhesion recognition signal for several integrins, in the N-terminal domain (summary by Teglund et al., 1994 [PubMed 7851896]). For additional general information about the PSG gene family, see PSG1 (MIM 176390).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2009]

pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 3

The human pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs) are a family of proteins that are synthesized in large amounts by placental trophoblasts and released into the maternal circulation during pregnancy. Molecular cloning and analysis of several PSG genes has indicated that the PSGs form a subgroup of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family, which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily of genes. Members of the CEA family consist of a single N domain, with structural similarity to the immunoglobulin variable domains, followed by a variable number of immunoglobulin constant-like A and/or B domains. Most PSGs have an arg-gly-asp (RGD) motif, which has been shown to function as an adhesion recognition signal for several integrins, in the N-terminal domain (summary by Teglund et al., 1994 [PubMed 7851896]). For additional general information about the PSG gene family, see PSG1 (MIM 176390).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2009]

pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 1

The human placenta is a multihormonal endocrine organ that produces hormones, enzymes, and other molecules that support fetal survival and development. Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein (PSBG, PSG) is a major product of the syncytiotrophoblast, reaching concentrations of 100 to 290 mg/l at term in the serum of pregnant women (Horne et al., 1976 [PubMed 971765]). PSG is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily (Watanabe and Chou, 1988 [PubMed 3257488]; Streydio et al., 1988 [PubMed 3260773]).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2009]

ATPase, H+/K+ exchanging, beta polypeptide pseudogene

proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 3 pseudogene

T cell receptor beta constant 1

Predicted to be involved in T cell receptor signaling pathway; adaptive immune response; and alpha-beta T cell activation. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be part of alpha-beta T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta constant 2

Predicted to be involved in T cell receptor signaling pathway; adaptive immune response; and alpha-beta T cell activation. Part of alpha-beta T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 4, 15kDa pseudogene 1

laminin, beta 2 pseudogene 1

hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 2

There are at least two isozymes of the corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase, a microsomal enzyme complex responsible for the interconversion of cortisol and cortisone. The type I isozyme has both 11-beta-dehydrogenase (cortisol to cortisone) and 11-oxoreductase (cortisone to cortisol) activities. The type II isozyme, encoded by this gene, has only 11-beta-dehydrogenase activity. In aldosterone-selective epithelial tissues such as the kidney, the type II isozyme catalyzes the glucocorticoid cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone, thus preventing illicit activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor. In tissues that do not express the mineralocorticoid receptor, such as the placenta and testis, it protects cells from the growth-inhibiting and/or pro-apoptotic effects of cortisol, particularly during embryonic development. Mutations in this gene cause the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the stress hormone cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone. In addition, the encoded protein can catalyze the reverse reaction, the conversion of cortisone to cortisol. Too much cortisol can lead to central obesity, and a particular variation in this gene has been associated with obesity and insulin resistance in children. Mutations in this gene and H6PD (hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (glucose 1-dehydrogenase)) are the cause of cortisone reductase deficiency. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein.[provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

T cell receptor beta variable 21-1 (pseudogene)

guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, beta 2 (pseudogene)

Predicted to enable guanylate cyclase activity. Predicted to be involved in cGMP-mediated signaling and response to oxygen levels. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be part of guanylate cyclase complex, soluble. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sodium channel, voltage gated, type I beta subunit

Voltage-gated sodium channels are heteromeric proteins that function in the generation and propagation of action potentials in muscle and neuronal cells. They are composed of one alpha and two beta subunits, where the alpha subunit provides channel activity and the beta-1 subunit modulates the kinetics of channel inactivation. This gene encodes a sodium channel beta-1 subunit. Mutations in this gene result in generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, Brugada syndrome 5, and defects in cardiac conduction. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

TGF-beta activated kinase 1/MAP3K7 binding protein 3 pseudogene 1

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, beta

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the NF-kappa-B inhibitor family, which inhibit NF-kappa-B by complexing with, and trapping it in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of serine residues on these proteins by kinases marks them for destruction via the ubiquitination pathway, thereby allowing activation of the NF-kappa-B, which translocates to the nucleus to function as a transcription factor. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-like protein 1

beta-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 4

Enables acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity. Predicted to be located in Golgi cisterna membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

beta-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 1

GM2 and GD2 gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids. GalNAc-T is the enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of G(M2) and G(D2) glycosphingolipids. GalNAc-T catalyzes the transfer of GalNAc into G(M3) and G(D3) by a beta-1,4 linkage, resulting in the synthesis of G(M2) and G(D2), respectively. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2013]

beta-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 2

B4GALNT2 catalyzes the last step in the biosynthesis of the human Sd(a) antigen through the addition of an N-acetylgalactosamine residue via a beta-1,4 linkage to a subterminal galactose residue substituted with an alpha-2,3-linked sialic acid. B4GALNT2 also catalyzes the last step in the biosynthesis of the Cad antigen (Montiel et al., 2003 [PubMed 12678917]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

beta-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 3

B4GALNT3 transfers N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) onto glucosyl residues to form N,N-prime-diacetyllactosediamine (LacdiNAc, or LDN), a unique terminal structure of cell surface N-glycans (Ikehara et al., 2006 [PubMed 16728562]).[supplied by OMIM, Aug 2008]

glucosidase, beta, acid pseudogene 1

tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, beta

This gene encodes a protein belonging to the 14-3-3 family of proteins, members of which mediate signal transduction by binding to phosphoserine-containing proteins. This highly conserved protein family is found in both plants and mammals. The encoded protein has been shown to interact with RAF1 and CDC25 phosphatases, suggesting that it may play a role in linking mitogenic signaling and the cell cycle machinery. Two transcript variants, which encode the same protein, have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tubulin beta-7 chain-like

RFNG O-fucosylpeptide 3-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase

Predicted to enable O-fucosylpeptide 3-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of Notch signaling pathway. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 30 (gene/pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit beta

activating transcription factor 6 beta

The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor in the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway during ER stress. Either as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with ATF6-alpha, the encoded protein binds to the ER stress response element, interacting with nuclear transcription factor Y to activate UPR target genes. The protein is normally found in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum; however, under ER stress, the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain is cleaved from the rest of the protein and translocates to the nucleus. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

defensin, beta 131 pseudogene

glycine receptor, beta

This gene encodes the beta subunit of the glycine receptor, which is a pentamer composed of alpha and beta subunits. The receptor functions as a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel, which produces hyperpolarization via increased chloride conductance due to the binding of glycine to the receptor. Mutations in this gene cause startle disease, also known as hereditary hyperekplexia or congenital stiff-person syndrome, a disease characterized by muscular rigidity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

galactosidase, beta 1-like 2

Predicted to enable beta-galactosidase activity. Predicted to be involved in galactose catabolic process. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in vacuole. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

galactosidase, beta 1-like 3

Predicted to enable beta-galactosidase activity. Predicted to be involved in galactose catabolic process. Predicted to be active in vacuole. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

crystallin, beta A2

Crystallins are separated into two classes: taxon-specific, or enzyme, and ubiquitous. The latter class constitutes the major proteins of the vertebrate eye, which function to maintain the transparency and refractive index of the lens. Since lens central fiber cells lose their nuclei during development, these crystallins are made and then retained throughout life, making them extremely stable proteins. Mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families; beta and gamma crystallins are also defined as a superfamily. Alpha and beta families are further divided into acidic and basic groups. Seven protein regions exist in crystallins: four homologous motifs, a connecting peptide, and N- and C-terminal extensions. Beta-crystallins, the most heterogeneous, differ by the presence of the C-terminal extension (present in the basic group but absent in the acidic group). Beta-crystallins form aggregates of different sizes and are able to form homodimers through self-association or heterodimers with other beta-crystallins. This gene is a beta acidic group member. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding identical proteins have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

crystallin, beta A1

Crystallins are separated into two classes: taxon-specific, or enzyme, and ubiquitous. The latter class constitutes the major proteins of vertebrate eye lens and maintains the transparency and refractive index of the lens. Since lens central fiber cells lose their nuclei during development, these crystallins are made and then retained throughout life, making them extremely stable proteins. Mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families; beta and gamma crystallins are also considered as a superfamily. Alpha and beta families are further divided into acidic and basic groups. Seven protein regions exist in crystallins: four homologous motifs, a connecting peptide, and N- and C-terminal extensions. Beta-crystallins, the most heterogeneous, differ by the presence of the C-terminal extension (present in the basic group, none in the acidic group). Beta-crystallins form aggregates of different sizes and are able to self-associate to form dimers or to form heterodimers with other beta-crystallins. This gene, a beta acidic group member, encodes two proteins (crystallin, beta A3 and crystallin, beta A1) from a single mRNA, the latter protein is 17 aa shorter than crystallin, beta A3 and is generated by use of an alternate translation initiation site. Deletion of exons 3 and 4 causes the autosomal dominant disease 'zonular cataract with sutural opacities'. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

crystallin, beta A4

Crystallins are separated into two classes: taxon-specific, or enzyme, and ubiquitous. The latter class constitutes the major proteins of vertebrate eye lens and maintains the transparency and refractive index of the lens. Since lens central fiber cells lose their nuclei during development, these crystallins are made and then retained throughout life, making them extremely stable proteins. Mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families; beta and gamma crystallins are also considered as a superfamily. Alpha and beta families are further divided into acidic and basic groups. Seven protein regions exist in crystallins: four homologous motifs, a connecting peptide, and N- and C-terminal extensions. Beta-crystallins, the most heterogeneous, differ by the presence of the C-terminal extension (present in the basic group, none in the acidic group). Beta-crystallins form aggregates of different sizes and are able to self-associate to form dimers or to form heterodimers with other beta-crystallins. This gene, a beta acidic group member, is part of a gene cluster with beta-B1, beta-B2, and beta-B3. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

adaptor-related protein complex 5, beta 1 subunit

Involved in endosomal transport. Located in lysosomal membrane. Part of AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

integrin, beta 3 (platelet glycoprotein IIIa, antigen CD61)

The ITGB3 protein product is the integrin beta chain beta 3. Integrins are integral cell-surface proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. A given chain may combine with multiple partners resulting in different integrins. Integrin beta 3 is found along with the alpha IIb chain in platelets. Integrins are known to participate in cell adhesion as well as cell-surface mediated signalling. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

integrin, beta 2 (complement component 3 receptor 3 and 4 subunit)

This gene encodes an integrin beta chain, which combines with multiple different alpha chains to form different integrin heterodimers. Integrins are integral cell-surface proteins that participate in cell adhesion as well as cell-surface mediated signalling. The encoded protein plays an important role in immune response and defects in this gene cause leukocyte adhesion deficiency. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

integrin, beta 5

This gene encodes a beta subunit of integrin, which can combine with different alpha chains to form a variety of integrin heterodimers. Integrins are integral cell-surface receptors that participate in cell adhesion as well as cell-surface mediated signaling. The alphav beta5 integrin is involved in adhesion to vitronectin. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

integrin, beta 4

Integrins are heterodimers comprised of alpha and beta subunits, that are noncovalently associated transmembrane glycoprotein receptors. Different combinations of alpha and beta polypeptides form complexes that vary in their ligand-binding specificities. Integrins mediate cell-matrix or cell-cell adhesion, and transduced signals that regulate gene expression and cell growth. This gene encodes the integrin beta 4 subunit, a receptor for the laminins. This subunit tends to associate with alpha 6 subunit and is likely to play a pivotal role in the biology of invasive carcinoma. Mutations in this gene are associated with epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

integrin, beta 7

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the integrin superfamily. Members of this family are adhesion receptors that function in signaling from the extracellular matrix to the cell. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. The encoded protein forms dimers with an alpha4 chain or an alphaE chain and plays a role in leukocyte adhesion. Dimerization with alpha4 forms a homing receptor for migration of lymphocytes to the intestinal mucosa and Peyer's patches. Dimerization with alphaE permits binding to the ligand epithelial cadherin, a calcium-dependent adhesion molecule. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Additional alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but their full-length nature is not known. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

integrin, beta 6

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the integrin superfamily. Members of this family are adhesion receptors that function in signaling from the extracellular matrix to the cell. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. The encoded protein forms a dimer with an alpha v chain and this heterodimer can bind to ligands like fibronectin and transforming growth factor beta 1. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

integrin, beta 8

This gene is a member of the integrin beta chain family and encodes a single-pass type I membrane protein with a VWFA domain and four cysteine-rich repeats. This protein noncovalently binds to an alpha subunit to form a heterodimeric integrin complex. In general, integrin complexes mediate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions and this complex plays a role in human airway epithelial proliferation. Alternatively spliced variants which encode different protein isoforms have been described; however, not all variants have been fully characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

fibrinogen beta chain

The protein encoded by this gene is the beta component of fibrinogen, a blood-borne glycoprotein comprised of three pairs of nonidentical polypeptide chains. Following vascular injury, fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form fibrin which is the most abundant component of blood clots. In addition, various cleavage products of fibrinogen and fibrin regulate cell adhesion and spreading, display vasoconstrictor and chemotactic activities, and are mitogens for several cell types. Fibrinogen serves key roles in hemostasis and antimicrobial host defense. Mutations in this gene lead to several disorders, including afibrinogenemia, dysfibrinogenemia, hypodysfibrinogenemia and thrombotic tendency. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

citrate lyase beta like

Enables (S)-citramalyl-CoA lyase activity; magnesium ion binding activity; and malate synthase activity. Involved in protein homotrimerization and regulation of cobalamin metabolic process. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Beta-amino acids, renal transport of

growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, beta

This gene is a member of a group of genes whose transcript levels are increased following stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents. The genes in this group respond to environmental stresses by mediating activation of the p38/JNK pathway. This activation is mediated via their proteins binding and activating MTK1/MEKK4 kinase, which is an upstream activator of both p38 and JNK MAPKs. The function of these genes or their protein products is involved in the regulation of growth and apoptosis. These genes are regulated by different mechanisms, but they are often coordinately expressed and can function cooperatively in inhibiting cell growth. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

T cell receptor beta variable 3-1

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 7-9

Predicted to enable MHC protein binding activity and peptide antigen binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 7-8

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 7-3

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 7-2

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 7-5 (pseudogene)

T cell receptor beta variable 7-4 (gene/pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 7-7

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 7-6

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

interferon, beta 1, fibroblast

This gene encodes a cytokine that belongs to the interferon family of signaling proteins, which are released as part of the innate immune response to pathogens. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the type I class of interferons, which are important for defense against viral infections. In addition, type I interferons are involved in cell differentiation and anti-tumor defenses. Following secretion in response to a pathogen, type I interferons bind a homologous receptor complex and induce transcription of genes such as those encoding inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Overactivation of type I interferon secretion is linked to autoimmune diseases. Mice deficient for this gene display several phenotypes including defects in B cell maturation and increased susceptibility to viral infection. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DO beta

HLA-DOB belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DOA) and a beta chain (DOB), both anchored in the membrane. It is located in intracellular vesicles. DO suppresses peptide loading of MHC class II molecules by inhibiting HLA-DM. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

complement component 8, beta polypeptide

This gene encodes one of the three subunits of the complement component 8 (C8) protein. C8 is composed of equimolar amounts of alpha, beta and gamma subunits, which are encoded by three separate genes. C8 is one component of the membrane attack complex, which mediates cell lysis, and it initiates membrane penetration of the complex. This protein mediates the interaction of C8 with the C5b-7 membrane attack complex precursor. In humans deficiency of this protein is associated with increased risk of meningococcal infections. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) beta

The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial multienzyme complex that catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide, and provides the primary link between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The PDH complex is composed of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). The E1 enzyme is a heterotetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits. This gene encodes the E1 beta subunit. Mutations in this gene are associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-beta deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

follicle stimulating hormone, beta polypeptide

The pituitary glycoprotein hormone family includes follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, chorionic gonadotropin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. All of these glycoproteins consist of an identical alpha subunit and a hormone-specific beta subunit. This gene encodes the beta subunit of follicle-stimulating hormone. In conjunction with luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone induces egg and sperm production. Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants encoding the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glia maturation factor, beta pseudogene 1

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B'', beta pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1, 88kDa pseudogene

nuclear transcription factor Y, beta pseudogene

transforming growth factor beta 1 induced transcript 1

This gene encodes a coactivator of the androgen receptor, a transcription factor which is activated by androgen and has a key role in male sexual differentiation. The encoded protein is thought to regulate androgen receptor activity and may have a role to play in the treatment of prostate cancer. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

synuclein, beta

This gene encodes a member of a small family of proteins that inhibit phospholipase D2 and may function in neuronal plasticity. The encoded protein is abundant in lesions of patients with Alzheimer disease. A mutation in this gene was found in individuals with dementia with Lewy bodies. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

defensin, beta 109, pseudogene 1B

Predicted to enable CCR6 chemokine receptor binding activity and chemoattractant activity. Predicted to be involved in cell chemotaxis and defense response to bacterium. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

choline kinase beta

Choline kinase (CK) and ethanolamine kinase (EK) catalyze the phosphorylation of choline/ethanolamine to phosphocholine/phosphoethanolamine. This is the first enzyme in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine in all animal cells. The highly purified CKs from mammalian sources and their recombinant gene products have been shown to have EK activity also, indicating that both activities reside on the same protein. The choline kinase-like protein encoded by CHKL belongs to the choline/ethanolamine kinase family; however, its exact function is not known. Read-through transcripts are expressed from this locus that include exons from the downstream CPT1B locus. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]

cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 3

This gene encodes the beta subunit of a cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel. The encoded beta subunit appears to play a role in modulation of channel function in cone photoreceptors. This heterotetrameric channel is necessary for sensory transduction, and mutations in this gene have been associated with achromatopsia 3, progressive cone dystrophy, and juvenile macular degeneration, also known as Stargardt Disease. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

ST6 (alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 4 pseudogene 1

adaptor-related protein complex 2, beta 1 subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is one of two large chain components of the assembly protein complex 2, which serves to link clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles. The encoded protein is found on the cytoplasmic face of coated vesicles in the plasma membrane. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

beta-lactoglobulin-like

interleukin 1, beta

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family. This cytokine is produced by activated macrophages as a proprotein, which is proteolytically processed to its active form by caspase 1 (CASP1/ICE). This cytokine is an important mediator of the inflammatory response, and is involved in a variety of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2/COX2) by this cytokine in the central nervous system (CNS) is found to contribute to inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. Similarly, IL-1B has been implicated in human osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Patients with severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) present elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1B in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid samples. The lung damage induced by the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is to a large extent, a result of the inflammatory response promoted by cytokines such as IL-1B. This gene and eight other interleukin 1 family genes form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020]

protein kinase (cAMP-dependent, catalytic) inhibitor beta

This gene encodes a member of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor family. The encoded protein may play a role in the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway by interacting with the catalytic subunit of PKA, and overexpression of this gene may play a role in prostate cancer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

beta-carotene oxygenase 1

Vitamin A metabolism is important for vital processes such as vision, embryonic development, cell differentiation, and membrane and skin protection. The protein encoded by this gene is a key enzyme in beta-carotene metabolism to vitamin A. It catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of beta,beta-carotene into two retinal molecules. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, beta 1 polypeptide pseudogene 1

tectonin beta-propeller repeat containing 1

This gene encodes a tethering factor involved in autophagy. The encoded protein is found at autolysosomes, and is involved in targeting protein aggregates, damaged mitochondria, and bacterial pathogens for autophagy [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

tectonin beta-propeller repeat containing 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tectonin beta-propeller repeat-containing (TECPR) family, and contains both TECPR and tryptophan-aspartic acid repeat (WD repeat) domains. This gene has been implicated in autophagy, as reduced expression levels of this gene have been associated with impaired autophagy. Recessive mutations in this gene have been associated with a hereditary form of spastic paraparesis (HSP). HSP is characterized by progressive spasticity and paralysis of the legs. There is also some evidence linking mutations in this gene with birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR), which results in inflammation of the choroid and retina. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein-binding, family B, member 1 interacting protein

Predicted to be involved in signal transduction. Predicted to act upstream of or within T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell and positive regulation of cell adhesion. Located in cytosol and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ST6 beta-galactosamide alpha-2,6-sialyltranferase 2

This locus encodes a sialyltransferase. The encoded type II transmembrane protein catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from CMP to an oligosaccharide substrate. Polymorphisms at this locus may be associated with variations in risperidone response in schizophrenic patients. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide pseudogene 1

chorionic gonadotropin, beta polypeptide 8

This gene is a member of the glycoprotein hormone beta chain family and encodes the beta 8 subunit of chorionic gonadotropin (CG). Glycoprotein hormones are heterodimers consisting of a common alpha subunit and an unique beta subunit which confers biological specificity. CG is produced by the trophoblastic cells of the placenta and stimulates the ovaries to synthesize the steroids that are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. The beta subunit of CG is encoded by 6 genes which are arranged in tandem and inverted pairs on chromosome 19q13.3 and contiguous with the luteinizing hormone beta subunit gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

chorionic gonadotropin, beta polypeptide 5

This gene is a member of the glycoprotein hormone beta chain family and encodes the beta 5 subunit of chorionic gonadotropin (CG). Glycoprotein hormones are heterodimers consisting of a common alpha subunit and an unique beta subunit which confers biological specificity. CG is produced by the trophoblastic cells of the placenta and stimulates the ovaries to synthesize the steroids that are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. The beta subunit of CG is encoded by 6 genes which are arranged in tandem and inverted pairs on chromosome 19q13.3 and contiguous with the luteinizing hormone beta subunit gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

chorionic gonadotropin, beta polypeptide 7

This gene is a member of the glycoprotein hormone beta chain family and encodes the beta 7 subunit of chorionic gonadotropin (CG). Glycoprotein hormones are heterodimers consisting of a common alpha subunit and an unique beta subunit which confers biological specificity. CG is produced by the trophoblastic cells of the placenta and stimulates the ovaries to synthesize the steroids that are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. The beta subunit of CG is encoded by 6 genes which are arranged in tandem and inverted pairs on chromosome 19q13.3 and contiguous with the luteinizing hormone beta subunit gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

chorionic gonadotropin, beta polypeptide 1

The beta subunit of chorionic gonadotropin (CGB) is encoded by six highly homologous and structurally similar genes that are arranged in tandem and inverted pairs on chromosome 19q13.3, and contiguous with the luteinizing hormone beta (LHB) subunit gene. The CGB genes are primarily distinguished by differences in the 5' untranscribed region. This gene was originally thought to be one of the two pseudogenes (CGB1 and CGB2) of CGB subunit, however, detection of CGB1 and CGB2 transcripts in vivo, and their presence on the polysomes, suggested that these transcripts are translated. To date, a protein product corresponding to CGB1 has not been isolated. The deduced sequence of the hypothetical protein of 132 aa does not share any similarity with that of functional CGB subunits (PMID:8954017). However, a 155 aa protein, translated from a different frame, is about the same size, and shares 98% identity with other CGB subunits. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

chorionic gonadotropin, beta polypeptide 2

The beta subunit of chorionic gonadotropin (CGB) is encoded by six highly homologous and structurally similar genes that are arranged in tandem and inverted pairs on chromosome 19q13.3, and contiguous with the luteinizing hormone beta (LHB) subunit gene. The CGB genes are primarily distinguished by differences in the 5' untranscribed region. This gene was originally thought to be one of the two pseudogenes (CGB1 and CGB2) of CGB subunit, however, detection of CGB1 and CGB2 transcripts in vivo, and their presence on the polysomes, suggested that these transcripts are translated. To date, a protein product corresponding to CGB2 has not been isolated. The deduced sequence of the hypothetical protein of 132 aa does not share any similarity with that of functional CGB subunits (PMID:8954017). However, a 163 aa protein, translated from a different frame, is about the same size, and shares 98% identity with other CGB subunits. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 10, 22kDa pseudogene

thymosin beta 4, X-linked

This gene encodes an actin sequestering protein which plays a role in regulation of actin polymerization. The protein is also involved in cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. This gene escapes X inactivation and has a homolog on chromosome Y. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

thymosin beta 4, Y-linked

This gene lies within the male specific region of chromosome Y. Its homolog on chromosome X escapes X inactivation and encodes an actin sequestering protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein-binding, family B, member 1 (Fe65)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Fe65 protein family. It is an adaptor protein localized in the nucleus. It interacts with the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein (APP), transcription factor CP2/LSF/LBP1 and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. APP functions as a cytosolic anchoring site that can prevent the gene product's nuclear translocation. This encoded protein could play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. It is thought to regulate transcription. Also it is observed to block cell cycle progression by downregulating thymidylate synthase expression. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein-binding, family B, member 2

The protein encoded by this gene interacts with the cytoplasmic domains of amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein and amyloid beta (A4) precursor-like protein 2. This protein contains two phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains, which are thought to function in signal transduction. Polymorphisms in this gene have been associated with Alzheimer's disease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein-binding, family B, member 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the APBB protein family. It is found in the cytoplasm and binds to the intracellular domain of the Alzheimer's disease beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) as well as to other APP-like proteins. It is thought that the protein encoded by this gene may modulate the internalization of APP. Multiple transcript variants encoding several different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glucuronidase, beta pseudogene 11

This transcribed pseudogene is similar to two functional genes. The 5' portion of the pseudogene is related to glucuronidase, beta, and the 3' portion is related to immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 8

In mice, the Ke6 protein is a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that can regulate the concentration of biologically active estrogens and androgens. It is preferentially an oxidative enzyme and inactivates estradiol, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone. However, the enzyme has some reductive activity and can synthesize estradiol from estrone. The protein encoded by this gene is similar to Ke6 and is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase superfamily. An alternatively spliced transcript of this gene has been detected, but the full-length nature of this variant has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 1

This gene encodes a member of the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase family of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases. It has a dual function in estrogen activation and androgen inactivation and plays a major role in establishing the estrogen E2 concentration gradient between serum and peripheral tissues. The encoded protein catalyzes the last step in estrogen activation, using NADPH to convert estrogens E1 and E2 and androgens like 4-androstenedione, to testosterone. It has an N-terminal short-chain dehydrogenase domain with a cofactor binding site, and a narrow, hydrophobic C-terminal domain with a steroid substrate binding site. This gene is expressed primarily in the placenta and ovarian granulosa cells, and to a lesser extent, in the endometrium, adipose tissue, and prostate. Polymorphisms in this gene have been linked to breast and prostate cancer. A pseudogene of this gene has been identified. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 2

Enables estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity and testosterone dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity. Involved in androgen metabolic process; estrogen biosynthetic process; and response to retinoic acid. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 3

This isoform of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is expressed predominantly in the testis and catalyzes the conversion of androstenedione to testosterone. It preferentially uses NADP as cofactor. Deficiency can result in male pseudohermaphroditism with gynecomastia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a bifunctional enzyme that is involved in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway for fatty acids. It also acts as a catalyst for the formation of 3-ketoacyl-CoA intermediates from both straight-chain and 2-methyl-branched-chain fatty acids. Defects in this gene that affect the peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation activity are a cause of D-bifunctional protein deficiency (DBPD). An apparent pseudogene of this gene is present on chromosome 8. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 6

The protein encoded by this gene has both oxidoreductase and epimerase activities and is involved in androgen catabolism. The oxidoreductase activity can convert 3 alpha-adiol to dihydrotestosterone, while the epimerase activity can convert androsterone to epi-androsterone. Both reactions use NAD+ as the preferred cofactor. This gene is a member of the retinol dehydrogenase family. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 7

HSD17B7 encodes an enzyme that functions both as a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.62) in the biosynthesis of sex steroids and as a 3-ketosteroid reductase (EC 1.1.1.270) in the biosynthesis of cholesterol (Marijanovic et al., 2003 [PubMed 12829805]).[supplied by OMIM, May 2010]

Sec61 beta subunit pseudogene

glucuronidase, beta pseudogene

tubulin, beta 2B class IIb pseudogene

defensin, beta 131 pseudogene

tryptase beta 2 (gene/pseudogene)

Tryptases comprise a family of trypsin-like serine proteases, the peptidase family S1. Tryptases are enzymatically active only as heparin-stabilized tetramers, and they are resistant to all known endogenous proteinase inhibitors. Several tryptase genes are clustered on chromosome 16p13.3. These genes are characterized by several distinct features. They have a highly conserved 3' UTR and contain tandem repeat sequences at the 5' flank and 3' UTR which are thought to play a role in regulation of the mRNA stability. These genes have an intron immediately upstream of the initiator Met codon, which separates the site of transcription initiation from protein coding sequence. This feature is characteristic of tryptases but is unusual in other genes. The alleles of this gene exhibit an unusual amount of sequence variation, such that the alleles were once thought to represent two separate genes, beta II and beta III. Beta tryptases appear to be the main isoenzymes expressed in mast cells, whereas in basophils, alpha-tryptases predominate. Tryptases have been implicated as mediators in the pathogenesis of asthma and other allergic and inflammatory disorders. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ST6 beta-galactosamide alpha-2,6-sialyltranferase 1

This gene encodes a member of glycosyltransferase family 29. The encoded protein is a type II membrane protein that catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to galactose-containing substrates. The protein, which is normally found in the Golgi but can be proteolytically processed to a soluble form, is involved in the generation of the cell-surface carbohydrate determinants and differentiation antigens HB-6, CD75, and CD76. This gene has been incorrectly referred to as CD75. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

ERO1-like beta (S. cerevisiae)

Enables protein-disulfide reductase activity and thiol oxidase activity. Involved in protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in endoplasmic reticulum lumen and endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

defensin, beta 4B

Defensins form a family of microbicidal and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Members of the defensin family are highly similar in protein sequence. This gene encodes defensin, beta 4, an antibiotic peptide which is locally regulated by inflammation. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

defensin, beta 4A

Defensins form a family of microbicidal and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Members of the defensin family are highly similar in protein sequence. This gene encodes defensin, beta 4, an antibiotic peptide which is locally regulated by inflammation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

interleukin 20 receptor beta

IL20RB and IL20RA (MIM 605620) form a heterodimeric receptor for interleukin-20 (IL20; MIM 605619) (Blumberg et al., 2001 [PubMed 11163236]).[supplied by OMIM, Feb 2009]

T cell receptor beta variable 21/OR9-2 (pseudogene)

calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II beta

The product of this gene belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family and to the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. Calcium signaling is crucial for several aspects of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. In mammalian cells, the enzyme is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The product of this gene is a beta chain. It is possible that distinct isoforms of this chain have different cellular localizations and interact differently with calmodulin. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

retinoic acid receptor, beta

This gene encodes retinoic acid receptor beta, a member of the thyroid-steroid hormone receptor superfamily of nuclear transcriptional regulators. This receptor localizes to the cytoplasm and to subnuclear compartments. It binds retinoic acid, the biologically active form of vitamin A which mediates cellular signalling in embryonic morphogenesis, cell growth and differentiation. It is thought that this protein limits growth of many cell types by regulating gene expression. The gene was first identified in a hepatocellular carcinoma where it flanks a hepatitis B virus integration site. Alternate promoter usage and differential splicing result in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

alpha/beta hydrolase domain-containing protein 17A-like

actin, beta-like 2 pseudogene

protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B'', beta pseudogene

lysosomal protein transmembrane 4 beta

Enables ceramide binding activity; enzyme binding activity; and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate binding activity. Involved in several processes, including endosome transport via multivesicular body sorting pathway; negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process; and regulation of lysosomal membrane permeability. Located in several cellular components, including endosome; lysosomal membrane; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

crystallin, beta B2

Crystallins are separated into two classes: taxon-specific, or enzyme, and ubiquitous. The latter class constitutes the major proteins of vertebrate eye lens and maintains the transparency and refractive index of the lens. Since lens central fiber cells lose their nuclei during development, these crystallins are made and then retained throughout life, making them extremely stable proteins. Mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families; beta and gamma crystallins are also considered as a superfamily. Alpha and beta families are further divided into acidic and basic groups. Seven protein regions exist in crystallins: four homologous motifs, a connecting peptide, and N- and C-terminal extensions. Beta-crystallins, the most heterogeneous, differ by the presence of the C-terminal extension (present in the basic group, none in the acidic group). Beta-crystallins form aggregates of different sizes and are able to self-associate to form dimers or to form heterodimers with other beta-crystallins. This gene, a beta basic group member, is part of a gene cluster with beta-A4, beta-B1, and beta-B3. A chain-terminating mutation was found to cause type 2 cerulean cataracts. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

crystallin, beta B3

Crystallins are separated into two classes: taxon-specific, or enzyme, and ubiquitous. The latter class constitutes the major proteins of vertebrate eye lens and maintains the transparency and refractive index of the lens. Since lens central fiber cells lose their nuclei during development, these crystallins are made and then retained throughout life, making them extremely stable proteins. Mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families; beta and gamma crystallins are also considered as a superfamily. Alpha and beta families are further divided into acidic and basic groups. Seven protein regions exist in crystallins: four homologous motifs, a connecting peptide, and N- and C-terminal extensions. Beta-crystallins, the most heterogeneous, differ by the presence of the C-terminal extension (present in the basic group, none in the acidic group). Beta-crystallins form aggregates of different sizes and are able to self-associate to form dimers or to form heterodimers with other beta-crystallins. This gene, a beta basic group member, is part of a gene cluster with beta-A4, beta-B1, and beta-B2. Mutations in this gene result in cataract congenital nuclear autosomal recessive type 2. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2013]

crystallin, beta B1

Crystallins are separated into two classes: taxon-specific, or enzyme, and ubiquitous. The latter class constitutes the major proteins of vertebrate eye lens and maintains the transparency and refractive index of the lens. Since lens central fiber cells lose their nuclei during development, these crystallins are made and then retained throughout life, making them extremely stable proteins. Mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families; beta and gamma crystallins are also considered as a superfamily. Alpha and beta families are further divided into acidic and basic groups. Seven protein regions exist in crystallins: four homologous motifs, a connecting peptide, and N- and C-terminal extensions. Beta-crystallins, the most heterogeneous, differ by the presence of the C-terminal extension (present in the basic group, none in the acidic group). Beta-crystallins form aggregates of different sizes and are able to self-associate to form dimers or to form heterodimers with other beta-crystallins. This gene, a beta basic group member, undergoes extensive cleavage at its N-terminal extension during lens maturation. It is also a member of a gene cluster with beta-A4, beta-B2, and beta-B3. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

defensin, beta 107B

Defensins form a family of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Defensins are short, processed peptide molecules that are classified by structure into three groups: alpha-defensins, beta-defensins and theta-defensins. All beta-defensin genes are densely clustered in four to five syntenic chromosomal regions. Chromosome 8p23 contains at least two copies of the duplicated beta-defensin cluster. This duplication results in two identical copies of defensin, beta 107, DEFB107A and DEFB107B, in tail-to-tail orientation. This gene, DEFB107B, represents the more telomeric copy. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

defensin, beta 107A

Defensins form a family of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Defensins are short, processed peptide molecules that are classified by structure into three groups: alpha-defensins, beta-defensins and theta-defensins. All beta-defensin genes are densely clustered in four to five syntenic chromosomal regions. Chromosome 8p23 contains at least two copies of the duplicated beta-defensin cluster. This duplication results in two identical copies of defensin, beta 107, DEFB107A and DEFB107B, in tail-to-tail orientation. This gene, DEFB107A, represents the more centromeric copy. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

actin, beta pseudogene

thymosin beta 10 pseudogene 1

thymosin beta 10 pseudogene 2

resistin like beta

Predicted to enable hormone activity. Involved in epithelial cell proliferation. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

actin, beta pseudogene

methionine adenosyltransferase II, beta

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) family. MAT catalyzes the biosynthesis of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. This protein is the regulatory beta subunit of MAT. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, beta 3

This gene encodes the beta subunit of the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), which catalyzes the conversion of GTP (guanosine triphosphate) to cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate). The encoded protein contains an HNOX domain, which serves as a receptor for ligands such as nitric oxide, oxygen and nitrovasodilator drugs. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 2-like 1

Enables several functions, including cyclin binding activity; enzyme binding activity; and protein domain specific binding activity. Involved in several processes, including regulation of protein metabolic process; regulation of signal transduction; and regulation of vesicle-mediated transport. Located in several cellular components, including midbody; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; and phagocytic cup. Part of IRE1-RACK1-PP2A complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

beta-glucuronidase-like protein SMA4

T cell receptor beta diversity 1

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 12

This gene encodes a very important 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) that converts estrone into estradiol in ovarian tissue. This enzyme is also involved in fatty acid elongation. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 13

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor and steroid dehydrogenase activity. Acts upstream of or within positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process. Located in lipid droplet. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 11

Short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases, such as HSD17B11, metabolize secondary alcohols and ketones (Brereton et al., 2001 [PubMed 11165019]).[supplied by OMIM, Jun 2009]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 14

17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, such as HSD17B14, are primarily involved in metabolism of steroids at the C17 position and also of other substrates, such as fatty acids, prostaglandins, and xenobiotics (Lukacik et al., 2007 [PubMed 17067289]).[supplied by OMIM, Jun 2009]

DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like

tubulin beta-8 chain-like

Rab geranylgeranyltransferase, beta subunit

This gene encodes the beta-subunit of the enzyme Rab geranylgeranyl-transferase (RabGGTase), which belongs to the protein prenyltransferase family. RabGGTase catalyzes the post-translational addition of geranylgeranyl groups to C-terminal cysteine residues of Rab GTPases. Three small nucleolar RNA genes are present in the intronic regions of this gene. Alternately spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. A pseudogene associated with this gene is located on chromosome 3. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

tubulin, beta class I

This gene encodes a beta tubulin protein. This protein forms a dimer with alpha tubulin and acts as a structural component of microtubules. Mutations in this gene cause cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 6. Alternative splicing results in multiple splice variants. There are multiple pseudogenes for this gene on chromosomes 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 13. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), beta

This intronless gene encodes a transcription factor that contains a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain. The encoded protein functions as a homodimer but can also form heterodimers with CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins alpha, delta, and gamma. Activity of this protein is important in the regulation of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses, among other processes. The use of alternative in-frame AUG start codons results in multiple protein isoforms, each with distinct biological functions. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2013]

phosphorylase kinase, beta

Phosphorylase kinase is a polymer of 16 subunits, four each of alpha, beta, gamma and delta. The alpha subunit includes the skeletal muscle and hepatic isoforms, encoded by two different genes. The beta subunit is the same in both the muscle and hepatic isoforms, encoded by this gene, which is a member of the phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit family. The gamma subunit also includes the skeletal muscle and hepatic isoforms, encoded by two different genes. The delta subunit is a calmodulin and can be encoded by three different genes. The gamma subunits contain the active site of the enzyme, whereas the alpha and beta subunits have regulatory functions controlled by phosphorylation. The delta subunit mediates the dependence of the enzyme on calcium concentration. Mutations in this gene cause glycogen storage disease type 9B, also known as phosphorylase kinase deficiency of liver and muscle. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified in this gene. Two pseudogenes have been found on chromosomes 14 and 20, respectively.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

karyopherin (importin) beta 1 pseudogene

adaptor-related protein complex 4, beta 1 subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of a heterotetrameric adapter-like complex 4 that is involved in targeting proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the endosomal-lysosomal system. Mutations in this gene are associated with cerebral palsy spastic quadriplegic type 5 (CPSQ5) disorder. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

tubulin, beta 3 class III pseudogene 1

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 1

The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor is a multisubunit chloride channel that mediates the fastest inhibitory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. This gene encodes GABA A receptor, beta 1 subunit. It is mapped to chromosome 4p12 in a cluster comprised of genes encoding alpha 4, alpha 2 and gamma 1 subunits of the GABA A receptor. Alteration of this gene is implicated in the pathogenetics of schizophrenia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 3

This gene encodes a member of the ligand-gated ionic channel family. The encoded protein is one the subunits of a multi-subunit chloride channel that serves as the receptor for gamma-aminobutyric acid, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the mammalian nervous system. This gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 15 in a cluster with two other genes encoding related subunits of the family. This gene may be associated with the pathogenesis of several disorders including Angelman syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, nonsyndromic orofacial clefts, epilepsy and autism. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 9, 22kDa pseudogene

beta-2-microglobulin

This gene encodes a serum protein found in association with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chain on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells. The protein has a predominantly beta-pleated sheet structure that can form amyloid fibrils in some pathological conditions. The encoded antimicrobial protein displays antibacterial activity in amniotic fluid. A mutation in this gene has been shown to result in hypercatabolic hypoproteinemia.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2014]

beta-defensin 131-like

Predicted to be involved in defense response to bacterium and innate immune response. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, beta subunit pseudogene 1

amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein

This gene encodes a cell surface receptor and transmembrane precursor protein that is cleaved by secretases to form a number of peptides. Some of these peptides are secreted and can bind to the acetyltransferase complex APBB1/TIP60 to promote transcriptional activation, while others form the protein basis of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease. In addition, two of the peptides are antimicrobial peptides, having been shown to have bacteriocidal and antifungal activities. Mutations in this gene have been implicated in autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease and cerebroarterial amyloidosis (cerebral amyloid angiopathy). Multiple transcript variants encoding several different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2014]

protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I, beta subunit pseudogene 1

colony stimulating factor 2 receptor, beta, low-affinity (granulocyte-macrophage)

The protein encoded by this gene is the common beta chain of the high affinity receptor for IL-3, IL-5 and CSF. Defects in this gene have been reported to be associated with protein alveolar proteinosis (PAP). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

actin, beta pseudogene 1

actin, beta pseudogene 2

protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, beta

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family. The encoded protein is a catalytic subunit of cAMP (cyclic AMP)-dependent protein kinase, which mediates signalling though cAMP. cAMP signaling is important to a number of processes, including cell proliferaton and differentiation. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

actin, beta pseudogene

catenin, beta interacting protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene binds CTNNB1 and prevents interaction between CTNNB1 and TCF family members. The encoded protein is a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lysosomal protein transmembrane 4 beta pseudogene

integrin, beta-like 1 (with EGF-like repeat domains)

This gene encodes a beta integrin-related protein that is a member of the EGF-like protein family. The encoded protein contains integrin-like cysteine-rich repeats. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

tubulin, beta 4B class IVb pseudogene 2

T cell receptor beta variable 11-3

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 11-1

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta pseudogene 1

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta pseudogene 3

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta pseudogene 2

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta pseudogene 5

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta pseudogene 4

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta pseudogene 7

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta pseudogene 6

dishevelled-binding antagonist of beta-catenin 1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the dapper family, characterized by the presence of PDZ-binding motif at the C-terminus. It interacts with, and positively regulates dishevelled-mediated signaling pathways during development. Depletion of this mRNA from xenopus embryos resulted in loss of notochord and head structures, and mice lacking this gene died shortly after birth from severe posterior malformations. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

dishevelled-binding antagonist of beta-catenin 3

Predicted to enable delta-catenin binding activity; protein kinase A binding activity; and protein kinase C binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway and negative regulation of cell growth. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dishevelled-binding antagonist of beta-catenin 2

Predicted to enable several functions, including beta-catenin binding activity; delta-catenin binding activity; and protein kinase C binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including epithelial cell morphogenesis; inner medullary collecting duct development; and negative regulation of nodal signaling pathway. Predicted to act upstream of or within hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adaptor-related protein complex 2, beta 1 subunit pseudogene

adrenergic, beta, receptor kinase 1

This gene encodes a member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase family of proteins. The encoded protein phosphorylates the beta-adrenergic receptor as well as a wide range of other substrates including non-GPCR cell surface receptors, and cytoskeletal, mitochondrial, and transcription factor proteins. Data from rodent models supports a role for this gene in embryonic development, heart function and metabolism. Elevated expression of this gene has been observed in human patients with heart failure and Alzheimer's disease. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2017]

adrenergic, beta, receptor kinase 2

The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase specifically phosphorylates the agonist-occupied form of the beta-adrenergic and related G protein-coupled receptors. Overall, the beta adrenergic receptor kinase 2 has 85% amino acid similarity with beta adrenergic receptor kinase 1, with the protein kinase catalytic domain having 95% similarity. These data suggest the existence of a family of receptor kinases which may serve broadly to regulate receptor function. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glycoprotein Ib (platelet), beta polypeptide

Platelet glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) is a heterodimeric transmembrane protein consisting of a disulfide-linked 140 kD alpha chain and 22 kD beta chain. It is part of the GPIb-V-IX system that constitutes the receptor for von Willebrand factor (VWF), and mediates platelet adhesion in the arterial circulation. GPIb alpha chain provides the VWF binding site, and GPIb beta contributes to surface expression of the receptor and participates in transmembrane signaling through phosphorylation of its intracellular domain. Mutations in the GPIb beta subunit have been associated with Bernard-Soulier syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome and giant platelet disorder. The 206 amino acid precursor of GPIb beta is synthesized from a 1.0 kb mRNA expressed in plateletes and megakaryocytes. A 411 amino acid protein arising from a longer, unspliced transcript in endothelial cells has been described; however, the authenticity of this product has been questioned. Yet another less abundant GPIb beta mRNA species of 3.5 kb, expressed in nonhematopoietic tissues such as endothelium, brain and heart, was shown to result from inefficient usage of a non-consensus polyA signal in the neighboring upstream gene (SEPT5, septin 5). In the absence of polyadenylation from its own imperfect site, the SEPT5 gene produces read-through transcripts that use the consensus polyA signal of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

galactosidase, beta 1

This gene encodes a member of the glycosyl hydrolase 35 family of proteins. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to generate the mature lysosomal enzyme. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a terminal beta-linked galactose residue from ganglioside substrates and other glycoconjugates. Mutations in this gene may result in GM1-gangliosidosis and Morquio B syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 7 pseudogene 1

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 7 pseudogene 2

defensin, beta 108, pseudogene 3

defensin, beta 108, pseudogene 2

Predicted to be involved in defense response to bacterium and innate immune response. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

apolipoprotein H (beta-2-glycoprotein I)

Apolipoprotein H, also known as beta-2-glycoprotein I, is a component of circulating plasma lipoproteins. It has been implicated in a variety of physiologic pathways including lipoprotein metabolism, coagulation, hemostasis, and the production of antiphospholipid autoantibodies. APOH may be a required cofactor for anionic phospholipid binding by the antiphospholipid autoantibodies found in sera of many patients with lupus and primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The anti-beta (2) glycoprotein I antibodies from APS patients, mediate inhibition of activated protein C which has anticoagulant properties. Because beta-2-GPI is the main autoantigen in patients with APS, the disruption of this pathway by autoantibodies may be an important mechanism for thrombosis in patients with APS.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2019]

amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein-binding, family A, member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the X11 protein family. It is a neuronal adapter protein that interacts with the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein (APP). It stabilizes APP and inhibits production of proteolytic APP fragments including the A beta peptide that is deposited in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. This gene product is believed to be involved in signal transduction processes. It is also regarded as a putative vesicular trafficking protein in the brain that can form a complex with the potential to couple synaptic vesicle exocytosis to neuronal cell adhesion. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein-binding, family A, member 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the X11 protein family. It is an adapter protein that interacts with the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein. This gene product is believed to be involved in signal transduction processes. This gene is a candidate gene for Alzheimer's disease. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein-binding, family A, member 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the X11 protein family. It is a neuronal adapter protein that interacts with the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein (APP). It stabilizes APP and inhibits production of proteolytic APP fragments including the A beta peptide that is deposited in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. This gene product is believed to be involved in signal transduction processes. It is also regarded as a putative vesicular trafficking protein in the brain that can form a complex with the potential to couple synaptic vesicle exocytosis to neuronal cell adhesion. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

DNA fragmentation factor, 40kDa, beta polypeptide (caspase-activated DNase)

Apoptosis is a cell death process that removes toxic and/or useless cells during mammalian development. The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units. DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) is a heterodimeric protein of 40-kD (DFFB) and 45-kD (DFFA) subunits. DFFA is the substrate for caspase-3 and triggers DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. DFF becomes activated when DFFA is cleaved by caspase-3. The cleaved fragments of DFFA dissociate from DFFB, the active component of DFF. DFFB has been found to trigger both DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation during apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene but the biological validity of some of these variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

nerve growth factor (beta polypeptide)

This gene is a member of the NGF-beta family and encodes a secreted protein which homodimerizes and is incorporated into a larger complex. This protein has nerve growth stimulating activity and the complex is involved in the regulation of growth and the differentiation of sympathetic and certain sensory neurons. Mutations in this gene have been associated with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, type 5 (HSAN5), and dysregulation of this gene's expression is associated with allergic rhinitis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

protocadherin beta 18 pseudogene

Predicted to enable calcium ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cell adhesion. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, beta

This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein that catalyzes the transfer of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine between membranes. This transfer activity is required for COPI complex-mediated retrograde transport from the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

hemoglobin, beta pseudogene 1

actin, beta pseudogene

glucosidase, beta (bile acid) 2

This gene encodes a microsomal beta-glucosidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of bile acid 3-O-glucosides as endogenous compounds. Studies to determine subcellular localization of this protein in the liver indicated that the enzyme was mainly enriched in the microsomal fraction where it appeared to be confined to the endoplasmic reticulum. This putative transmembrane protein is thought to play a role in carbohydrate transport and metabolism. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glucosidase, beta, acid 3 (gene/pseudogene)

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytosolic enzyme that can hydrolyze several types of glycosides. The enzyme has its highest activity at neutral pH and is predominantly expressed in human liver, kidney, intestine, and spleen. This gene is a polymorphic pseudogene, with the most common allele being the functional allele that encodes the full-length protein. Some individuals contain a single nucleotide polymorphism that results in a premature stop codon in the coding region, and therefore this allele is pseudogenic due to the failure to produce a functional full-length protein. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2022]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the beta subunit of the catalytic core. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

T cell receptor beta variable 24-1

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

double C2-like domains, beta

There are at least two protein isoforms of the Double C2 protein, namely alpha (DOC2A) and beta (DOC2B), which contain two C2-like domains. DOC2A and DOC2B are encoded by different genes; these genes are at times confused with the unrelated DAB2 gene which was initially named DOC-2. DOC2B is expressed ubiquitously and is suggested to be involved in Ca(2+)-dependent intracellular vesicle trafficking in various types of cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide

Cytochrome b (-245) is composed of cytochrome b alpha (CYBA) and beta (CYBB) chain. It has been proposed as a primary component of the microbicidal oxidase system of phagocytes. CYBB deficiency is one of five described biochemical defects associated with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). In this disorder, there is decreased activity of phagocyte NADPH oxidase; neutrophils are able to phagocytize bacteria but cannot kill them in the phagocytic vacuoles. The cause of the killing defect is an inability to increase the cell's respiration and consequent failure to deliver activated oxygen into the phagocytic vacuole. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1

This gene is one of seven beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT) genes. They encode type II membrane-bound glycoproteins that appear to have exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose; all transfer galactose in a beta1,4 linkage to similar acceptor sugars: GlcNAc, Glc, and Xyl. Each beta4GalT has a distinct function in the biosynthesis of different glycoconjugates and saccharide structures. As type II membrane proteins, they have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence that directs the protein to the Golgi apparatus and which then remains uncleaved to function as a transmembrane anchor. By sequence similarity, the beta4GalTs form four groups: beta4GalT1 and beta4GalT2, beta4GalT3 and beta4GalT4, beta4GalT5 and beta4GalT6, and beta4GalT7. This gene is unique among the beta4GalT genes because it encodes an enzyme that participates both in glycoconjugate and lactose biosynthesis. For the first activity, the enzyme adds galactose to N-acetylglucosamine residues that are either monosaccharides or the nonreducing ends of glycoprotein carbohydrate chains. The second activity is restricted to lactating mammary tissues where the enzyme forms a heterodimer with alpha-lactalbumin to catalyze UDP-galactose + D-glucose <=> UDP + lactose. The two enzymatic forms result from alternate transcription initiation sites and post-translational processing. Two transcripts, which differ only at the 5' end, with approximate lengths of 4.1 kb and 3.9 kb encode the same protein. The longer transcript encodes the type II membrane-bound, trans-Golgi resident protein involved in glycoconjugate biosynthesis. The shorter transcript encodes a protein which is cleaved to form the soluble lactose synthase. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 3

This gene is one of seven beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT) genes. They encode type II membrane-bound glycoproteins that appear to have exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose; all transfer galactose in a beta1,4 linkage to similar acceptor sugars: GlcNAc, Glc, and Xyl. Each beta4GalT has a distinct function in the biosynthesis of different glycoconjugates and saccharide structures. As type II membrane proteins, they have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence that directs the protein to the Golgi apparatus and which then remains uncleaved to function as a transmembrane anchor. By sequence similarity, the beta4GalTs form four groups: beta4GalT1 and beta4GalT2, beta4GalT3 and beta4GalT4, beta4GalT5 and beta4GalT6, and beta4GalT7. This gene encodes an enzyme that may be mainly involved in the synthesis of the first N-acetyllactosamine unit of poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 2

This gene is one of seven beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT) genes. They encode type II membrane-bound glycoproteins that appear to have exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose; all transfer galactose in a beta1,4 linkage to similar acceptor sugars: GlcNAc, Glc, and Xyl. Each beta4GalT has a distinct function in the biosynthesis of different glycoconjugates and saccharide structures. As type II membrane proteins, they have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence that directs the protein to the Golgi apparatus and which then remains uncleaved to function as a transmembrane anchor. By sequence similarity, the beta4GalTs form four groups: beta4GalT1 and beta4GalT2, beta4GalT3 and beta4GalT4, beta4GalT5 and beta4GalT6, and beta4GalT7. The enzyme encoded by this gene synthesizes N-acetyllactosamine in glycolipids and glycoproteins. Its substrate specificity is affected by alpha-lactalbumin but it is not expressed in lactating mammary tissue. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 5

This gene is one of seven beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT) genes. They encode type II membrane-bound glycoproteins that appear to have exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose; all transfer galactose in a beta1,4 linkage to similar acceptor sugars: GlcNAc, Glc, and Xyl. Each beta4GalT has a distinct function in the biosynthesis of different glycoconjugates and saccharide structures. As type II membrane proteins, they have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence that directs the protein to the Golgi apparatus and which then remains uncleaved to function as a transmembrane anchor. By sequence similarity, the beta4GalTs form four groups: beta4GalT1 and beta4GalT2, beta4GalT3 and beta4GalT4, beta4GalT5 and beta4GalT6, and beta4GalT7. The function of the enzyme encoded by this gene is not clear. This gene was previously designated as B4GALT4 but was renamed to B4GALT5. In the literature it is also referred to as beta4GalT2. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 4

This gene is one of seven beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT) genes. They encode type II membrane-bound glycoproteins that appear to have exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose; all transfer galactose in a beta1,4 linkage to similar acceptor sugars: GlcNAc, Glc, and Xyl. Each beta4GalT has a distinct function in the biosynthesis of different glycoconjugates and saccharide structures. As type II membrane proteins, they have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence that directs the protein to the Golgi apparatus and which then remains uncleaved to function as a transmembrane anchor. By sequence similarity, the beta4GalTs form four groups: beta4GalT1 and beta4GalT2, beta4GalT3 and beta4GalT4, beta4GalT5 and beta4GalT6, and beta4GalT7. The enzyme encoded by this gene appears to mainly play a role in glycolipid biosynthesis. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

xylosylprotein beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 7

This gene is a member of the beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT) family. Family members encode type II membrane-bound glycoproteins that appear to have exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose. Each beta4GalT member has a distinct function in the biosynthesis of different glycoconjugates and saccharide structures. As type II membrane proteins, they have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence that directs the protein to the Golgi apparatus which then remains uncleaved to function as a transmembrane anchor. The enzyme encoded by this gene attaches the first galactose in the common carbohydrate-protein linkage (GlcA-beta1,3-Gal-beta1,3-Gal-beta1,4-Xyl-beta1-O-Ser) found in proteoglycans. This enzyme differs from other beta4GalTs because it lacks the conserved Cys residues found in beta4GalT1-beta4GalT6 and it is located in cis-Golgi instead of trans-Golgi. Mutations in this gene have been associated with the progeroid form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit A, beta

This gene encodes a constant regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2. Protein phosphatase 2 is one of the four major Ser/Thr phosphatases, and it is implicated in the negative control of cell growth and division. It consists of a common heteromeric core enzyme, which is composed of a catalytic subunit and a constant regulatory subunit, that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits. The constant regulatory subunit A serves as a scaffolding molecule to coordinate the assembly of the catalytic subunit and a variable regulatory B subunit. This gene encodes a beta isoform of the constant regulatory subunit A. Mutations in this gene have been associated with some lung and colon cancers. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

STE20-related kinase adaptor beta pseudogene 1

neurotrophin 6 beta (pseudogene)

mannosidase, beta A, lysosomal-like

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ARP1 actin-related protein 1 homolog B, centractin beta (yeast)

This gene encodes a 42.3 kD subunit of dynactin, a macromolecular complex consisting of 10 subunits ranging in size from 22 to 150 kD. Dynactin binds to both microtubules and cytoplasmic dynein and is involved in a diverse array of cellular functions, including ER-to-Golgi transport, the centripetal movement of lysosomes and endosomes, spindle formation, chromosome movement, nuclear positioning, and axonogenesis. This subunit, like ACTR1A, is an actin-related protein. These two proteins, which are of equal length and share 90% amino acid identity, are present in a constant ratio of approximately 1:15 in the dynactin complex. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase, type II, beta

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate on the fourth hydroxyl of the myo-inositol ring to form phosphatidylinositol-5,4-bisphosphate. This gene is a member of the phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase family. The encoded protein sequence does not show similarity to other kinases, but the protein does exhibit kinase activity. Additionally, the encoded protein interacts with p55 TNF receptor. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

integrin beta 1 pseudogene 1

defensin, beta 116

Defensins form a family of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Defensins are short, processed peptide molecules that are classified by structure into three groups: alpha-defensins, beta-defensins and theta-defensins. All beta-defensin genes are densely clustered in four to five syntenic chromosomal regions. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

defensin, beta 117 (pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium and innate immune response. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

defensin, beta 114

Defensins form a family of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Defensins are short, processed peptide molecules that are classified by structure into three groups: alpha-defensins, beta-defensins and theta-defensins. All beta-defensin genes are densely clustered in four to five syntenic chromosomal regions. The protein encoded by this gene is a beta-defensin with antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. The encoded protein also binds and neutralizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a factor involved in inflammatory diseases and male reproductive issues. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

defensin, beta 115

Defensins form a family of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Defensins are short, processed peptide molecules that are classified by structure into three groups: alpha-defensins, beta-defensins and theta-defensins. All beta-defensin genes are densely clustered in four to five syntenic chromosomal regions. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

defensin, beta 112

Defensins form a family of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Defensins are short, processed peptide molecules that are classified by structure into three groups: alpha-defensins, beta-defensins and theta-defensins. All beta-defensin genes are densely clustered in four to five syntenic chromosomal regions. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

defensin, beta 113

Defensins form a family of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Defensins are short, processed peptide molecules that are classified by structure into three groups: alpha-defensins, beta-defensins and theta-defensins. All beta-defensin genes are densely clustered in four to five syntenic chromosomal regions. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

defensin, beta 110

Defensins form a family of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Defensins are short, processed peptide molecules that are classified by structure into three groups: alpha-defensins, beta-defensins and theta-defensins. All beta-defensin genes are densely clustered in four to five syntenic chromosomal regions. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

defensin, beta 118

This gene encodes a member of the beta subfamily of defensins. Beta-defensins are antimicrobial peptides that protect tissues and organs from infection by a variety of microorganisms. Expression of this gene is regulated by androgen, and the encoded protein binds to sperm and exhibits antibacterial activity against E. coli. This gene is found in a cluster with other beta-defensin genes on the long arm of chromosome 20. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

defensin, beta 119

This gene encodes a member of the beta subfamily of defensins. Beta-defensins are antimicrobial peptides that protect tissues and organs from infection by a variety of microorganisms. This gene is found in a cluster with other beta-defensin genes on the long arm of chromosome 20. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

platelet-derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide

The protein encoded by this gene is a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor for members of the platelet-derived growth factor family. These growth factors are mitogens for cells of mesenchymal origin. The identity of the growth factor bound to a receptor monomer determines whether the functional receptor is a homodimer (PDGFB or PDGFD) or a heterodimer (PDGFA and PDGFB). This gene is essential for normal development of the cardiovascular system and aids in rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. This gene is flanked on chromosome 5 by the genes for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and macrophage-colony stimulating factor receptor; all three genes may be implicated in the 5-q syndrome. A translocation between chromosomes 5 and 12, that fuses this gene to that of the ETV6 gene, results in chronic myeloproliferative disorder with eosinophilia. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

thymosin beta 10

Predicted to enable actin monomer binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of cell migration and sequestering of actin monomers. Predicted to be located in cytoskeleton. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 10-2

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 10-3

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 10-1(gene/pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

beta-1,4-glucuronyltransferase 1

This gene encodes a member of the beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase family. This enzyme is a type II transmembrane protein. It is essential for the synthesis of poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a determinant for the blood group i antigen. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

beta-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (globoside blood group) pseudogene

amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein-binding, family A, member 2 pseudogene

amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein-binding, family A, member 2 pseudogene

beta-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 pseudogene 1

proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 11

Proteasomes generate peptides that are presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I molecules to other cells of the immune system. Proteolysis is conducted by 20S proteasomes, complexes of 28 subunits arranged as a cylinder in 4 heteroheptameric rings: alpha-1 to -7, beta-1 to -7, beta-1 to -7, and alpha-1 to -7. The catalytic subunits are beta-1 (PSMB6; MIM 600307), beta-2 (PSMB7; MIM 604030), and beta-5 (PSMB5; MIM 600306). Three additional subunits, beta-1i (PSMB9; MIM 177045), beta-2i (PSMB10; MIM 176847), and beta-5i (PSMB8; MIM 177046), are induced by gamma-interferon (IFNG; MIM 147570) and are preferentially incorporated into proteasomes to make immunoproteasomes. PSMB11, or beta-5t, is a catalytic subunit expressed exclusively in cortical thymic epithelial cells (Murata et al., 2007 [PubMed 17540904]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 10

The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered ring-shaped 20S core structure. The core structure is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. An essential function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides. This gene encodes a member of the proteasome B-type family, also known as the T1B family, that is a 20S core beta subunit. Proteolytic processing is required to generate a mature subunit. Expression of this gene is induced by gamma interferon, and this gene product replaces catalytic subunit 2 (proteasome beta 7 subunit) in the immunoproteasome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

beta-gamma crystallin domain containing 3

Enables protein kinase A binding activity. Predicted to be involved in lens development in camera-type eye and visual perception. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, beta

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the cytidylyltransferase family. It is involved in the regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

sodium channel, voltage gated, type III beta subunit

Voltage-gated sodium channels are transmembrane glycoprotein complexes composed of a large alpha subunit and one or more regulatory beta subunits. They are responsible for the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons and muscle. This gene encodes one member of the sodium channel beta subunit gene family, and influences the inactivation kinetics of the sodium channel. Two alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mannosyl (alpha-1,6-)-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase, isozyme B

Enables alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity and manganese ion binding activity. Involved in protein O-linked glycosylation via serine. Predicted to be located in Golgi membrane. Predicted to be active in Golgi apparatus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

GA binding protein transcription factor, beta subunit 2

Enables transcription cis-regulatory region binding activity. Acts upstream of or within positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

GA binding protein transcription factor, beta subunit 1

This gene encodes the GA-binding protein transcription factor, beta subunit. This protein forms a tetrameric complex with the alpha subunit, and stimulates transcription of target genes. The encoded protein may be involved in activation of cytochrome oxidase expression and nuclear control of mitochondrial function. The crystal structure of a similar protein in mouse has been resolved as a ternary protein complex. Multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit type 2 beta

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family. PI3-kinases play roles in signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, oncogenic transformation, cell survival, cell migration, and intracellular protein trafficking. This protein contains a lipid kinase catalytic domain as well as a C-terminal C2 domain, a characteristic of class II PI3-kinases. C2 domains act as calcium-dependent phospholipid binding motifs that mediate translocation of proteins to membranes, and may also mediate protein-protein interactions. The PI3-kinase activity of this protein is sensitive to low nanomolar levels of the inhibitor wortmanin. The C2 domain of this protein was shown to bind phospholipids but not Ca2+, which suggests that this enzyme may function in a calcium-independent manner. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

T cell receptor beta variable 25-1

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

peroxisomal biogenesis factor 11 beta

The protein encoded by this gene facilitates peroxisomal proliferation and interacts with PEX19. The encoded protein is found in the peroxisomal membrane. Several transcript variants, some protein-coding and some not protein-coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

actin, beta

This gene encodes one of six different actin proteins. Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in cell motility, structure, integrity, and intercellular signaling. The encoded protein is a major constituent of the contractile apparatus and one of the two nonmuscle cytoskeletal actins that are ubiquitously expressed. Mutations in this gene cause Baraitser-Winter syndrome 1, which is characterized by intellectual disability with a distinctive facial appearance in human patients. Numerous pseudogenes of this gene have been identified throughout the human genome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

mannosyl (alpha-1,3-)-glycoprotein beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase

There are believed to be over 100 different glycosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of protein-bound and lipid-bound oligosaccharides. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:alpha-3-D-mannoside beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I is a medial-Golgi enzyme essential for the synthesis of hybrid and complex N-glycans. The protein, encoded by a single exon, shows typical features of a type II transmembrane protein. The protein is believed to be essential for normal embryogenesis. Several variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mannosyl (alpha-1,6-)-glycoprotein beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase

The product of this gene is a Golgi enzyme catalyzing an essential step in the conversion of oligomannose to complex N-glycans. The enzyme has the typical glycosyltransferase domains: a short N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a hydrophobic non-cleavable signal-anchor domain, and a C-terminal catalytic domain. Mutations in this gene may lead to carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome, type II. The coding region of this gene is intronless. Transcript variants with a spliced 5' UTR may exist, but their biological validity has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mannosyl (alpha-1,6-)-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glycosyltransferase family. It catalyzes the addition of beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine to the alpha-linked mannose of biantennary N-linked oligosaccharides present on the newly synthesized glycoproteins. It is one of the most important enzymes involved in the regulation of the biosynthesis of glycoprotein oligosaccharides. Alterations of the oligosaccharides on cell surface glycoproteins cause significant changes in the adhesive or migratory behavior of a cell. Increase in the activity of this enzyme has been correlated with the progression of invasive malignancies. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase, alpha and beta subunits

This gene encodes two of three subunit types of the membrane-bound enzyme N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase, a heterohexameric complex composed of two alpha, two beta, and two gamma subunits. The encoded protein is proteolytically cleaved at the Lys928-Asp929 bond to yield mature alpha and beta polypeptides while the gamma subunits are the product of a distinct gene (GeneID 84572). In the Golgi apparatus, the heterohexameric complex catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of mannose 6-phosphate recognition markers on certain oligosaccharides of newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes. These recognition markers are essential for appropriate trafficking of lysosomal enzymes. Mutations in this gene have been associated with both mucolipidosis II and mucolipidosis IIIA.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

PTPRF interacting protein, binding protein 1 (liprin beta 1)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the LAR protein-tyrosine phosphatase-interacting protein (liprin) family. Liprins interact with members of LAR family of transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatases, which are known to be important for axon guidance and mammary gland development. It has been proposed that liprins are multivalent proteins that form complex structures and act as scaffolds for the recruitment and anchoring of LAR family of tyrosine phosphatases. This protein was found to interact with S100A4, a calcium-binding protein related to tumor invasiveness and metastasis. In vitro experiment demonstrated that the interaction inhibited the phosphorylation of this protein by protein kinase C and protein kinase CK2. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

PTPRF interacting protein, binding protein 2 (liprin beta 2)

This gene encodes a member of the LAR protein-tyrosine phosphatase-interacting protein (liprin) family. The encoded protein is a beta liprin and plays a role in axon guidance and neuronal synapse development by recruiting LAR protein-tyrosine phosphatases to the plasma membrane. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

tubulin, beta 1 class VI pseudogene 1

tubulin, beta 1 class VI pseudogene 2

defensin, beta 134

Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic polypeptides that are important in the immunologic response to invading microorganisms. The antimicrobial protein encoded by this gene is secreted and is a member of the beta defensin protein family. Beta defensin genes are found in several clusters throughout the genome, with this gene mapping to a cluster at 8p23. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

defensin, beta 131

Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic polypeptides that are important in the immunologic response to invading microorganisms. The antimicrobial protein encoded by this gene is secreted and is a member of the beta defensin protein family. Beta defensin genes are found in several clusters throughout the genome, with this gene mapping to a cluster at 4p16. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

transducin (beta)-like 1, Y-linked pseudogene 1

glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta

The protein encoded by this gene is a serine-threonine kinase belonging to the glycogen synthase kinase subfamily. It is a negative regulator of glucose homeostasis and is involved in energy metabolism, inflammation, ER-stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptotic pathways. Defects in this gene have been associated with Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

lactamase, beta

This gene encodes a mitochondrially-localized protein that has sequence similarity to prokaryotic beta-lactamases. Many of the residues responsible for beta-lactamase activity are not conserved in this protein, suggesting it may have a different enzymatic function. Increased expression of the related mouse gene was found to be associated with obesity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

T cell receptor beta variable 16 (gene/pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 15

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 14

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 13

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 19

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Part of alpha-beta T cell receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 18

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 1

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 2

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 3

pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 pseudogene

protein phosphatase 2, catalytic subunit, beta isozyme pseudogene 1

phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 2 (beta)

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is a lipid kinase that phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol and similar compounds, creating second messengers important in growth signaling pathways. PI3K functions as a heterodimer of a regulatory and a catalytic subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is a regulatory component of PI3K. Three transcript variants, one protein coding and the other two non-protein coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2019]

glucuronidase, beta pseudogene

solute carrier family 51, beta subunit

Predicted to enable bile acid transmembrane transporter activity and protein heterodimerization activity. Involved in bile acid secretion. Located in basolateral plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

chorionic gonadotropin, beta polypeptide

This gene is a member of the glycoprotein hormone beta chain family and encodes the beta 3 subunit of chorionic gonadotropin (CG). Glycoprotein hormones are heterodimers consisting of a common alpha subunit and an unique beta subunit which confers biological specificity. CG is produced by the trophoblastic cells of the placenta and stimulates the ovaries to synthesize the steroids that are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. The beta subunit of CG is encoded by 6 genes which are arranged in tandem and inverted pairs on chromosome 19q13.3 and contiguous with the luteinizing hormone beta subunit gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

T cell receptor beta variable A/OR9-2 (pseudogene)

platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide

This gene encodes a member of the protein family comprised of both platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF). The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate platelet-derived growth factor subunit B, which can homodimerize, or alternatively, heterodimerize with the related platelet-derived growth factor subunit A. These proteins bind and activate PDGF receptor tyrosine kinases, which play a role in a wide range of developmental processes. Mutations in this gene are associated with meningioma. Reciprocal translocations between chromosomes 22 and 17, at sites where this gene and that for collagen type 1, alpha 1 are located, are associated with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, a rare skin tumor. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, regulatory, type I, beta

The protein encoded by this gene is a regulatory subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), which is involved in the signaling pathway of the second messenger cAMP. Two regulatory and two catalytic subunits form the PKA holoenzyme, disbands after cAMP binding. The holoenzyme is involved in many cellular events, including ion transport, metabolism, and transcription. Several transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

interleukin 10 receptor, beta

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the cytokine receptor family. It is an accessory chain essential for the active interleukin 10 receptor complex. Coexpression of this and IL10RA proteins has been shown to be required for IL10-induced signal transduction. This gene and three other interferon receptor genes, IFAR2, IFNAR1, and IFNGR2, form a class II cytokine receptor gene cluster located in a small region on chromosome 21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

MFNG O-fucosylpeptide 3-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase

This gene is a member of the glycosyltransferase 31 gene family. Members of this gene family, which also includes the LFNG (GeneID: 3955) and RFNG (GeneID: 5986) genes, encode evolutionarily conserved glycosyltransferases that act in the Notch signaling pathway to define boundaries during embryonic development. While their genomic structure is distinct from other glycosyltransferases, these proteins have a fucose-specific beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity that leads to elongation of O-linked fucose residues on Notch, which alters Notch signaling. The protein encoded by this gene may control Notch signaling in claudin-low breast cancer. [provided by RefSeq, May 2018]

complement component 4 binding protein, beta

This gene encodes a member of a superfamily of proteins composed predominantly of tandemly arrayed short consensus repeats of approximately 60 amino acids. A single, unique beta-chain encoded by this gene assembles with seven identical alpha-chains into the predominant isoform of C4b-binding protein, a multimeric protein that controls activation of the complement cascade through the classical pathway. C4b-binding protein has a regulatory role in the coagulation system also, mediated through the beta-chain binding of protein S, a vitamin K-dependent protein that serves as a cofactor of activated protein C. The genes encoding both alpha and beta chains are located adjacent to each other on human chromosome 1 in the regulator of complement activation gene cluster. Alternative splicing gives rise to multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 8, pseudogene 1

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 8, pseudogene 3

arrestin, beta 2

Members of arrestin/beta-arrestin protein family are thought to participate in agonist-mediated desensitization of G-protein-coupled receptors and cause specific dampening of cellular responses to stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or sensory signals. Arrestin beta 2, like arrestin beta 1, was shown to inhibit beta-adrenergic receptor function in vitro. It is expressed at high levels in the central nervous system and may play a role in the regulation of synaptic receptors. Besides the brain, a cDNA for arrestin beta 2 was isolated from thyroid gland, and thus it may also be involved in hormone-specific desensitization of TSH receptors. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

arrestin, beta 1

Members of arrestin/beta-arrestin protein family are thought to participate in agonist-mediated desensitization of G-protein-coupled receptors and cause specific dampening of cellular responses to stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or sensory signals. Arrestin beta 1 is a cytosolic protein and acts as a cofactor in the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (BARK) mediated desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors. Besides the central nervous system, it is expressed at high levels in peripheral blood leukocytes, and thus the BARK/beta-arrestin system is believed to play a major role in regulating receptor-mediated immune functions. Alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms of arrestin beta 1 have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

nuclear transcription factor Y, beta pseudogene

pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 11

The human pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs) are a group of molecules that are mainly produced by the placental syncytiotrophoblasts during pregnancy. PSGs comprise a subgroup of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family, which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. For additional general information about the PSG gene family, see PSG1 (MIM 176390).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2009]

luteinizing hormone beta polypeptide

This gene is a member of the glycoprotein hormone beta chain family and encodes the beta subunit of luteinizing hormone (LH). Glycoprotein hormones are heterodimers consisting of a common alpha subunit and an unique beta subunit which confers biological specificity. LH is expressed in the pituitary gland and promotes spermatogenesis and ovulation by stimulating the testes and ovaries to synthesize steroids. The genes for the beta chains of chorionic gonadotropin and for luteinizing hormone are contiguous on chromosome 19q13.3. Mutations in this gene are associated with hypogonadism which is characterized by infertility and pseudohermaphroditism. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

capping protein (actin filament) muscle Z-line, beta

This gene encodes the beta subunit of the barbed-end actin binding protein, which belongs to the F-actin capping protein family. The capping protein is a heterodimeric actin capping protein that blocks actin filament assembly and disassembly at the fast growing (barbed) filament ends and functions in regulating actin filament dynamics as well as in stabilizing actin filament lengths in muscle and nonmuscle cells. A pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 2. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

topoisomerase (DNA) III beta pseudogene 1

This gene was predicted by automated computational analysis. It encodes a protein with similarity to human topoisomerase (DNA) III beta, which is thought to relax supercoiled DNA upon replication, transcription, and cell division. This gene lies in the immunoglobulin lambda gene cluster on chromosome 22q11.21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

pancreatic beta cell glycoprotein 1

tubulin, beta 4B class IVb pseudogene 6

tubulin, beta 6 class V pseudogene

thymosin beta 15B

Predicted to enable actin monomer binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of cell migration. Predicted to be located in cytoskeleton. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

thymosin beta 15a

Predicted to enable actin monomer binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of cell migration. Predicted to be located in cytoskeleton. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protein S (beta) pseudogene

STE20-related kinase adaptor beta

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase STE20 subfamily. One of the active site residues in the protein kinase domain of this protein is altered, and it is thus a pseudokinase. This protein is a component of a complex involved in the activation of serine/threonine kinase 11, a master kinase that regulates cell polarity and energy-generating metabolism. This complex regulates the relocation of this kinase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and it is essential for G1 cell cycle arrest mediated by this kinase. The protein encoded by this gene can also interact with the X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, and this interaction enhances the anti-apoptotic activity of this protein via the JNK1 signal transduction pathway. Two pseudogenes, located on chromosomes 1 and 7, have been found for this gene. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

actin, beta pseudogene

ALG1, chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase-like

transforming growth factor, beta receptor 1 pseudogene

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 10

This gene encodes 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type II, a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. The gene product is a mitochondrial protein that catalyzes the oxidation of a wide variety of fatty acids and steroids, and is a subunit of mitochondrial ribonuclease P, which is involved in tRNA maturation. The protein has been implicated in the development of Alzheimer disease, and mutations in the gene are the cause of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 (HSD10) deficiency. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified, but the full-length nature of only two transcript variants has been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2014]

guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta 5

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), which integrate signals between receptors and effector proteins, are composed of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma subunit. These subunits are encoded by families of related genes. This gene encodes a beta subunit. Beta subunits are important regulators of alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors and effectors. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms exist. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 4

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), which integrate signals between receptors and effector proteins, are composed of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma subunit. These subunits are encoded by families of related genes. This gene encodes a beta subunit. Beta subunits are important regulators of alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors and effectors. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 1

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), which integrate signals between receptors and effector proteins, are composed of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma subunit. These subunits are encoded by families of related genes. This gene encodes a beta subunit. Beta subunits are important regulators of alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors and effectors. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 3

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), which integrate signals between receptors and effector proteins, are composed of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma subunit. These subunits are encoded by families of related genes. This gene encodes a beta subunit which belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family. Beta subunits are important regulators of alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors and effectors. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (C825T) in this gene is associated with essential hypertension and obesity. This polymorphism is also associated with the occurrence of the splice variant GNB3-s, which appears to have increased activity. GNB3-s is an example of alternative splicing caused by a nucleotide change outside of the splice donor and acceptor sites. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Additional alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but their full-length nature is not known. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 2

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), which integrate signals between receptors and effector proteins, are composed of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma subunit. These subunits are encoded by families of related genes. This gene encodes a beta subunit. Beta subunits are important regulators of alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors and effectors. This gene contains a trinucleotide (CCG) repeat length polymorphism in its 5' UTR. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

par-3 family cell polarity regulator beta

Predicted to enable phosphatidylinositol binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including establishment of cell polarity; establishment of centrosome localization; and establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity. Located in cell junction. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

filamin B, beta

This gene encodes a member of the filamin family. The encoded protein interacts with glycoprotein Ib alpha as part of the process to repair vascular injuries. The platelet glycoprotein Ib complex includes glycoprotein Ib alpha, and it binds the actin cytoskeleton. Mutations in this gene have been found in several conditions: atelosteogenesis type 1 and type 3; boomerang dysplasia; autosomal dominant Larsen syndrome; and spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

amyloid beta (A4) precursor-like protein 1

This gene encodes a member of the highly conserved amyloid precursor protein gene family. The encoded protein is a membrane-associated glycoprotein that is cleaved by secretases in a manner similar to amyloid beta A4 precursor protein cleavage. This cleavage liberates an intracellular cytoplasmic fragment that may act as a transcriptional activator. The encoded protein may also play a role in synaptic maturation during cortical development. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

T cell receptor beta variable 6-4

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 6-1

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

polymerase (DNA directed), beta

The protein encoded by this gene is a DNA polymerase involved in base excision and repair, also called gap-filling DNA synthesis. The encoded protein, acting as a monomer, is normally found in the cytoplasm, but it translocates to the nucleus upon DNA damage. Several transcript variants of this gene exist, but the full-length nature of only one has been described to date. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

glucuronidase, beta pseudogene

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 9, 22kDa pseudogene

defensin, beta 129

Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic polypeptides that are important in the immunologic response to invading microorganisms. The antimicrobial protein encoded by this gene is secreted and is a member of the beta defensin protein family. Beta defensin genes are found in several clusters throughout the genome, with this gene mapping to a cluster at 20p13. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

defensin, beta 128

Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic polypeptides that are important in the immunologic response to invading microorganisms. The antimicrobial protein encoded by this gene is secreted and is a member of the beta defensin protein family. Beta defensin genes are found in several clusters throughout the genome, with this gene mapping to a cluster at 20p13. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

defensin, beta 127

Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic polypeptides that are important in the immunologic response to invading microorganisms. The antimicrobial protein encoded by this gene is secreted and is a member of the beta defensin protein family. Beta defensin genes are found in several clusters throughout the genome, with this gene mapping to a cluster at 20p13. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

defensin, beta 126

Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic polypeptides that are important in the immunologic response to invading microorganisms. The antimicrobial protein encoded by this gene is secreted and is a member of the beta defensin protein family. Beta defensin genes are found in several clusters throughout the genome, with this gene mapping to a cluster at 20p13. The encoded protein is highly similar to an epididymal-specific secretory protein (ESP13.2) from cynomolgus monkey. Mutation of this gene is associated with impaired sperm function. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

defensin, beta 125

Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic polypeptides that are important in the host immunologic response to invading microorganisms. The antimicrobial protein encoded by this gene is secreted and is a member of the beta defensin protein family. Beta defensin genes are found in several clusters throughout the genome, with this gene mapping to a cluster at 20p13. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

defensin, beta 123

Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic polypeptides that are important in the host immunologic response to invading microorganisms. This antimicrobial protein is secreted and is a member of the beta defensin protein family. Beta defensin genes are found in several clusters throughout the genome, with this gene mapping to a cluster at 20q11.1. Two transcript variants, one protein-coding and the other not, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

defensin, beta 122 (pseudogene)

coatomer protein complex, subunit beta 1

This gene encodes a protein subunit of the coatomer complex associated with non-clathrin coated vesicles. The coatomer complex, also known as the coat protein complex 1, forms in the cytoplasm and is recruited to the Golgi by activated guanosine triphosphatases. Once at the Golgi membrane, the coatomer complex may assist in the movement of protein and lipid components back to the endoplasmic reticulum. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009]

galactosidase, beta 1-like

Predicted to enable beta-galactosidase activity. Predicted to be involved in galactose catabolic process. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in vacuole. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2

This gene encodes a translation elongation factor. The protein is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor involved in the transfer of aminoacylated tRNAs to the ribosome. Alternative splicing results in three transcript variants which differ only in the 5' UTR. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, regulatory, type II, beta pseudogene

heat shock protein 90kDa beta (Grp94), member 2, pseudogene

Predicted to enable several functions, including ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein folding. Predicted to be active in mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transducin (beta)-like 2

This gene encodes a member of the beta-transducin protein family. Most proteins of the beta-transducin family are involved in regulatory functions. This protein is possibly involved in some intracellular signaling pathway. This gene is deleted in Williams-Beuren syndrome, a developmental disorder caused by deletion of multiple genes at 7q11.23. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

transducin (beta)-like 3

The protein encoded by this gene has sequence similarity with members of the WD40 repeat-containing protein family. The WD40 group is a large family of proteins, which appear to have a regulatory function. It is believed that the WD40 repeats mediate protein-protein interactions and members of the family are involved in signal transduction, RNA processing, gene regulation, vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal assembly and may play a role in the control of cytotypic differentiation. This gene has multiple polyadenylation sites. It might have multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants but the variants have not been fully described yet. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mannosidase, beta B, soluble

mannosidase, beta A, lysosomal

This gene encodes a member of the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family. The encoded protein localizes to the lysosome where it is the final exoglycosidase in the pathway for N-linked glycoprotein oligosaccharide catabolism. Mutations in this gene are associated with beta-mannosidosis, a lysosomal storage disease that has a wide spectrum of neurological involvement. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tubulin, beta 8 class VIII pseudogene 8

tubulin, beta 8 class VIII pseudogene 5

casein kinase 2, beta polypeptide

This gene encodes the beta subunit of casein kinase II, a ubiquitous protein kinase which regulates metabolic pathways, signal transduction, transcription, translation, and replication. The enzyme is composed of three subunits, alpha, alpha prime and beta, which form a tetrameric holoenzyme. The alpha and alpha prime subunits are catalytic, while the beta subunit serves regulatory functions. The enzyme localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, beta 3 pseudogene

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta, 38kDa

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (EIF-2) functions in the early steps of protein synthesis by forming a ternary complex with GTP and initiator tRNA and binding to a 40S ribosomal subunit. EIF-2 is composed of three subunits, alpha, beta, and gamma, with the protein encoded by this gene representing the beta subunit. The beta subunit catalyzes the exchange of GDP for GTP, which recycles the EIF-2 complex for another round of initiation. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

catenin, beta like 1 pseudogene

lymphotoxin beta receptor (TNFR superfamily, member 3)

This gene encodes a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. The major ligands of this receptor include lymphotoxin alpha/beta and tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14. The encoded protein plays a role in signalling during the development of lymphoid and other organs, lipid metabolism, immune response, and programmed cell death. Activity of this receptor has also been linked to carcinogenesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 4, 15kDa pseudogene 2

phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, beta subunit

This gene encodes a highly conserved enzyme that belongs to the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase class IIc subfamily. This enzyme comprises the regulatory beta subunits that form a tetramer with two catalytic alpha subunits. In the presence of ATP, this tetramer is responsible for attaching L-phenylalanine to the terminal adenosine of the appropriate tRNA. A pseudogene located on chromosome 10 has been identified. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta, pseudogene 1

hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta, pseudogene 3

hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta, pseudogene 2

hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta, pseudogene 5

hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta, pseudogene 4

topoisomerase (DNA) II beta 180kDa

This gene encodes a DNA topoisomerase, an enzyme that controls and alters the topologic states of DNA during transcription. This nuclear enzyme is involved in processes such as chromosome condensation, chromatid separation, and the relief of torsional stress that occurs during DNA transcription and replication. It catalyzes the transient breaking and rejoining of two strands of duplex DNA which allows the strands to pass through one another, thus altering the topology of DNA. Two forms of this enzyme exist as likely products of a gene duplication event. The gene encoding this form, beta, is localized to chromosome 3 and the alpha form is localized to chromosome 17. The gene encoding this enzyme functions as the target for several anticancer agents and a variety of mutations in this gene have been associated with the development of drug resistance. Reduced activity of this enzyme may also play a role in ataxia-telangiectasia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 3, 12kDa pseudogene 5

sarcoglycan, beta (43kDa dystrophin-associated glycoprotein)

This gene encodes a member of the sarcoglycan family. Sarcoglycans are transmembrane components in the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex which help stabilize the muscle fiber membranes and link the muscle cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. Mutations in this gene have been associated with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) beta

Isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate. These enzymes belong to two distinct subclasses, one of which utilizes NAD(+) as the electron acceptor and the other NADP(+). Five isocitrate dehydrogenases have been reported: three NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, which localize to the mitochondrial matrix, and two NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, one of which is mitochondrial and the other predominantly cytosolic. NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the allosterically regulated rate-limiting step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each isozyme is a heterotetramer that is composed of two alpha subunits, one beta subunit, and one gamma subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is the beta subunit of one isozyme of NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

diacylglycerol kinase, beta 90kDa

Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are regulators of the intracellular concentration of the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) and thus play a key role in cellular processes. Nine mammalian isotypes have been identified, which are encoded by separate genes. Mammalian DGK isozymes contain a conserved catalytic (kinase) domain and a cysteine-rich domain (CRD). The protein encoded by this gene is a diacylglycerol kinase, beta isotype. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

tectorin beta

This gene encodes a non-collagenous glycoprotein component of the tectorial membrane, which covers the auditory hair cells in the cochlea of the inner ear. A similar protein in mouse functions in low-frequency hearing. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

amyloid beta precursor protein (cytoplasmic tail) binding protein 2

The protein encoded by this gene interacts with microtubules and is functionally associated with beta-amyloid precursor protein transport and/or processing. The beta-amyloid precursor protein is a cell surface protein with signal-transducing properties, and it is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The encoded protein may be involved in regulating cell death. This gene has been found to be highly expressed in breast cancer. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

general transcription factor IIE, polypeptide 2, beta 34kDa pseudogene

T cell receptor beta variable 28

Predicted to enable peptide antigen binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be part of T cell receptor complex. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 26 (pseudogene)

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 9, 22kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complex I (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide: ubiquinone oxidoreductase). Complex I is localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane and functions to dehydrogenate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and to shuttle electrons to coenzyme Q. Complex I deficiency is the most common defect found in oxidative phosphorylation disorders and results in a range of conditions, including lethal neonatal disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, liver disease, and adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes five, seven and eight. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 8, 19kDa

Predicted to enable NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in nuclear type mitochondrial complex I deficiency 32. Biomarker of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 7, 18kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the multisubunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. It is located at the mitochondrial inner membrane. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It transfers electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 6, 17kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the multisubunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. It locates at the mitochondrial inner membrane. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It transfers electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and three transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 5, 16kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the multisubunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. It locates at the mitochondrial inner membrane. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It transfers electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 4, 15kDa

This gene encodes a non-catalytic subunit of the multisubunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, the first enzyme complex in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (complex I). Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits and transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2009]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 3, 12kDa

This gene encodes an accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which is the first enzyme in the electron transport chain of mitochondria. This protein localizes to the inner membrane of the mitochondrion as a single-pass membrane protein. Mutations in this gene contribute to mitochondrial complex 1 deficiency. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein. Humans have multiple pseudogenes of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 2, 8kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the multisubunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It plays a important role in transfering electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. Hydropathy analysis revealed that this subunit and 4 other subunits have an overall hydrophilic pattern, even though they are found within the hydrophobic protein (HP) fraction of complex I. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 1, 7kDa

Predicted to enable NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion and nuclear speck. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I, beta subunit

Protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGTase-I) transfers a geranylgeranyl group to the cysteine residue of candidate proteins containing a C-terminal CAAX motif in which 'A' is an aliphatic amino acid and 'X' is leucine (summarized by Zhang et al., 1994 [PubMed 8106351]). The enzyme is composed of a 48-kD alpha subunit (FNTA; MIM 134635) and a 43-kD beta subunit, encoded by the PGGT1B gene. The FNTA gene encodes the alpha subunit for both GGTase-I and the related enzyme farnesyltransferase.[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

beta-defensin 131-like

putative beta-glucuronidase-like protein MGC156142

prolyl 4-hydroxylase, beta polypeptide

This gene encodes the beta subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, a highly abundant multifunctional enzyme that belongs to the protein disulfide isomerase family. When present as a tetramer consisting of two alpha and two beta subunits, this enzyme is involved in hydroxylation of prolyl residues in preprocollagen. This enzyme is also a disulfide isomerase containing two thioredoxin domains that catalyze the formation, breakage and rearrangement of disulfide bonds. Other known functions include its ability to act as a chaperone that inhibits aggregation of misfolded proteins in a concentration-dependent manner, its ability to bind thyroid hormone, its role in both the influx and efflux of S-nitrosothiol-bound nitric oxide, and its function as a subunit of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein complex. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

defensin, beta 105A

Defensins form a family of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Defensins are short, processed peptide molecules that are classified by structure into three groups: alpha-defensins, beta-defensins and theta-defensins. All beta-defensin genes are densely clustered in four to five syntenic chromosomal regions. Chromosome 8p23 contains at least two copies of the duplicated beta-defensin cluster. This duplication results in two identical copies of defensin, beta 105, DEFB105A and DEFB105B, in tail-to-tail orientation. This gene, DEFB105A, represents the more centromeric copy. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

defensin, beta 105B

Defensins form a family of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Defensins are short, processed peptide molecules that are classified by structure into three groups: alpha-defensins, beta-defensins and theta-defensins. All beta-defensin genes are densely clustered in four to five syntenic chromosomal regions. Chromosome 8p23 contains at least two copies of the duplicated beta-defensin cluster. This duplication results in two identical copies of defensin, beta 105, DEFB105A and DEFB105B, in tail-to-tail orientation. This gene, DEFB105B, represents the more telomeric copy. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

DNA fragmentation factor, 40kDa, beta polypeptide pseudogene 1

thymosin beta 4, X-linked pseudogene 3

retinoid X receptor, beta

This gene encodes a member of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) family of nuclear receptors which are involved in mediating the effects of retinoic acid (RA). The encoded protein forms homodimers with the retinoic acid, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D receptors, increasing both DNA binding and transcriptional function on their respective response elements. This gene lies within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II region on chromosome 6. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

protocadherin beta 19 pseudogene

gap junction protein, beta 7, 25kDa

Connexins, such as GJB7, are involved in the formation of gap junctions, intercellular conduits that directly connect the cytoplasms of contacting cells. Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of 2 hemichannels, each of which contains 6 connexin subunits (Sohl et al., 2003 [PubMed 12881038]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, beta 1 (muscle)

The muscle acetylcholine receptor is composed of five subunits: two alpha subunits and one beta, one gamma, and one delta subunit. This gene encodes the beta subunit of the acetylcholine receptor. The acetylcholine receptor changes conformation upon acetylcholine binding leading to the opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane. Mutations in this gene are associated with slow-channel congenital myasthenic syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, beta 3 (neuronal)

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are members of a superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels that mediate fast signal transmission at synapses. The nAChRs are (hetero)pentamers composed of homologous subunits. The subunits that make up the muscle and neuronal forms of nAChRs are encoded by separate genes and have different primary structure. There are several subtypes of neuronal nAChRs that vary based on which homologous subunits are arranged around the central channel. They are classified as alpha-subunits if, like muscle alpha-1 (MIM 100690), they have a pair of adjacent cysteines as part of the presumed acetylcholine binding site. Subunits lacking these cysteine residues are classified as beta-subunits (Groot Kormelink and Luyten, 1997 [PubMed 9009220]). Elliott et al. (1996) [PubMed 8906617] stated that the proposed structure for each subunit is a conserved N-terminal extracellular domain followed by 3 conserved transmembrane domains, a variable cytoplasmic loop, a fourth conserved transmembrane domain, and a short C-terminal extracellular region.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, beta 2 (neuronal)

Neuronal acetylcholine receptors are homo- or heteropentameric complexes composed of homologous alpha and beta subunits. They belong to a superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels which allow the flow of sodium and potassium across the plasma membrane in response to ligands such as acetylcholine and nicotine. This gene encodes one of several beta subunits. Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, beta 4 (neuronal)

This gene is found within a conserved gene cluster and encodes one of the beta subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) superfamily which form ligand-gated ion channels with a central pore that forms a cation channel. Neuronal nAChRs are pentameric structures that can be either homomeric or heteromeric, with heteromeric structures containing both alpha and beta subunits. Each subunit contains an extracellular amino terminus and four transmembrane domains. Nicotine is one of the agonists that binds to the receptor. Variants in this gene have been associated with nicotine dependence and lung cancer. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2017]

proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 5 pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

integrin beta 1 binding protein 1

The cytoplasmic domains of integrins are essential for cell adhesion. The protein encoded by this gene binds to the beta1 integrin cytoplasmic domain. The interaction between this protein and beta1 integrin is highly specific. Two isoforms of this protein are derived from alternatively spliced transcripts. The shorter form of this protein does not interact with the beta1 integrin cytoplasmic domain. The longer form is a phosphoprotein and the extent of its phosphorylation is regulated by the cell-matrix interaction, suggesting an important role of this protein during integrin-dependent cell adhesion. Several transcript variants, some protein-coding and some non-protein coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

integrin beta 1 binding protein (melusin) 2

This gene encodes a protein with two cysteine and histidine-rich (CHORD) domains, PXXP motifs, YXXI/P motifs, putative SH2 and SH3 domain binding motifs, and an acidic region at the C-terminus that can bind calcium. Two hybrid analysis showed that this protein interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of the beta 1 integrin subunit and is thought to act as a chaperone protein. Studies in the mouse ortholog of this gene indicate that absence of this gene in mouse results in failed cardiac hypertrophy in response to mechanical stress. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms, including an isoform that lacks several domains, including one of the CHORD domains. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

tubulin beta 8 pseudogene 12

Predicted to enable GTP binding activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of cytoskeleton. Predicted to be involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization and mitotic cell cycle. Located in intercellular bridge; microtubule; and mitotic spindle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin, beta 8 class VIII pseudogene 11

tubulin, beta class I pseudogene 10

heat shock protein 90kDa beta (Grp94), member 1

This gene encodes a member of a family of adenosine triphosphate(ATP)-metabolizing molecular chaperones with roles in stabilizing and folding other proteins. The encoded protein is localized to melanosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. Expression of this protein is associated with a variety of pathogenic states, including tumor formation. There is a microRNA gene located within the 5' exon of this gene. There are pseudogenes for this gene on chromosomes 1 and 15. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

interleukin 2 receptor, beta

The interleukin 2 receptor, which is involved in T cell-mediated immune responses, is present in 3 forms with respect to ability to bind interleukin 2. The low affinity form is a monomer of the alpha subunit and is not involved in signal transduction. The intermediate affinity form consists of an alpha/beta subunit heterodimer, while the high affinity form consists of an alpha/beta/gamma subunit heterotrimer. Both the intermediate and high affinity forms of the receptor are involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis and transduction of mitogenic signals from interleukin 2. The protein encoded by this gene represents the beta subunit and is a type I membrane protein. The use of alternative promoters results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein. The protein is primarily expressed in the hematopoietic system. The use by some variants of an alternate promoter in an upstream long terminal repeat (LTR) results in placenta-specific expression. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 4

This gene encodes a member of the beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase protein family. The encoded enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains and prefers lacto-N-neotetraose as a substrate. It is a type II transmembrane protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 5

This gene encodes a member of the beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase family. This enzyme is a type II membrane protein. It exhibits strong activity to transfer GlcNAc to glycolipid substrates and is identified as the most likely candidate for lactotriaosylceramide synthase. This enzyme is essential for the expression of Lewis X epitopes on glycolipids. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 6

The protein encoded by this gene is a beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase that adds an N-acetylglucosamine moiety to N-acetylgalactosamine-modified serine or threonine. The encoded enzyme is responsible for creating the core 3 structure of O-glycans, which are important components of mucin-type glycoproteins. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 7

Enables acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity. Involved in keratan sulfate biosynthetic process. Predicted to be located in Golgi apparatus and membrane. Predicted to be active in Golgi membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2

This gene encodes a member of the beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase family. This enzyme is a type II transmembrane protein. It prefers the substrate of lacto-N-neotetraose, and is involved in the biosynthesis of poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3

This gene encodes a member of the beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase family. This enzyme is a type II transmembrane protein and contains a signal anchor that is not cleaved. It prefers the substrates of lacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-neotetraose, and is involved in the biosynthesis of poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains and the biosynthesis of the backbone structure of dimeric sialyl Lewis a. It plays dominant roles in L-selectin ligand biosynthesis, lymphocyte homing and lymphocyte trafficking. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

liprin-beta-1-like

UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 8

Enables protein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity. Involved in poly-N-acetyllactosamine biosynthetic process. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 9

Predicted to enable UDP-glycosyltransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in poly-N-acetyllactosamine biosynthetic process and protein O-linked glycosylation. Predicted to be located in Golgi apparatus and membrane. Predicted to be active in Golgi membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 8 (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 9 (pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in antigen processing and presentation and immune response. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be part of MHC class II protein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 2 (pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in adaptive immune response and antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II. Predicted to be located in endosome membrane and lysosomal membrane. Predicted to be part of MHC class II protein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 3

HLA-DRB3 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta (DRB) chain, both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells. The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DR molecule the beta chain contains all the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. There are multiple pseudogenes of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2020]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1

HLA-DRB1 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogs. The class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta chain (DRB), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells. The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa. It is encoded by 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide; exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains; exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain; and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DR molecule the beta chain contains all the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities. Hundreds of DRB1 alleles have been described and some alleles have increased frequencies associated with certain diseases or conditions. For example, DRB1*1302 has been related to acute and chronic hepatitis B virus persistence. There are multiple pseudogenes of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 6 (pseudogene)

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 7 (pseudogene)

Predicted to be involved in antigen processing and presentation and immune response. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be part of MHC class II protein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 4

HLA-DRB4 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta (DRB) chain, both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells. The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DR molecule the beta chain contains all the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. There are multiple pseudogenes of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2020]

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 5

HLA-DRB5 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta (DRB) chain, both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells. The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DR molecule the beta chain contains all the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. There are multiple pseudogenes of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2020]

alpha/beta hydrolase domain-containing protein 17A-like

proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 1 pseudogene

integrin beta 3 binding protein (beta3-endonexin)

This gene encodes a transcriptional coregulator that binds to and enhances the activity of members of the nuclear receptor families, thyroid hormone receptors and retinoid X receptors. This protein also acts as a corepressor of NF-kappaB-dependent signaling. This protein induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells through a caspase 2-mediated signaling pathway. This protein is also a component of the centromere-specific histone H3 variant nucleosome associated complex (CENP-NAC) and may be involved in mitotic progression by recruiting the histone H3 variant CENP-A to the centromere. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

par-6 family cell polarity regulator beta

This gene is a member of the PAR6 family and encodes a protein with a PSD95/Discs-large/ZO1 (PDZ) domain, an OPR domain and a semi-Cdc42/Rac interactive binding (CRIB) domain. This cytoplasmic protein is involved in asymmetrical cell division and cell polarization processes as a member of a multi-protein complex. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase

This gene encodes a cytosolic enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptides and proteins with mannose modifications to produce free oligosaccharides. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

hemoglobin, beta

The alpha (HBA) and beta (HBB) loci determine the structure of the 2 types of polypeptide chains in adult hemoglobin, Hb A. The normal adult hemoglobin tetramer consists of two alpha chains and two beta chains. Mutant beta globin causes sickle cell anemia. Absence of beta chain causes beta-zero-thalassemia. Reduced amounts of detectable beta globin causes beta-plus-thalassemia. The order of the genes in the beta-globin cluster is 5'-epsilon -- gamma-G -- gamma-A -- delta -- beta--3'. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein, beta

This gene encodes a member of the soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive fusion attachment protein (SNAP) family. SNAP proteins play a critical role in the docking and fusion of vesicles to target membranes as part of the 20S NSF-SNAP-SNARE complex. This gene encodes the SNAP beta isoform which has been shown to be preferentially expressed in brain tissue. The encoded protein also interacts with the GluR2 α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor subunit C-terminus and may play a role as a chaperone in the molecular processing of the AMPA receptor. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I, beta subunit pseudogene 2

small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-containing, beta

Predicted to enable molecular adaptor activity. Predicted to be involved in post-translational protein targeting to endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Predicted to be part of TRC complex. Predicted to be active in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dystrobrevin, beta

This gene encodes dystrobrevin beta, a component of the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DPC). The DPC consists of dystrophin and several integral and peripheral membrane proteins, including dystroglycans, sarcoglycans, syntrophins and dystrobrevin alpha and beta. The DPC localizes to the sarcolemma and its disruption is associated with various forms of muscular dystrophy. Dystrobrevin beta is thought to interact with syntrophin and the DP71 short form of dystrophin. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

lactamase, beta-like 1

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T cell receptor beta variable 25/OR9-2 (pseudogene)

potassium channel, voltage gated subfamily E regulatory beta subunit 2

Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. Their diverse functions include regulating neurotransmitter release, heart rate, insulin secretion, neuronal excitability, epithelial electrolyte transport, smooth muscle contraction, and cell volume. This gene encodes a member of the potassium channel, voltage-gated, isk-related subfamily. This member is a small integral membrane subunit that assembles with the KCNH2 gene product, a pore-forming protein, to alter its function. This gene is expressed in heart and muscle and the gene mutations are associated with cardiac arrhythmia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

potassium channel, voltage gated subfamily E regulatory beta subunit 3

Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. Their diverse functions include regulating neurotransmitter release, heart rate, insulin secretion, neuronal excitability, epithelial electrolyte transport, smooth muscle contraction, and cell volume. This gene encodes a member of the potassium channel, voltage-gated, isk-related subfamily. This member is a type I membrane protein, and a beta subunit that assembles with a potassium channel alpha-subunit to modulate the gating kinetics and enhance stability of the multimeric complex. This gene is prominently expressed in the kidney. A missense mutation in this gene is associated with hypokalemic periodic paralysis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

potassium channel, voltage gated subfamily E regulatory beta subunit 1

The product of this gene belongs to the potassium channel KCNE family. Potassium ion channels are essential to many cellular functions and show a high degree of diversity, varying in their electrophysiologic and pharmacologic properties. This gene encodes a transmembrane protein known to associate with the product of the KVLQT1 gene to form the delayed rectifier potassium channel. Mutation in this gene are associated with both Jervell and Lange-Nielsen and Romano-Ward forms of long-QT syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

potassium channel, voltage gated subfamily E regulatory beta subunit 4

Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. Their diverse functions include regulating neurotransmitter release, heart rate, insulin secretion, neuronal excitability, epithelial electrolyte transport, smooth muscle contraction, and cell volume. This gene encodes a member of the potassium channel, voltage-gated, isk-related subfamily. This member is a type I membrane protein, and a beta subunit that assembles with a potassium channel alpha-subunit to modulate the gating kinetics and enhance stability of the multimeric complex. This gene is prominently expressed in the embryo and in adult uterus. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

potassium channel, voltage gated subfamily E regulatory beta subunit 5

This gene encodes a member of a family of single pass transmembrane domain proteins that function as ancillary subunits to voltage-gated potassium channels. Members of this family affect diverse processes in potassium channel regulation, including ion selectivity, voltage dependence, and anterograde recycling from the plasma membrane. Variants of this gene are associated with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and Brugada syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2016]

alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-like protein LOC641515 homolog

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B'', beta

Protein phosphatase 2 (formerly named type 2A) is one of the four major Ser/Thr phosphatases and is implicated in the negative control of cell growth and division. Protein phosphatase 2 holoenzymes are heterotrimeric proteins composed of a structural subunit A, a catalytic subunit C, and a regulatory subunit B. The regulatory subunit is encoded by a diverse set of genes that have been grouped into the B/PR55, B'/PR61, and B''/PR72 families. These different regulatory subunits confer distinct enzymatic specificities and intracellular localizations to the holozenzyme. The product of this gene belongs to the B'' family. The B'' family has been further divided into subfamilies. The product of this gene belongs to the beta subfamily of regulatory subunit B''. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

ST6 (alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 2 pseudogene 1

glycoprotein hormone beta 5

GPHB5 is a cystine knot-forming polypeptide and a subunit of the dimeric glycoprotein hormone family (Hsu et al., 2002 [PubMed 12089349]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

tropomyosin 2 (beta)

This gene encodes beta-tropomyosin, a member of the actin filament binding protein family, and mainly expressed in slow, type 1 muscle fibers. Mutations in this gene can alter the expression of other sarcomeric tropomyosin proteins, and cause cap disease, nemaline myopathy and distal arthrogryposis syndromes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

transforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70/80kDa)

The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane protein that has a protein kinase domain, forms a heterodimeric complex with TGF-beta receptor type-1, and binds TGF-beta. This receptor/ligand complex phosphorylates proteins, which then enter the nucleus and regulate the transcription of genes related to cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, wound healing, immunosuppression, and tumorigenesis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Marfan Syndrome, Loeys-Deitz Aortic Aneurysm Syndrome, and the development of various types of tumors. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

transforming growth factor, beta receptor 1

The protein encoded by this gene forms a heteromeric complex with type II TGF-beta receptors when bound to TGF-beta, transducing the TGF-beta signal from the cell surface to the cytoplasm. The encoded protein is a serine/threonine protein kinase. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Loeys-Dietz aortic aneurysm syndrome (LDAS). Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

electron-transfer-flavoprotein, beta polypeptide

This gene encodes electron-transfer-flavoprotein, beta polypeptide, which shuttles electrons between primary flavoprotein dehydrogenases involved in mitochondrial fatty acid and amino acid catabolism and the membrane-bound electron transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase. The gene deficiencies have been implicated in type II glutaricaciduria. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glucosidase, beta, acid

This gene encodes a lysosomal membrane protein that cleaves the beta-glucosidic linkage of glycosylceramide, an intermediate in glycolipid metabolism. Mutations in this gene cause Gaucher disease, a lysosomal storage disease characterized by an accumulation of glucocerebrosides. A related pseudogene is approximately 12 kb downstream of this gene on chromosome 1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

glia maturation factor, beta

Predicted to enable Arp2/3 complex binding activity. Predicted to be involved in actin filament debranching and negative regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation. Predicted to act upstream of or within learning and locomotory behavior. Predicted to be active in cortical actin cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, regulatory, type II, beta pseudogene

ore 1 synthase, glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase 1 pseudogene 2

calcium channel, voltage-dependent, beta 3 subunit

This gene encodes a regulatory beta subunit of the voltage-dependent calcium channel. Beta subunits are composed of five domains, which contribute to the regulation of surface expression and gating of calcium channels and may also play a role in the regulation of transcription factors and calcium transport. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

calcium channel, voltage-dependent, beta 2 subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of a voltage-dependent calcium channel protein that is a member of the voltage-gated calcium channel superfamily. The gene product was originally identified as an antigen target in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, an autoimmune disorder. Mutations in this gene are associated with Brugada syndrome. Alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2013]

calcium channel, voltage-dependent, beta 1 subunit

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the calcium channel beta subunit family. It plays an important role in the calcium channel by modulating G protein inhibition, increasing peak calcium current, controlling the alpha-1 subunit membrane targeting and shifting the voltage dependence of activation and inactivation. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and three transcript variants encoding three distinct isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

calcium channel, voltage-dependent, beta 4 subunit

This gene encodes a member of the beta subunit family of voltage-dependent calcium channel complex proteins. Calcium channels mediate the influx of calcium ions into the cell upon membrane polarization and consist of a complex of alpha-1, alpha-2/delta, beta, and gamma subunits in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. Various versions of each of these subunits exist, either expressed from similar genes or the result of alternative splicing. The protein encoded by this locus plays an important role in calcium channel function by modulating G protein inhibition, increasing peak calcium current, controlling the alpha-1 subunit membrane targeting and shifting the voltage dependence of activation and inactivation. Certain mutations in this gene have been associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), and episodic ataxia, type 5. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

transforming growth factor, beta receptor associated protein 1

This gene encodes a protein that binds to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptors and plays a role in TGF-beta signaling. The encoded protein acts as a chaprone in signaling downstream of TGF-beta. It is involved in signal-dependent association with SMAD4. The protein is also a component of mammalian CORVET, a multisubunit tethering protein complex that is involved in fusion of early endosomes. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016]

beta-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2

This gene encodes a member of the glycosyltransferase 31 family. The encoded protein synthesizes GalNAc:beta-1,3GlcNAc, a novel carbohydrate structure, on N- and O-glycans. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

beta-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (globoside blood group)

This gene is a member of the beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase (beta3GalT) gene family. This family encodes type II membrane-bound glycoproteins with diverse enzymatic functions using different donor substrates (UDP-galactose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine) and different acceptor sugars (N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine). The beta3GalT genes are distantly related to the Drosophila Brainiac gene and have the protein coding sequence contained in a single exon. The beta3GalT proteins also contain conserved sequences not found in the beta4GalT or alpha3GalT proteins. The carbohydrate chains synthesized by these enzymes are designated as type 1, whereas beta4GalT enzymes synthesize type 2 carbohydrate chains. The ratio of type 1:type 2 chains changes during embryogenesis. By sequence similarity, the beta3GalT genes fall into at least two groups: beta3GalT4 and 4 other beta3GalT genes (beta3GalT1-3, beta3GalT5). The encoded protein of this gene does not use N-acetylglucosamine as an acceptor sugar at all. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 3, 12kDa pseudogene 2

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 3, 12kDa pseudogene 3

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 3, 12kDa pseudogene 1

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 3, 12kDa pseudogene 4

defensin, beta 124

Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic polypeptides that are important in the host immunologic response to invading microorganisms. This antimicrobial protein is secreted and is a member of the beta defensin protein family. Beta defensin genes are found in several clusters throughout the genome, with this gene mapping to a cluster at 20q11.1. The encoded protein may serve to enhance innate immunity in the prostate. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

defensin, beta 121

This gene encodes a member of the beta subfamily of defensins. Beta-defensins are antimicrobial peptides that protect tissues and organs from infection by a variety of microorganisms. This gene is found in a cluster with other beta-defensin genes on the long arm of chromosome 20. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase-like

The protein encoded by this gene is a beta-1,3-glucosyltransferase that transfers glucose to O-linked fucosylglycans on thrombospondin type-1 repeats (TSRs) of several proteins. The encoded protein is a type II membrane protein. Defects in this gene are a cause of Peters-plus syndrome (PPS).[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 4

This gene is a member of the beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase (beta3GalT) gene family. This family encodes type II membrane-bound glycoproteins with diverse enzymatic functions using different donor substrates (UDP-galactose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine) and different acceptor sugars (N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine). The beta3GalT genes are distantly related to the Drosophila Brainiac gene and have the protein coding sequence contained in a single exon. The beta3GalT proteins also contain conserved sequences not found in the beta4GalT or alpha3GalT proteins. The carbohydrate chains synthesized by these enzymes are designated as type 1, whereas beta4GalT enzymes synthesize type 2 carbohydrate chains. The ratio of type 1:type 2 chains changes during embryogenesis. By sequence similarity, the beta3GalT genes fall into at least two groups: beta3GalT4 and 4 other beta3GalT genes (beta3GalT1-3, beta3GalT5). This gene is oriented telomere to centromere in close proximity to the ribosomal protein S18 gene. The functionality of the encoded protein is limited to ganglioseries glycolipid biosynthesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 5

This gene encodes a member of a family of membrane-bound glycoproteins. The encoded protein may synthesize type 1 Lewis antigens, which are elevated in gastrointestinal and pancreatic cancers. Alternatively spliced transcript variants using multiple alternate promoters have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2017]

UDP-Gal:betaGal beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase polypeptide 6

The enzyme encoded by this intronless gene is a beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase found in the medial Golgi apparatus, where it catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to substrates containing a terminal beta-linked galactose moiety. The encoded enzyme has a particular affinity for galactose-beta-1,4-xylose found in the linker region of glycosamines. This enzyme is required for glycosaminoglycan synthesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1

This gene is a member of the beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase (beta3GalT) gene family. This family encodes type II membrane-bound glycoproteins with diverse enzymatic functions using different donor substrates (UDP-galactose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine) and different acceptor sugars (N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine). The beta3GalT genes are distantly related to the Drosophila Brainiac gene and have the protein coding sequence contained in a single exon. The beta3GalT proteins also contain conserved sequences not found in the beta4GalT or alpha3GalT proteins. The carbohydrate chains synthesized by these enzymes are designated as type 1, whereas beta4GalT enzymes synthesize type 2 carbohydrate chains. The ratio of type 1:type 2 chains changes during embryogenesis. By sequence similarity, the beta3GalT genes fall into at least two groups: beta3GalT4 and 4 other beta3GalT genes (beta3GalT1-3, beta3GalT5). This gene is expressed exclusively in the brain. The encoded protein shows strict donor substrate specificity for UDP-galactose. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 2

This gene is a member of the beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase (beta3GalT) gene family. This family encodes type II membrane-bound glycoproteins with diverse enzymatic functions using different donor substrates (UDP-galactose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine) and different acceptor sugars (N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine). The beta3GalT genes are distantly related to the Drosophila Brainiac gene and have the protein coding sequence contained in a single exon. The beta3GalT proteins also contain conserved sequences not found in the beta4GalT or alpha3GalT proteins. The carbohydrate chains synthesized by these enzymes are designated as type 1, whereas beta4GalT enzymes synthesize type 2 carbohydrate chains. The ratio of type 1:type 2 chains changes during embryogenesis. By sequence similarity, the beta3GalT genes fall into at least two groups: beta3GalT4 and 4 other beta3GalT genes (beta3GalT1-3, beta3GalT5). This gene encodes a protein that functions in N-linked glycoprotein glycosylation and shows strict donor substrate specificity for UDP-galactose. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like

T cell receptor beta variable 22/OR9-2 (pseudogene)

transformer 2 beta homolog (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a nuclear protein which functions as sequence-specific serine/arginine splicing factor which plays a role in mRNA processing, splicing patterns, and gene expression. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

LFNG O-fucosylpeptide 3-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase

This gene is a member of the glycosyltransferase 31 gene family. Members of this gene family, which also includes the MFNG (GeneID: 4242) and RFNG (GeneID: 5986) genes, encode evolutionarily conserved glycosyltransferases that act in the Notch signaling pathway to define boundaries during embryonic development. While their genomic structure is distinct from other glycosyltransferases, these proteins have a fucose-specific beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity that leads to elongation of O-linked fucose residues on Notch, which alters Notch signaling. The protein encoded by this gene is predicted to be a single-pass type II Golgi membrane protein but it may also be secreted and proteolytically processed like the related proteins in mouse and Drosophila (PMID: 9187150). Mutations in this gene have been associated with autosomal recessive spondylocostal dysostosis 3. [provided by RefSeq, May 2018]

defensin, beta 106A

Defensins form a family of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Defensins are short, processed peptide molecules that are classified by structure into three groups: alpha-defensins, beta-defensins and theta-defensins. All beta-defensin genes are densely clustered in four to five syntenic chromosomal regions. Chromosome 8p23 contains at least two copies of the duplicated beta-defensin cluster. This duplication results in two identical copies of defensin, beta 106, DEFB106A and DEFB106B, in head-to-head orientation. This gene, DEFB106A, represents the more centromeric copy. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

defensin, beta 106B

Defensins form a family of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Defensins are short, processed peptide molecules that are classified by structure into three groups: alpha-defensins, beta-defensins and theta-defensins. All beta-defensin genes are densely clustered in four to five syntenic chromosomal regions. Chromosome 8p23 contains at least two copies of the duplicated beta-defensin cluster. This duplication results in two identical copies of defensin, beta 106, DEFB106A and DEFB106B, in head-to-head orientation. This gene, DEFB106B, represents the more telomeric copy. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

actin, beta-like 2

Predicted to enable protein kinase binding activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton. Predicted to be involved in axonogenesis and cell motility. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hexosaminidase B (beta polypeptide)

Hexosaminidase B is the beta subunit of the lysosomal enzyme beta-hexosaminidase that, together with the cofactor GM2 activator protein, catalyzes the degradation of the ganglioside GM2, and other molecules containing terminal N-acetyl hexosamines. Beta-hexosaminidase is composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, which are encoded by separate genes. Both beta-hexosaminidase alpha and beta subunits are members of family 20 of glycosyl hydrolases. Mutations in the alpha or beta subunit genes lead to an accumulation of GM2 ganglioside in neurons and neurodegenerative disorders termed the GM2 gangliosidoses. Beta subunit gene mutations lead to Sandhoff disease (GM2-gangliosidosis type II). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

transforming growth factor, beta 1

This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate a latency-associated peptide (LAP) and a mature peptide, and is found in either a latent form composed of a mature peptide homodimer, a LAP homodimer, and a latent TGF-beta binding protein, or in an active form consisting solely of the mature peptide homodimer. The mature peptide may also form heterodimers with other TGFB family members. This encoded protein regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and growth, and can modulate expression and activation of other growth factors including interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha. This gene is frequently upregulated in tumor cells, and mutations in this gene result in Camurati-Engelmann disease. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

transforming growth factor, beta 2

This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate a latency-associated peptide (LAP) and a mature peptide, and is found in either a latent form composed of a mature peptide homodimer, a LAP homodimer, and a latent TGF-beta binding protein, or in an active form consisting solely of the mature peptide homodimer. The mature peptide may also form heterodimers with other TGF-beta family members. Disruption of the TGF-beta/SMAD pathway has been implicated in a variety of human cancers. A chromosomal translocation that includes this gene is associated with Peters' anomaly, a congenital defect of the anterior chamber of the eye. Mutations in this gene may be associated with Loeys-Dietz syndrome. This gene encodes multiple isoforms that may undergo similar proteolytic processing. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

transforming growth factor, beta 3

This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate a latency-associated peptide (LAP) and a mature peptide, and is found in either a latent form composed of a mature peptide homodimer, a LAP homodimer, and a latent TGF-beta binding protein, or in an active form consisting solely of the mature peptide homodimer. The mature peptide may also form heterodimers with other TGF-beta family members. This protein is involved in embryogenesis and cell differentiation, and may play a role in wound healing. Mutations in this gene are a cause of aortic aneurysms and dissections, as well as familial arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 1. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

transforming growth factor, beta-induced, 68kDa

This gene encodes an RGD-containing protein that binds to type I, II and IV collagens. The RGD motif is found in many extracellular matrix proteins modulating cell adhesion and serves as a ligand recognition sequence for several integrins. This protein plays a role in cell-collagen interactions and may be involved in endochondrial bone formation in cartilage. The protein is induced by transforming growth factor-beta and acts to inhibit cell adhesion. Mutations in this gene are associated with multiple types of corneal dystrophy. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

actin, beta pseudogene 12

actin, beta pseudogene 13

actin, beta pseudogene 10

actin, beta pseudogene 11

syntrophin, beta 2 (dystrophin-associated protein A1, 59kDa, basic component 2)

Dystrophin is a large, rod-like cytoskeletal protein found at the inner surface of muscle fibers. Dystrophin is missing in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patients and is present in reduced amounts in Becker Muscular Dystrophy patients. The protein encoded by this gene is a peripheral membrane protein found associated with dystrophin and dystrophin-related proteins. This gene is a member of the syntrophin gene family, which contains at least two other structurally-related genes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

syntrophin, beta 1 (dystrophin-associated protein A1, 59kDa, basic component 1)

Dystrophin is a large, rod-like cytoskeletal protein found at the inner surface of muscle fibers. Dystrophin is missing in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patients and is present in reduced amounts in Becker Muscular Dystrophy patients. The protein encoded by this gene is a peripheral membrane protein found associated with dystrophin and dystrophin-related proteins. This gene is a member of the syntrophin gene family, which contains at least two other structurally-related genes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like

potassium channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 1

MaxiK channels are large conductance, voltage and calcium-sensitive potassium channels which are fundamental to the control of smooth muscle tone and neuronal excitability. MaxiK channels can be formed by 2 subunits: the pore-forming alpha subunit and the product of this gene, the modulatory beta subunit. Intracellular calcium regulates the physical association between the alpha and beta subunits. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

potassium channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 3

MaxiK channels are large conductance, voltage and calcium-sensitive potassium channels which are fundamental to the control of smooth muscle tone and neuronal excitability. MaxiK channels can be formed by 2 subunits: the pore-forming alpha subunit and the modulatory beta subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is an auxiliary beta subunit which may partially inactivate or slightly decrease the activation time of MaxiK alpha subunit currents. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 22. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2009]

potassium channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 2

MaxiK channels are large conductance, voltage and calcium-sensitive potassium channels which are fundamental to the control of smooth muscle tone and neuronal excitability. MaxiK channels can be formed by 2 subunits: the pore-forming alpha subunit and the modulatory beta subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is an auxiliary beta subunit which decreases the activation time of MaxiK alpha subunit currents. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants of this gene. Additional variants are discussed in the literature, but their full length nature has not been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

potassium channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 4

MaxiK channels are large conductance, voltage and calcium-sensitive potassium channels which are fundamental to the control of smooth muscle tone and neuronal excitability. MaxiK channels can be formed by 2 subunits: the pore-forming alpha subunit and the modulatory beta subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is an auxiliary beta subunit which slows activation kinetics, leads to steeper calcium sensitivity, and shifts the voltage range of current activation to more negative potentials than does the beta 1 subunit. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

chaperonin containing TCP1, subunit 2 (beta)

The protein encoded by this gene is a molecular chaperone that is a member of the chaperonin containing TCP1 complex (CCT), also known as the TCP1 ring complex (TRiC). This complex consists of two identical stacked rings, each containing eight different proteins. Unfolded polypeptides enter the central cavity of the complex and are folded in an ATP-dependent manner. The complex folds various proteins, including actin and tubulin. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]